Kinesiology Study Guide: Chapter 3 Questions and Answers, Exams of Kinesiology

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Kinesiology - ✔✔the study of human movement from biological and physical science perspectives; forces can either be internal (produced by the muscles) or external (gravity pull) kinematics - ✔✔the study of the form, pattern, or sequence of movement without regard for the forces that may produce that motion kinetics - ✔✔the branch of mechanics that describes the effects of forces on the body newton's 1st law - ✔✔law of inertia: a body at rest/in motion will stay at rest/in motion unless acted upon by an external force

newton's 2nd law - ✔✔law of acceleration: force = mass x acceleration newton's 3rd law - ✔✔law of reaction: every action has an equal and opposite reaction four types of motion - ✔✔rotary, translatory, curvilinear, and general plane motion rotary motion - ✔✔if an object is tied down at a fixed point it will turn around that point in a rotary motion, like a tethercall, body segments generally move like this, i.e. move hand up at elbow joint translatory motion - ✔✔all parts move in the same direction at the same speed, object in motion is not tied down and moves in a straight line, i.e. reaching for a cup of water on the table

curvilinear - ✔✔combination of translatory and rotary movements, i.e. throwing a ball through the air general plane motion - ✔✔occurs when motions at various joints are simultaneously linear and rotary motive forces - ✔✔cause an increase in speed or change in direction; muscle shortens as it creates muscle tension --> concentric action resistive forces - ✔✔resist the motion of another external force; muscle lengthens as it creates tension --> eccentric action isometric action - ✔✔when muscle tension is created but no apparent change in length occurs, i.e. pose of a body builder

lever - ✔✔a rigid bar with a fixed point around which it rotates when an external force is applies, the fixed point being the fulcrum; 3 classes movements in the sagittal plane - ✔✔flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion movements in the frontal plane - ✔✔adduction, abduction, elevation, elevation, depression, inversion, eversion movements in the transverse plane - ✔✔rotation, pronation, supination, horizontal flexion, horizontal extension multiplanar movements - ✔✔circumduction, opposition 3 classes of levers - ✔✔2 external, one internal; the body operates primarily as a series of 3rd class levers in which the force acts between the axis and the

resistance, when the lever arm is shortened the person can move it more easily, to make more resistance with the same amount of weight you can move the weight farther from the working joint penniform muscles - ✔✔designed for higher force production, most muscles in body, fibers lie diagonal to line of pull, i.e. quadriceps longitudinal muscles - ✔✔long and thin and have parallel fibers that run in the same direction as the length of the muscle, allows for speed of contraction but not power, i.e. sartorius and rectus abdominus agonist - ✔✔aka prime mover, the muscle that causes the desired motion antagonist - ✔✔muscles that have the potential to oppose the action of the agonist

synergist - ✔✔muscles that assist the agonist in causing a desired action co-contraction - ✔✔describes when the agonist and antagonist contract together and a joint must be stabilized concentric action - ✔✔the muscle shortens and overcomes the resistive force, i.e. biceps brachii act concentrically in the up phase of a biceps curl with a dumbbell eccentric action - ✔✔the muscle lengthens or returns to resting length from a shortened position, muscle gives into the external force and slows the descent of a weight, i.e. the biceps brachii act eccentrically in the return pahse of a biceps curl with a dumbbell open vs. closed-chain movement - ✔✔open: the end of the chain farthest from the body is free, i.e. seated leg extension

closed: the end of the chain farthest from the body is fixed, i.e. a squat where the feet are fixed on the ground closed chain --> joint compression --> joint stability Center of Gravity (COG) - ✔✔the point at which its mass is considered to concentrate and where it is balanced on either side in all planes, generally located at the level of the second sacral vertebra, a large/wide base of support is more stable than a narrow one; chnages during movement depending of movement patterns and additional loads concentric vs eccentric generalization - ✔✔if the movements direction is opposite the pull of gravity, the active muscle is working concentrically; if the direction of movement is the same as the pull of gravity, then the muscle is working eccentrically

Spot reduction - ✔✔it does not work, to decrease body fat stores daily caloric expenditure must consistently exceed daily caloric intake What is the largest tendon in the body? - ✔✔the Achilles tendon prime movers for hip flexion - ✔✔iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, and tensor fasciae latae what is the longest muscle in the body? - ✔✔sartorius prime movers for hip extension - ✔✔hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus) and gluteus maximus primary hip abductors - ✔✔gluteus medius, minimus, and maximus; assisted by the TFL (tensor fasciae latae)

primary hip adductors - ✔✔adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis primary knee extensors - ✔✔quadriceps femoris (composed of vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris) primary knee flexors - ✔✔hamstrings (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris) primary evertors - ✔✔peroneus longus and peroneus brevis primary invertors (pulling the foot toward the midline in the frontal plane) - ✔✔anterior tibialis and posterior tibialis posture - ✔✔the biomechanical alignment of the individual body parts and the orientation of the body to the environment

balance - ✔✔the ability to maintain the body's position over its base of support within stability limits (boundaries of an area of space in which the body can maintain its position without changing the base of support), both statically and dynamically spine - ✔✔fully grown has 24 moveable vertebrae and three normal curves: the cervical and lumbar regions are naturally convex anteriorly and concave posterioraly, which is known as the lordotic curvature. the thoracic region is the third and possesses a curve that is concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly (known as the kyphotic curve) lordosis - ✔✔pregnant back, increased anterior lumbar curve from neutral kyphosis - ✔✔hunchback, increase posterior thoracic curve from neutral, common among older adults with osteoporosis

flat back - ✔✔decreased anterior lumbar curve, head sticking out/neck forward, pelvis with a posterior tilt sway back - ✔✔decreased anterior lumbar curve and increased posterior thoracic curve from neutral, hips forward, head forward scoliosis - ✔✔lateral spinal curvature often accompanied by vertebral rotation, more prevalent among women than men muscular balance - ✔✔involves (1) equal strength and flexibility on the right and left sides of the body (2) proportional strength ratios in opposing muscle groups, not necessarily exactly equal (3) a balance in flexibility, normal ROMs are achieved Static stabilizers - ✔✔the bony configuratio of joints, fibrocartilages, and ligaments, help with core stability

dynamic stabilizbers - ✔✔the muscles, contribute to core stability 3 mechanisms of core stabilization - ✔✔intra-abdominal pressure, spinal compressive forces, hip/trunk capacity to resist internal and external loads (aka muscle stiffness) centering - ✔✔involves the isolated activation of the inner unit that draws the belly button inward and upward, serves essential motor re-education purposes bracing - ✔✔allows for more stability, involves co-contraction of both the core and abdominal muscles to create a more rigid and wider BOS for spinal stabilization antagonist to multifidi - ✔✔transverse abdominus

shoulder-joint complex - ✔✔sternoclavicular (S/C joint), the junctio of the sternum and the proximal clavical; the acromioclavicular (A/C joint), the junction of the acromion process of the scapula with the distal clavicle; the G/H joint, the ball and socket joint composed of the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the humeral headl and the S/T articulation, the muscles and fascia connecting the scapulae to the thorax G/H Joint - ✔✔the most mobile joint in the body; can move in all three planes primary anterior shoulder girdle muscles - ✔✔pectoralis minor and serratus anterior (attach the scapula to the front of the thorax) winging - ✔✔scapula "wing" out posteriorly away from the thorax, prevented by serratus which holds the medial border of the scapula firmly against the ribcage

primary posterior shoulder girdle muscles - ✔✔trapezius, rhomboids, and levator scapulae; trapezius is the largest and most superficial of the three (divided into three units) rotator cuff - ✔✔SITS (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis); aka compressor cuff becuase they stabilize the humeral head within the joint teres major - ✔✔aka little lat because its functions are identical to the latissimus dorsi negative health effects of obesity - ✔✔increased risk for hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, and gallbladder diseases age effects - ✔✔~1/2 of people over the age of 65 have osteoarthritis, ~1/2 of people over 80 have sarcopenia and 55% if americans age 50 and up have

osteopenia or osteoporosis; should use chair-seated exercises and aquatic exercise for older clients