Key Concepts and Theories in Career Counseling, Exams of Social Sciences

Download Key Concepts and Theories in Career Counseling and more Exams Social Sciences in PDF only on Docsity! CPCE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024 Freud's Psychosexual Stages: (Oh Anthony Please Let Go) - Answer - 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (The Air In Iceland is Icy, Greenland's Isn't) - Answer - 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3. Industry Vs. Inferiority 4. Initiative vs. Guilt 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair Trust vs. mistrust - Answer - Ages 0-18 months Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Answer - 18 months - 3 years Industry vs Inferiority - Answer - 3-5 years Initiative vs. Guilt - Answer - Ages 5-13 Identity vs Role Confusion - Answer - 13-21 Intimacy vs Isolation - Answer - 21- 39 Generativity vs. Stagnation - Answer - 40-65 Integrity vs. Despair - Answer - 65 and older AA Brill - Answer - Career Theory Jean Piaget - Answer - Cognitive Child Development Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - Answer - 1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational Criticism of Piaget's Theory - Answer - Too much time studying his own kids, not wide enough sample Jay Haley - Answer - Brief, Strategic Therapy, Paradox Technique John B. Watson - Answer - Father of American Behaviorism Martin Segliman - Answer - learned helplessness, positive psychology Alfred Adler - Answer - Father of Individual Psychology Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - Answer - Pre-conventional (consequences, reward and punishment) Conventional (desire to meet standards of family, society, nation) Post-conventional (universal ethical principles of justice, equality, common good) Lev Vygotsky - Answer - zone of proximal development John Bowlby - Answer - Attachment Theory Harry Harlow - Answer - Attachment and Rhesus Monkeys Key Events in Career Counseling Development: - Answer - -Industrial revolution -great depression -WW2 FLSA: Fair Labor Standards Act (1938): - Answer - established a national minimum wage, overtime entitlement, prohibited employment of minors Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970: - Answer - ensured safe working conditions, enforcing health standards Section 504/Rehabilitation Act 1973: - Answer - Prohibits discrimination against an individual with a disability in a program sponsored by federal agencies, federal financial assistance or federal employment/contracting ADA (1990): - Answer - Prohibits employers from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities. Includes denying employment opportunities, failing to advance/promote, firing and not providing reasonable accommodations IDEA (2004) - Answer - ensures children with disabilities receive special ed and related services to meet their needs (last from birth-age 21) Trait and Type Career Theories: - Answer - Person-environment theories, Parsons, match individual's traits with occupational characteristics Trait and Factor Theory: - Answer - Parsons, Williamson, match individual characteristics with work/career characteristics in order to derive satisfaction Internal Validity Threat: Testing - Answer - the test itself has an impact on individuals Internal Validity Threat: Instrumentation - Answer - changes in the instrument effect results Internal Validity Threat: Attrition - Answer - Participants Drop Out/ Die Internal Validity Threat: Maturation - Answer - changes in participants overtime impact variables Internal Validity Threat: Diffusion of treatment - Answer - the effects of an intervention are felt by those in another group Internal Validity Threat: Experimenter Effects - Answer - bias of the researcher influences participant's responses Halo Effect - Answer - Researcher's positive first impressions of researcher are generalized to other traits/characteristics Hawthorne Effect - Answer - the presence of the investigator affects participant's responses, regardless of intervention, also called reactivity Internal Validity Threat: Subject Effects - Answer - participants change their behaviors or attitudes based on their understanding of their role as participant i.e. demand characteristics External Validity Threats: Novelty Effects - Answer - A new treatment produces positive results just because it's new to the participant External Validity Threat: Experimenter Effects - Answer - Same as for Internal Validity External Validity Threat: History of Treatment Effect - Answer - An experiment is conducted during a particular time where it would be impossible to replicate External Validity Threats: Measurement of the Dependent Variable - Answer - the effectiveness of a program may depend on the type of measurement being used in the study External Validity Threat: Time of Measurement by Treatment Effect - Answer - timing of the administration of a posttest may influence the posttest results, immediately after vs. 6 months later Mixed-Methods Research - Answer - uses both quantitative and qualitative techniques Cross Sectional Research - Answer - compares multiple segments of a population at a single time Defense Mechanism: Denial - Answer - blocking external events from awareness Defense Mechanisms: Displacement - Answer - shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person Defense Mechanism: Projection - Answer - individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts/feelings to another person Defense Mechanisms: Rationalization - Answer - Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors Defense Mechanism: Reaction Formation - Answer - a person goes beyond denial and acts in the opposite way he/she is thinking or feeling Defense Mechanisms: Repression - Answer - keeping disturbing or unpleasant thoughts from consciousness Defense Mechanisms: Sublimation - Answer - satisfying an impulse in a socially acceptable way WISC - Answer - Children's IQ Test WAIS - Answer - Adult IQ (16 or Older), most common IQ test Assimilation - Answer - interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas Accomodation - Answer - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information Approach-Approach Conflict - Answer - Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives Approach-Avoidance Conflict - Answer - when one option has both positive and negative aspects Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - Answer - Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives Double approach-avoidance - Answer - conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects Skeleton Key - Answer - Solution-focused Brief Counseling technique that can be used to help all clients, no matter what presenting problem. IQ Distribution - Answer - 100 = average, Standard Deviation of 15, 55 = low, 145 = high Sequential Explanatory Research Design - Answer - Quantitative, Qualitative, Data Interpretation Sequential Exploratory Research Design - Answer - Qualitative, Quantitative, Data Interpretation concurrent research - Answer - Both qualitative and quantitative research is gathered at the same time Internal Locus of control - Answer - I have agency/power to control my choices/fate External locus of control - Answer - Things happen to me, I have no power/control Raymond Cattell - Answer - intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test) crystallized intelligence - Answer - one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age Fluid Intelligence - Answer - our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood Virginia Satir - Answer - experiential conjoint family therapy, leading figure in experiential fam therapy Weiner - Answer - Cybernetics theory Whitaker - Answer - dean on experiential family therapy, psychotherapy of the absurd Premack - Answer - principle of law, fam member must complete unpleasant task before pleasant one Ackerman, Framo, Skynner - Answer - psychodynamic family therapy First-Order Change - Answer - Temporary or superficial change Second-Order Change - Answer - Deep Structural Change , more desirable than first- order change Madanes and Haley - Answer - strategic family therapy, pretend techniques, restrainin Double-Bind - Answer - no-win situation, characterized by contradictory messages Hardiman's white racial identity development model (NARRI) - Answer - 1.Naievete: categorizing others by racial groups/stereotyping 2.Acceptance: all people have save opportunities, white = gold standard 3.Resistance: conflict and anxiety about racial issues 4.Redefinitions: self-reflection about whiteness, exploration of other ethnic groups 5.Internalization: whites define themselves independent of the anxiety Most popular sexual identity development model: - Answer - Cass John Crites - Answer - Career Maturity Inventory Three Types of Classism - Answer - 1. Modern (lower status might also exhibit classism) 2. Structural (promotes current status quo/arrangement of classes) 3. Internalized (person feels shame for their class) MMPI creators - Answer - Hathaway and Mckinley Tay-Sachs disease - Answer - characterized by the body's incapacity to metabolize fatty substances. Sharif v. New York State Educational Department (1989) - Answer - As a school counselor you must provide students with testing information that is in their primary language. Most Consistent Holland Code - Answer - IAS Independent t-test - Answer - two different groups Dependent t-test - Answer - two similar groups or the same group Four Components of Effective Modeling (Bandura) - Answer - attention, retention, motivation, reproduction Solution-focused brief therapy: visitors - Answer - client who are not willing/ready to change, don't recognize a problem exists Solution Focused Brief Therapy: Complainants - Answer - can recognize/define problem, no commitment to solve it Solution Focused Brief Therapy: Customers - Answer - recognize problem and that it needs to be fixed, committed to finding a solution Fritz Perls - Answer - Gestalt therapy Gesalt Therapy - Answer - Focuses on needs, "unfinished business", here-and-now, psychodrama, empty chair Measures of Central Tendency - Answer - Mean, Median, Mode If distribution is skewed, measure of central tendency is - Answer - median Positively skewed distribution - Answer - tail is on the right Negatively skewed distribution - Answer - tail is on the left Donald Super's 9 Major Life Roles - Answer - child, student, citizen, spouse, homemaker, parent, worker, leisurite, pensioner Super's 5 Vocational Development Tasks - Answer - 1. Crystallization (ages 14-18) 2. Specification (ages 18-21) 3. Implementation (ages 21-24) 4. Stabilization (ages 24-35) 5. Consolidation (ages 35-onward) Delusion of Persecution - Answer - a false belief that one is being mistreated, abused, or harassed Delusion of reference - Answer - client believes everything in the environment references him/her Delusion of Control - Answer - False belief that a person's will, thoughts, or feelings are being controlled by external forces. Delusion of Grandeur - Answer - Client believes he/she is an important/famous person, such as God. Krumboltz - Answer - Career choices are influenced by genetic endowment, environmental factors and previous learning experiences 5 stages of group development - Answer - forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning Cultural Encapsulation - Answer - Therapist doesn't understand a client's culture and evaluates/conceptualizes client from dominant culture, including imposing dominant cultural values Forebrain - Answer - Controls higher-order behavior and conscious thought According to Frued, what is the "balancing mechanism" of the personality? - Answer - Ego (balances Id and Super Ego) Theorists associated with Analytic movement - Answer - Freud, Jung, Adler Rudolph Dreikurs - Answer - was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by - Answer - Neil Miller Therapeutic relationship in reality therapy - Answer - like that of a friend who asks what's wrong Musterbations (Ellis) - Answer - shoulds and oughts A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as... - Answer - Behavioral Rehearsal Existentialist Philosophers - Answer - Sartre, Buber, Binswanger, and Boss, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Tillich, Heidegger, Dostoevsky, and Jaspers REBT philosopher - Answer - Epicetus The APGA (later AACD and now ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensing was ... - Answer - American Counselor Education and Supervision. The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by... - Answer - Caplan