Latest 2024 OPOTA Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Business Economics

Download Latest 2024 OPOTA Exam Questions and Answers and more Exams Business Economics in PDF only on Docsity! Latest 2024 OPOTA Exam Questions and Answers Student Performance Objective (SPO): 1-1 - Answer A. Explains the relationship between a Student Performance Objective and a test question B. Explains the ultimate reason for law enforcement training The Ultimate Reason for Law Enforcement Training 1-1 - Answer A. To be able to protect life and property of yourself and the public. A Peace Officers Main Goals 1-2 - Answer A. Enforce laws B. Preserve peace C. Prevent Crimes D. Protect Civil Rights and liberties E. provide Services Considerations when exercising discretion - Answer A. Use sound judgement to determine which laws are to be formally enforced. B. Determine if there is a more constructive remedy to a situation without an arrest or citation. Prevention Patrol: Deter crime Interrupt a crime in progress Position the officers to respond to emergency situations Increase of feeling of security to citizens. Incident Response: Officers respond to minor situations Typical dispositions include: Gathering information Directing parties to community resources Restore order Complete reports Emergency Response: Takes precedence over all other calls Less common than routine incident calls Includes incidents. Criminal Investigation: Process of discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying and presenting evidence to determine what happened and who is responsible. Investigations carried out by detectives Responding officer secures and protects the scene Detective should be able to pick up where the responding officer left off. Factors Necessary for the commission of a Crime - Answer A. Desire (Most difficult to change) The motivation behind the criminal behavior. B. Victim the potential target criminals prefer an easy target that is unaware of his/her surroundings or lacking proper security precautions. C. Opportunity (easiest to change) Removing opportunity for crime with proper security measures applied to the victim's environment D.O.V. Crime Prevention is About: A. Attitude B. Modifying Behavior 4 "D's" of Crime Prevention: Deny Delay Detec t Deter F. Officers can act lawfully and in the parameters of agency policy and the citizenry still not perceive there to be Police legitimacy - There can be lawful, but awful interactions. 3 Resulting Judgments of Police Legitimacy in Action that Translate into Positive - Answer A. Judgement 1 a. Public trust and confidence in the Police as being honest, trying to do the job well, trying to protect the community. b. Result - Individuals are more likely to become actively involved in Police community partnerships. B. Judgement 2 a. Public willingness to defer to the law and Police authority. b. Result - There is a correlation between those who obey the laws and those who view the police as legitimate; In addition to those who see the Police as legitimate have an increased willingness to cooperate by reporting crimes and providing valuable information known and suspected offenders. C. Judgement 3 a. Public belief that Police actions are morally justified and appropriate. b. Result - Citizens are more likely to cooperate and defer in moments of crisis. Circumstances when Filming the Police is Permissible - Answer A. At least one party to the encounter consents OR B. When officers are carrying out the the duties in public, so long as it does not interfere with the officers carrying out their duties. The Relationship between Race, Genetics and Physical Characteristics. - Answer A. Race is a modern concept used to classify people by similar observable physical characteristics. B. It is not, as many people think, based on genetics. C. Despite surface appearance, humans are one of the most genetically similar of all species. D. Within the human species, there is no distinct genetic profile that completely distinguishes one so-called race from another. E. This is because most genetically influenced traits like hair, skin, eye shape, blood type, athleticism and intelligence are inherited completely independent from one another. The connection between between In-groups, Out and police legitimacy. - Answer A. Some individuals interpret their encounters by Police in terms of their groups social position rather than, or in addition to, the immediate circumstances of the Police contact. Types of Racism - Answer A. Individual Racism, a. Internalized unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race. B. Interpersonal Racism a. Occurs between individuals. b. Includes public expression of racial prejudice and hate made by individual's. C. Institutional Racism, a. Race based, discriminatory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuated by institutions (Schools, media, government, banks) that result in equitable opportunities and impacts b. Occurs within and between institutions c. Includes the discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the institution (e.g. A bank loan officer representing an institution, treating someone with racial bias; A law enforcement institution treating someone with racial bias). D. Structural Racism a. Refers to the collective way history, culture and institutions reinforce and perpetuate racialized outcomes, even in the absence of racial intent. b. It is broadly encompassing; It touches on all aspects of society (e.g. history, politics, economics) and is the foundation from which the other types of racism emerge. c. Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to opportunities and differing outcomes by race, whether or not intentional. Components of Biases - Answer A. Stereotypes a. Generalization about the perceived "typical" characteristics of a social category. b. We categorize people by age, gender, race and role. c. Stereotypes do not necessarily have to have a negative connotation, as social scientists point out that it is just a way for your brain to quickly sort people into recognizable groups. B. Prejudices a. An often negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age, etc that is not necessarily reasonable or logical. C. Attitude a. Positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups: the tendency to like or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably toward someone or something. Biased Based Profiling and Criminal Profiling - Answer A. Bias Based Profiling, racial profiling and illegal profiling have the same meaning and are used interchangeably B. Bias Based Profiling a. Is unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer or any person by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining or arresting him/her on the basis of the person's ethical or racial characteristics, gender, religion or sexual orientation C. Criminal Profiling a. Based on observed behaviors or characteristics D. Biased Based Profiling a. The factors of race/ethnicity bias towards that race are initiating factors for law enforcement intervention Two types of bias - Answer A. Explicit bias and Implicit bias - common characteristics a. Everyone possess them b.They have real world effects on behavior c. They can relate for example to race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, height, weight or age B. Explicit Bias Conscious preference (positive or negative) for a social category C. Implicit Bias Preference (positive or negative) for a social category based on stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and that operate outside of our awareness D. Implicit biases are related to explicit biases, but are still distinct concepts. a. While the two types of biases may reinforce each other, implicit biases B. Deposits Police must build up reserves of public trust through actions that reflect courtesy, kindness and honesty. C. Withdrawals a. Occur from the community bank account when Police actions reflect overreaction, discourteousness, or disrespectful behavior or when the Police ignore people or betray their trust. i. If a large reserve of trust is not sustained by continual deposits, the community Police relationship will deteriorate. ii.Significant decrease in public approval of the Police after major publicized incidents of misconduct iii.Studies show that even simple, brief encounters can be used to build Police legitimacy when 1. Processes are explained 2. Words are used that communicate respect. D. For a person holding negative attitudes toward the Police, a single positive encounter may not be sufficient to shake pre-existing views, but a sustained exposure to positive interactions can start to reshape them. The Four Core Principles/ Pillars of Procedural Justice - Answer A. Giving others a voice (i.e. listening) B. Neutrality in decision making C. Respectful treatment D. Trustworthiness A. Voice a. People want an opportunity to explain their situation or tell their side of the story to the officer. b. In practice i. The opportunity for the citizen to make arguments and preserve evidence should occur before you make a decision about how you are going to resolve the conflict. 1. Active listening during this phase makes people feel that they are part of the process and have input, even if it does not impact your decision. B. Neutrali ty a. concept i. People react positively to evidence that the authorities with whom they are dealing are neutral. 1. Components a. Consistency in decision making for all persons every time b. Decisions are reasoned, objective and factually driven c. Respect for the rules and legal principles d. Transparency and openness about the rules and procedures used to make the decisions facilitates perception of neutrality. 2. In practice a. First secure the situation; Then explain your reason for being there i. When Providing the explanation: 1.Tell the truth 2. Use simple language 3. Be complete in our explanation ii.Check your decision making for effects of implicit biases iii. Right wrongs (when you're wrong, admit it, apologize for it, and work to correct it) do not let pride get in the way of doing the right thing. C. Respectful Treatment. a. Respect is an active process of non-judgmentally engaging people from all backgrounds. b. It is different than tolerance, which is neither positive or negative and requires minimal effort. c. It is practiced to increase our awareness and effectiveness i. Concept 1. People are sensitive to whether they're treated with dignity and politeness and whether their rights are being respected; They will react very negatively to dismissive or demanding interpersonal treatment. ii. In Practice 1.Treat others with respect, equality and dignity 2. Make direct eye contact 3.Address them appropriately 4. Give them your individual attention 5. Be sensitive to cultural differences 6. Do not use inflammatory words or phrases 7. Thank them for their cooperation 8. Show sensitivity to the importance that others place on an issue 9. Show concern for and acquire about their health and well being 10. Be empathetic to their situation 11. Use the golden rule. D. Trustworthine ss a. Concept i. People react favorably when they believe that officers are sincerely trying to act on behalf of the best interest of the citizens with whom they interact a. In practice i. Conveyed through the other three pillars ii.Taking their needs and concerns into account iii. Explaining your actions and decisions iv. Using the golden rule 1. Tips for building relationships of trust: a. Strive to understand the communities in which you work b. If you are in a community that largely speaks another language, make an effort to learn key words and phrases c. Be professional but approachable d. Say hello e. Stop in neighborhood establishments and meet the owners and people who work there f. Do not stay constantly engaged in conversations with your partner to the extent that residents feel uncomfortable approaching you g. When in a patrol car and approaching someone, proceed slowly and with the windows open a little h. Encourage community participation. i. Make a conscious effort to respond to the concerns of all residents; If you're not able to immediately able to address a concern, collect the citizens information and follow up in a timely manner. j. Do not become argumentative if a citizen has a complaint or concern no matter the reasonableness of the complaint or concern; Instead, refer the citizen to your agency complaint process and/or bring the issue to your supervisor's attention. Generally Accepted Ethical Responsibilities of Peace Officers - Answer A. Are found in professional codes of ethics and professional codes of conduct B. Are owed to: a. Your community and its citizens b. The law enforcement profession C. Aids in further investigation D. Evidence in court E. Documentation of the officers effort in the field Types of Information to be recorded in Field Notes - Answer A. Complete information on victims, witnesses and suspects involved B. Relevant dates and times C. Location of occurrence D. Types of places where offense or incident took place E. Details of offense or incident being reported F. Disposition of evidence, property and suspects G. Corresponding report number Guidelines to be followed when taking Field Notes - Answer A. Head notebook page with the date and time of shift B. Do not place information from one incident on the same page with information from another incident C. Write or print notes neatly so you can read and understand your notes later D. Record all information in ink E. Let witness and victims talk through the event before you start recording notes F. Ask clarifying follow up questions G. Be complete as possible H. Consider the use of electronic device or template I. Do not record personal information in your notebook Essential Questions Answered in a Report - Answer A. Who B. What C. When D. How E. Where F. Why Requirements of a well Written Report - Answer A. Complete B. Factual C. Accurate D. Objective E. Concise F. Clear G. Grammatically and mechanically correct General Elements of a Crime - Answer A. A prohibited act ("Actus Reus") and.... B.A specific mental intent ("Mens Rea") that.... C. Occur at the same time ("Concurrence") and.... D. Bring about a particular result made by the statute ("Causation") Culpable Mental State (4) - Answer A. Purposely A person acts a. Purposely when it is the person's specific intention to cause a result or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish, thereby it is the offenders specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature B. Knowingly Murder 2903.02 (A) - Answer No person shall... KNOWINGLY... Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy When... · Under the influence of sudden passion or sudden fit of rage ... · Brought on by the serious provocation by the victim ... · Reasonably sufficient to incite the person into using deadly force Voluntary Manslaughter R.C. 209.03 (A) - Answer No person shall... KNOWINGLY... Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy When... · Under the influence of sudden passion or sudden fit of rage ... · Brought on by the serious provocation by the victim ... · Reasonably sufficient to incite the person into using deadly force Murder R.C. 2903.02 (A) - Answer No person shall... PURPOSELY... Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy Voluntary Manslaughter R.C. 2903.03 (B) - Answer No person shall... KNOWINGLY... Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy When... · Under the influence of sudden passion or sudden fit of rage ... · Brought on by the serious provocation by the victim ... · Reasonably sufficient to incite the person into using deadly force And · Done with sexual motivation Involuntary Manslaughter R.C. 2903.04 (A) - Answer No person shall... (Intent satisfied if state proves intent to commit underlying felony) Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy As a proximate result of committing or attempting to commit a felony. Involuntary Manslaughter R.C. 2903.04 (B) - Answer No person shall... (Intent satisfied if state proves intent to commit underlying misdemeanor or minor misdemeanor) Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy As a proximate result of committing or attempting to commit a misdemeanor of any degree, regulatory offense, or a minor misdemeanor (not traffic MM) Objective Evidence that the Crime was Motivated by Hate or Bias: - Answer 1. The offender and victim were of a different race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, and/or gender identity 2. Bias-related oral comments, written statements or gestures were made by the offender indicating his/her bias 3.The presence of visible symbols of hatred and/or bias 4.The victim is a member of a spiritual group that is overwhelmingly outnumbered by other residents in the neighborhood where the victim lives, and the incident took place 5.The victim was visiting a neighborhood where previous hate crimes had been committed and where tensions remained high against the victim's group 6. Several incidents occurred in the same locality, at or about the same time, and involved victims of similar demographics (e.g., race, gender identity) 7.A substantial portion of the community where the crime occurred perceived that the incident was motivated by race 8.The victim was engaged in activities related to his or her race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity at the time of the offense; Or, if not a member of that group, was a member of an advocacy group supporting the target group 9.The incident coincided with a holiday or date of significance relating to a group (e.g., MLK day, Rosh Hashanah, Ramadan) 10.The offender was previously involved in a hate crime or is a hate group member 11. A hate group claimed responsibility for the crime or is active in the neighborhood List the Elements of the Following Selected Offenses of R.C. Chapter 4301: - Answer 1. See corresponding worksheets in binder List the Elements of R.C.4507.30 - Prohibitions: - Answer Deadly Weapon - Answer 1. Any instrument, device, or thing capable of inflicting death, and designed or specifically adapted for use as a weapon, or possessed, carried, or used as a weapon a. Two elements must co-exist to constitute a deadly weapon i. It must be an instrument, device, or thing by which there is an inherent possibility that in can cause death, AND ii. It must be designed or adapted for use as a weapon or be possessed, carried, or used as a weapon iii.Both elements are essential b. "B-B"/airsoft gun may be a deadly weapon if capable of inflicting death, as a bludgeon, or perhaps used in some other manner. This capability, however, is a factual issue to be determined by the trier of fact (i.e., judge or jury) 2. An item is not generally thought of as being a weapon may satisfy the definition of deadly weapon if it is of sufficient size and weight and of such shape and design to inflict death upon a person and either designed for use as a weapon or possessed, carried, or used as a weapon Firearm - Answer 1. Any deadly weapon capable of expelling or propelling one or more projectiles by the action of an explosive or combustible propellant 2. Includes an unloaded firearm and any firearm that is inoperable but can be readily rendered operable 3. Before a defendant can be convicted of a firearm offense, evidence must be presented regarding the operability of the firearm at the time the offense was committed ii.A crime is being committed B. Officers should consider the totality of the circumstances. While none of the circumstances standing alone may justify a Terry stop, when considered together, they may amount to reasonable suspicion C. An officer may give weight to his/her experience, and to the reasonable inference that he/she is entitled to draw from the circumstances, and facts in light of that experience Personal Notes 3 Categories of Informants a. Citizens b. Confidential/reliable informants c. Anonymous informants ORC 2921.29 - a. Failure to Disclose Failure to provide an I.D. to a law enforcement officer (Name, Address, DOB) Considerations Officers should be Mindful of when Making a Terry Stop: - Answer A. Use the least intrusive means of detention and investigation reasonably available that will achieve the goal B. Conduct the business of the stop as quickly as possible as to not prolong the period of involuntary detention C. If during that detention, additional facts are uncovered that supply the officer with probable cause to arrest, the individual may be arrested D. If grounds for an arrest are not discovered in a reasonable amount of time, the detainee must be released or the encounter risks becoming a "De Facto" arrest The Requirements which must be Established before a Terry Pat Down/Frisk: - Answer A. Officers are required to articulate a reasonable belief that the suspect is armed AND the suspect poses a threat to them B. Limited to the outer clothing only Plain Feel Doctrine - Answer A. While an officer may not search for objects other than weapons on a Terry stop, if an officer physically feels an object that the officer immediately recognizes as contraband, the object may be seized even if the officers know it is not a weapon B. This only applies when the identity of the object is immediately apparent to the officer from its shape and the way it feels C. When the incriminating nature of the object is immediately apparent, seizing it does not invade the subjects privacy beyond what is allowed in a Terry frisk Personal Notes: 4 Elements to an Arrest The intent to arrest The authority to arrest Seizure and/or detention Understanding: Does the person understand why they are being arrested? The Evidentiary Standard on which to Base an Arrest: - Answer A. An arrest must be based on Probable cause a. Teacher Diagram i. Proof>Probable Cause 1.Articulable Facts=Reasonable Prudent Person Believes a. A Crime has occurred b. Someone about to be arrested for that crime The Elements of Probable Cause to Arrest are Satisfied When: - Answer A. The officer is aware of articulable facts and circumstances sufficient to warrant a b.The gravity of the underlying offense thought to be in progress (i.e. crime must be serious) c. There is a risk of danger to the police or to other persons inside or outside the dwelling (e.g. the subject is armed) d. The need to prevent a subjects escape e. The need to prevent the imminent destruction of evidence f. "Hot Pursuit" of subjects Hot/Fresh Pursuit - Answer The pursuit, without unreasonable interruption of a person who is trying to avoid arrest The Basis to Legally Seize Evidence - Answer A. Must be based on probable cause B. Probable cause to seize exists if a reasonably prudent person would conclude that the object in question is associated with criminal activity Types of Searches - Answer A. Full Searches a. Conducted to gather criminal evidence b. Must be based on probable cause c. Requires either a search warrant or a recognized exception to the warrant requirement in order to execute B. Sweeps a. Used to disarm the person to protect the officer b.Authority based on reasonable suspicion that a person lawfully detained is armed and dangerous C. Inventories a. An inventory is not necessarily a search under the Fourth Amendment standards b. It is used to catalog property that police have taken into custody c. The grounds to conduct an inventory comes from the need to adhere to department policy, to secure property and to protect the agency from claims of lost, stolen or damaged property Probable Cause to Search - Answer A. Facts sufficient to justify a person of reasonable caution to believe that a crime has been or is being committed and that specific objects associated with the crime exists, and they will be found in the place to be searched. Criteria to Establish the Plain View Exception to the Search Warrant Requirement: - Answer A. The officers must be legally on the premises from where the observation was made and.... B. The incriminating nature of the item must be immediately apparent (i.e. Equates to Probable Cause) and..... C. The officers must have a lawful right of access to the object Curtilage and Open Fields - Answer A. Curtilage refers to the area immediately surrounding the home, which is usually used for domestic purposes (e.g. garage, yard) B. Curtilage carries the same Fourth Amendment protections as the home C. Any other land is considered open field D. Open Fields carry NO Fourth Amendment protections The United States Supreme Court (USSC) has Established Four Factors to Assist in Determining the Difference: 1. Proximity of the area to the home 2. Whether the area is within an enclosure surrounding the home 3.The nature and uses to which the area is put (e.g. whether the area is used for family) 4. The steps taken by the resident to protect the area from view of passerby Keys to Determine Whether a Consent Search is Valid - Answer A. Consent is voluntarily given B The person giving consent has authority to do so and no other person with authority, that is present, has refused C. The search is limited to only those places and things that the person expressly or impliedly authorized to be searched D. The search is not unduly intrusive a. While officers may be thorough in their search, they are not permitted to be destructive b. In addition, the length of the search must be consistent with the type and complexity of the search for which permission was granted Three Broad Categories of Exigent Circumstances - Answer 1. Lives or property are in imminent danger or a serious crime is in progress 2. Evidence will be destroyed or moved if officers postpone taking action until a search warrant can be obtained 3. Officers are in Hot Pursuit of a felon who flees and takes refuge inside The Area an Officer May Search Incident to a lawful Arrest of that person - Answer Is the area within the person's immediate control at the time of arrest Personal Note: Why can we search incident to arrest? A. Weapons B. Evidence C. To prevent escape Factors that Will Determine the Reasonableness of the Length of Time Involved in a Motor Vehicle Detention: - Answer Purpose of the stop, AND.... 1. The time reasonably needed to effectuate those purposes and.... 2. Whether the officer diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain the subject An Officer May Conduct a Protective Search of a Motor Vehicle for Weapons When...: - Answer A. The officer has lawfully stopped the vehicle and... B. The officer has reasonable suspicion, based upon specific and articulable facts, to believe that the driver or passenger is dangerous and can gain immediate control of a weapon An Officer can Search a Motor Vehicle When... - Answer For any type of contraband or other evidence of a crime once probable cause has been established potential or actual jurors Ways to Counter Common Defense Attorney Tactics: - Answer 1. Tactic - asking if the officer has spoken with other parties involved with the case (e.g., other attorneys, investigators, witnesses) a. Used to make officers think that if they have done so, they have done something wrong 2. Counter tactic - answer truthfully a. Officers are permitted to talk to these people b. Officer, however, can't tell them what to say 3. Tactic - rapid fire questioning a. Used to confuse the officer and force inconsistent answers 4. Counter tactic - slow the pace by pausing before answering a. Remain calm b.This will prohibit the attorney from building momentum c.Ask to have the question repeated if unsure how or what to answer 5. Tactic - repeated questioning a. Used in an attempt to obtain conflicting responses 6. Counter tactics a. Tell the truth b. Know the facts of the case and the material upon which you will be testifying 7. Tactic - verbal badgering and staring a. Used to anger the officer so the officer loses composure 8. Counter tactics a. Remain calm b. Look at the person who is asking the question, then answer the question to the jury or judge 9.Tactic - asking two questions at the same time a. Used in an attempt to confuse the officer 10.Counter tactics a. Remain calm b. Ask the attorney which question should be answered first 11. Tactic - friendly counsel a. Used in an attempt to place the officer in a false level of comfort 12. Counter tactics a. Stay alert and listen b. Be aware the purpose of the friendly demeanor may be to lull the officer into a false sense of security so the officer becomes sloppy with the testimony 13. Tactic - misquoting the officer's testimony a. Used to confuse the officer or get different information before the jury 14. Counter tactics a. Listen carefully to the questions asked by the attorney b. If the attorney paraphrases the officer's testimony differently than how it was presented, correct the error (i.e., don't be afraid to tell the defense attorney that he/she is wrong) c. If the attorney uses the officer's testimony in a follow up question incorrectly, make the correction 15.Counter tactics a. However, be careful not to repeatedly ask to clarify answers (unless correcting the defense). Answering simply and honestly should prevent from having to do so 16.Tactic - the "CSI effect" a. Be prepared to think on your feet i. Be familiar with your agencies policies and procedures ii. Respond within those policies and procedures b. Maintain a professional decorum at all times c. Give consistent information to all media outlets; make certain that all media on the scene receive the same message d. Never speak off the record 2. When media arrives at the scene, make certain the crime scene is secured a. Establish a safe staging area for media b. Advise media of the approximate timeframe that information will be made available c. If you are going to refer the media to a supervisor or public information officer (PIO), be aware that camera crews may still be recording and you may indirectly make a statement to the media by your actions and demeanor 3. Preparing to give a statement a. Prepare key messages; decide on one or two major points you wish to make b. Be cognizant of personal appearance c. Be aware of what is in the background 4. Giving a statement a.Avoid distracting mannerisms b. Make eye contact, but don't stare into the camera c. Keep your voice at a normal, conversational level; be aware of how your tone may be perceived d.Think before you speak e. Remember, language that works within law enforcement circles may sound less tactful to a civilian audience f. Explaining the process of what is happening can be helpful, even if it is obvious, but... g. Keep your comments direct, concise, and brief; avoid police jargon h. Be message driven, not question driven i. Don not feel the need to fill "dead air" - stay on point, make your statement or answer the question, then stop talking j. Don't hesitate to correct yourself - accuracy is vital 5. Additional tips for specific circumstances a. Questions you cannot answer b. Never give a personal opinion, speculate, predict, lie or guess c. Do not say "no comment" Four Dimensions of a Whole Person and the Focus of Each That, Collectively, Contribute to a person's Effectiveness: - Answer 1. Physical - A healthy body; strength and endurance 2. Mental - a healthy mind; feeding, challenging, growing the mind 3. Emotional - a healthy heart; positive emotions, managing energy 4. Spiritual - a healthy spirit; purposeful, serving a cause, faithful to self Elements of the Offense of Domestic Violence per R.C. 2919.25: - Answer 1. Knowingly cause or attempt to cause physical harm to a family or household member 2. Recklessly cause serious physical harm to a family or household member 3. By threat of force, knowingly cause a family or household member to believe that the offender will cause imminent physical harm to the family or household member Categories of Persons Who Fall Within the Meaning of Family or Household Member: - Answer 1. Any of the following who is residing or has resided with the offender a.A spouse, a person living as a spouse, or a former spouse of the offender b.A parent, foster parent, or a child of the offender, or another person related by consanguinity (i.e., blood) or affinity (i.e., marriage) to the offender c.A parent or child of a spouse, person living as a spouse, or former spouse of the offender, or another person related by consanguinity or affinity to a spouse, person living as a spouse, or former spouse of the offender d.The natural parent of any child of whom the offender is the other natural parent or is the putative (i.e., alleged) other natural parent Four Elements that Should Be Used to Determine the Primary Physical Aggressor in a Domestic Violence Incident: - Answer 1. Any history of domestic violence or other violent acts by either person involved in the alleged offense that the officer can reasonably ascertain 2. Whether the alleged violence was caused by a person acting in self-defense 3. Each person's fear of physical harm, if any, resulting from the other person's threatened use of force against any person or resulting from the other person's use or history of the use of force against any person, and the reasonableness of that fear 4. The comparative severity of any injuries suffered by the persons involved in the alleged offense Identifying When Protection Orders are Applicable: - Answer 1. Temporary Protection Orders (TPO) a.A TPO is an order from the court that is available after a family or household member is charged with a violent or sexually oriented offense b. It removes the suspect from the shared residence and has other restrictions c. In effect for the length of the case d. It can be received by the victim at any time starting with arraignment, but it is over when the case is over e. A TPO can be requested by i. The complainant ii.The alleged victim iii.A family or household member of the alleged victim or iv. A peace officer may file the motion on behalf of the victim if the victim is so badly injured from the incident that he/she is hospitalized or unable to attend court v.The court on its own motion f. Officer documentation is key g. The person who requested the order shall appear before the court to provide the information concerning the basis of the motion (e.g., if the victim is the one who has filed to obtain a TPO, the victim must come to court for the TPO hearing) 2. Criminal Protection Order (CRPO) a. Issued by the court after a non-family/non-household member is charged with a violent, menacing, or sexually oriented criminal offense 5. Damage to the brain through severe stress and trauma 6. Unbearable stress that causes suicidal thinking or actions 7. Substance abuse Factors that Coupled with Mental Illness Produce the Greatest Increase in the Potential for Violence: - Answer 1. History of violence 2. Substance abuse and dependence 3. Personality disorders (e.g., antisocial disorder, conduct disorder) 4. Psychotic thoughts (e.g., paranoid delusions, command hallucinations) 5. Young male 6. Under social stress (e.g., poor, homeless) 7. Recent personal stress, crisis, or loss (e.g., unemployment, divorce, separation, victim of crime in the past year) 8. Early exposure to violence (e.g., family fights, physical or sexual abuse, parent with criminal record) Difference between Traditional Encounters and Special Populations Encounters: - Answer 1 is the increased need to be non- confrontational 2. Special populations encounters frequently benefit from a change in response to one in which de-escalation is the foundation Eight Techniques of Active Listening: - Answer 1. Emotional labeling (i.e., identifying the other person's emotions) a. Provides the opportunity for the other person to acknowledge his/her emotions and possibly explain their cause b. Validates what the other person is saying rather than minimizing it c. Once the emotions have been acknowledged, there is a better opportunity for the person's balance between emotion and cognition to be restored and facts to be developed 2. Reflecting/mirroring (i.e., repeating the last few words or gist of the person in crisis) a. Helps validate for the other person that you are listening and understanding b. May encourage the other person to continue speaking c. Much shorter format than paraphrasing 3. Paraphrasing (i.e., restating in your own words the crux of the other person's message) a. Demonstrates listening and understanding b. Gives the other person the opening to clarify or correct his/her meaning 4. Summarizing (i.e., extended version of paraphrasing; restating both the other person's message and emotion) a. Validates for the other person that he/she has been heard and understood b. Reflects effort to understand the other person's viewpoint of the situation c. It is a crucial part of active listening, as it can bring a sense of relief to the other person and, thereby, reduce his/her actions that are being emotionally driven 5. Silence and effective pauses (i.e., deliberate silences before or after making a meaningful comment) a. Silence - allowing there to be silence before speaking prevents prematurely cutting off the other person and gives the other person the opportunity to continue speaking b. Pauses - when speaking, pauses increase attention and focus when they are used before a meaningful statement and prompt reflection when they are used after a meaningful statement 6. Minimal encouragements (i.e., verbal, and non-verbal cues used when listening to indicate attention the other person's words) a. Examples of verbal minimal encouragements - "uh-huh," "yes," "okay," "go on" b. Examples of non-verbal minimal encouragements - leaning in, nodding head 7. Open ended questions (i.e., questions that require more detailed responses than merely "yes" or "no" to properly answer the question) a. "What" and "how" questions allow you to assess the person's situation b. Avoid "why" questions, which may imply interrogation 8. "I" messages a. Involve the speaker labeling his/her emotions and assigning feelings to his/her interpretation of the situation b. Places focus on the speaker rather than the other person c. Less likely to provoke a defensive or hostile reaction from the other person LEAPS and its Five Basic Communication Tools that Assist in Generating Compliance: - Answer 1. Listen - Actively listen and look interested 2. Empathize - Try to understand where the person is coming from 3.Ask - Ask general, open-ended questions and opinion seeking questions to gain understanding 4. Paraphrase - In your own words, repeat the person's message 5. Summarize - Condense all that has been said and indicate the outcome, keeping it brief, concise, and inarguable The EAR Model's Three Phases of a Crisis Encounter: - Answer 1. Engage 2. Assess 3. Resolve 4. Purpose of Engage - to make a connection with the person so you can calm him/her a. The first 10 seconds of a crisis or special populations encounter are critical in setting the tone for de-escalation b. Remove distractions from the scene c. Introduce yourself and ask for the person's name d. State the reason why you are there and let him/her know you are there to help e. If safety is not compromised, remember that special populations encounters are medical encounters and you should begin to look for identifiers f. Ask questions g. Verbalize the subject's observable characteristics h. Ask the person "what help do you need right now?" i. Model calmness that you want the person to mirror j. In order to make a connection and calm the situation during the Engage phase, you need to be empathetic to the person's situation or state of mind, as individuals who feel they are understood are more inclined to calm down k. Speak softly, simply, briefly, and move slowly l. If there is more than one officer present, to avoid confusion, have one take the lead in communicating and de-escalating the situation 5. Purpose of Assess - to gather the information you need about the situation and the person's condition so that you can make the needed resolution 9. Lying or misleading the person to calm him/her down, unless extreme circumstances exist Loss Model: - Answer 1. Loss of Reality 2. Loss of Hope 3. Loss of Control 4. Loss of Perspective Typical Dispositions When Resolving a Crisis Intervention Incident: - Answer 1. Arrest a. This should not be your first option b. Appropriate when... i. There is an arrestable offense and you must make the arrest ii.There is an arrestable offense and there are no mental health resources readily available for treatment referral 2. De-escalation and refer for follow-up care and support a. Appropriate when... i. No laws have been broken or the offense falls within the discretion allowed by your agency (e.g., give a warning or issue a summons) ii.There are no emergency medical needs iii.The person is sufficiently in control of his/her (incomplete) iv.There is a safety plan in place with a family member or friend assuming responsibility for the person's wellbeing v.You are able to make a referral to services with which the person can follow-up vi. Involuntary transport (i.e., "emergency custody") criteria have not been met 3. Voluntary transport to hospital or community mental health services provider (i.e., a "crisis center") a. Appropriate when... i. No laws have been broken or the offense falls within the discretion allowed by your agency (e.g., give warning or issue a summons) ii.There are appropriate community resources available iii.You have the person's consent and you believe the person would benefit from treatment iv.Involuntary transport (i.e., "emergency custody") criteria have not been met and there is no safety plan in place 4. Involuntary transport to hospital or community mental health services provider a. "Mentally ill person subject to court order" means a mentally ill person who, because of the person's illness, meets one of the following criteria: i. Represents a substantial risk of physical harm to self as manifested by evidence of threats of, or attempts at, suicide or serious self-inflicted bodily harm ii.Represents a substantial risk of physical harm to others as manifested by evidence of recent homicidal or other violent behavior, evidence of recent threats that place another in reasonable fear of violent behavior and serious physical harm, or other evidence of present dangerousness iii.Represents a substantial or immediate risk of serious physical impairment or injury to self as manifested by evidence that the person is unable to provide for and is not providing for the person's basic physical needs because of the person's mental illness and that appropriate provision for those needs cannot be made immediately available in the community iv.Would benefit from treatment for the person's mental illness and needs such treatment as manifested by evidence of behavior that creates a grave and imminent risk of substantial rights of others or the person v.Would benefit from treatment as manifested by evidence of behavior that indicates all the following (slide #52): 1.The person is unlikely to survive safely in the community without supervision, based on clinical determination 2.The person has a history of lack of compliance with treatment for mental illness and one of the following applies: a.At least twice within 36 months prior to the filing of an affidavit seeking court- ordered treatment of the person under R.C. 5122.111 (affidavit of mental illness), the lack of compliance has been a significant factor in necessitating hospitalization in a hospital or receipt of services in a forensic or other mental health unit of a correctional facility, provided that 36 month period shall be extended by the length of any hospitalization or incarceration of the person that occurred with the 36 month period b. Within 48 months prior to the filing of an affidavit seeking court- ordered treatment of a person under R.C.5122.111 (affidavit of mental illness), the lack of compliance resulted in one or more acts of serious violent behavior toward self or others or threats of, or attempts at, serious physical harm to self or others, provided that 48 months of any hospitalization or incarceration of the person that occurred within the 48 month period c. The person, as a result of the person's mental illness, is unlikely to voluntarily participate in necessary treatment d. In view of the person's treatment history and current behavior, the person needs treatment in order to prevent a relapse or deterioration that would be likely to result in substantial risk of serious harm to the person or others e.An individual who meets ONLY the criteria in slide #52 is not subject to hospitalization b. Appropriate when... i. The officer has reason to believe that the individual is a "mentally ill person subject to court order" as outlined in R.C. 5122.01 (hospitalization of mentally ill definitions) and ii.The individual represents a substantial risk of physical harm to self or others if allowed to remain at liberty pending examination Practical and Legal Considerations when Taking a Person into Emergency Custody: - Answer 1. Every reasonable and appropriate effort must be made to take persons into custody in the least conspicuous manner possible 2.You must provide the person with the following information: a. Your name, title, and agency b. That the person is not under arrest, and c. That the person is being taken for examination by mental health professionals at a specified mental health facility which has to be identified by name to the person with mental illness 3.You must provide a written statement (i.e., Application for Emergency Admission) of belief to the hospital containing: a. The circumstances under which the person was taken into custody, and b. The reason for your belief that emergency admission is appropriate a. Child under the age of 18 engaged in sexual activity with any relative, regardless of force or coercion b.An adult acting in "Loco Parentis" that engages in sexual conduct/contact with a child c.A child between the ages of 13 and 14 engaged in sexual activity with any person more than 4 years older than the child d. Caregiver touches a child's genitalia for purposes other than hygiene e. Caregiver has the child touch the caregivers genitalia f. Caregiver masturbates in front of the child; asks the child to masturbate g. Caregiver makes no attempt to prevent child from observing sexual behavior h. Caregiver shows child pornographic material i. Caregiver tricks or forces a child into sexual play 4. Drug use and abuse a. A child has access to drugs and/or drum paraphernalia (e.g., needles) b. Caretaker knowingly allows access/exposure to a drug lab c. Child is used as part of a drug distribution operation d. Caregiver is arrested for operating a vehicle under the influence with a child in the car e. Caregiver gives child inappropriate doses of medications creating a threat of harm and/or injury f. Caregiver uses illegal substances with the child g. Caregiver encourages the child to become intoxicated and/or become intoxicated with the caregiver 5. Neglect a. Child left with inappropriate caregiver or no caregiver b. Caregiver cannot provide for the child's basic needs i. Fails to provide food, shelter, clothing ii.Does no provide adequate utilities in home iii.Not providing adequate sustenance to sustain life, weight gain, and/or growth iv.Does not provide for adequate medical care (e.g., sells the child's prescriptions, does not seek medical care for severe injury) c. Caregiver's whereabouts are unknown and the child is found to be alone d. Caregiver tells the child not to return home and provides no alternate placement e. Caregiver leaves child alone for significant amounts of time f. Caregiver leaves infant/toddler in a vehicle with no supervision g. Caregiver's home presents a safety and/or health hazard due to deplorable conditions (e.g., excessive garbage, rotted food, exposed wiring, insect/rodent infestation) h. Caregiver improperly restrains the child (e.g., handcuffed to a bed, taped to a chair) or locks child in a confined space i. Caregiver does not provide for educational needs of the child (e.g., does not send child to school, impedes academic process) Considerations to be Made When Investigating a Missing Child or Adult and When Recovering a Victim of Human Trafficking: - Answer 1. The missing child or adult you are investigating may be a victim of human trafficking; the victim of human trafficking that you are recovering may have been reported missing Responsibilities of a Law Enforcement Agency in a Missing Child Case: - Answer 1. Response to the missing child report should be immediate 2. Understand there is no waiting period before a child can be reported missing 3. Immediately enter the information regarding all missing children, including runaways, into NCIC 4. Notify neighboring agencies 5. Notify the FBI, who are mandated to assist in searches for missing children under the age of 12 years old 6. Remove entry from NCIC if child is found Upon arrival at the Scene, the Initial Officer Assigned to the Report of a Missing Child Shall: - Answer 1. Conduct a preliminary interview of the person making the report 2. Verify the child is missing 3. Secure a recent photo of the child for upload into NCIC and other distribution What the Officer Should Do if the Initial Investigation is Complete and the Child is Still Missing: - Answer 1. Reach out to additional resources, such as surrounding agencies, a local Child Abduction Response Team (CART) (if one is in your area), BCI, and the FBI Information an Officer Should Gather During a Preliminary Interview in a Family Abduction of a Missing Child: - Answer 1. Determine who has custody rights a. Custodial records will be able to demonstrate parentage and the individual's right to physical custody or access b. If you receive conflicting information on who has custody rights, you need to use the court documentation you are provided 2. Confirm the suspected family member as the actual abductor 3. Ask questions to establish the intent of the abductor a. You must make a determination of whether a child is in danger and whether activating an alert is appropriate b.Asking questions can help establish this i. Is there any reason to believe the person will harm the child? ii.Has the person made any statements such as, "You will never see our child again?" iii.Does the abductor have a history of drug or alcohol abuse iv. Does the abductor have a criminal history? 1. Is there any history of abuse? 2. Is there any history of sexual abuse? 3. Is there any history of violence? c.Ask additional questions i. Does he/she know where the child is? ii.Does he/she know where the abductor is? iii. Is there any place the child would likely be taken? Why it is an Officer's Responsibility to Investigate All Aspects of the Runaway's Life: - Answer 1. In the past, runaways, especially older teens, were viewed as a social problem best handled by families, teachers, or social service professionals 2.Today, law enforcement is more aware f the fact that all missing NCIC within 7 days 2) However, officers are strongly encouraged to enter the information immediately Criteria That Must Be Met Before Activating an Endangered Missing Adult Alert: - Answer 1) The person is confirmed to be missing 2)The individual is 65 years of age or older or has a mental impairment 3)The disappearance of the individual poses a credible threat of immediate danger of serious bodily harm or death to the individual 4)There is sufficient descriptive information about the individual and the circumstances surrounding the individual's disappearance to indicate that activation of the alert will help locate the individual Criteria That Must Be Met to Activate a Blue Alert: - Answer 1) Law enforcement agency confirmation that 2)A law enforcement officer has been seriously injured or killed, and a suspect has not been apprehended, or 3)That a law enforcement officer is missing while on duty under circumstances warranting concern for the law enforcement officer's safety 4)Sufficient descriptive information about the suspect or the circumstances surrounding a law enforcement officer's injury, death, or disappearance to indicate that activation of the alert may help locate a suspect or a missing law enforcement officer Who is at Risk for Being Trafficked?: - Answer 1) The persons most at risk for being trafficked are persons that are a. Vulnerable b.Accessible, and/or c. Lacking in credibility 2) Examples of at risk persons a. Runaways/throwaways b. Foreign born persons, whether in the country legally or illegally c. Migrant workers d. Persons with drug addictions e. Persons with mental disabilities or illness Two Types of Human Trafficking Included in Ohio's Trafficking in Persons Law: - Answer 1) Involuntary servitude (i.e., labor trafficking) a. Being compelled to perform labor or services for another against one's will 2) Sex trafficking a.Applies to a range of commercial sexual activity, including sex for hire, performances or materials that are obscene, sexually oriented, or nudity oriented (these include materials or performances that show a person participating in or engaging in sexual activity, masturbation, bestiality, or that show a person in a state of nudity) b. Includes exchange of anything of value (e.g., money, drugs, food, shelter, protection) c.Applies differently depending on the victim's age and whether or not the victim has a developmental disability Victim Mindset as it Pertains to a Victim of Human Trafficking: - Answer 1) Why victims do not leave their situations, ask for, or accept help a. Fear of the perpetrator b. Victims may develop traumatic bonds with perpetrators and will defend them at all costs, even their own freedom 2)Sex traffickers often take on the following roles a. Role of protector, makes the victim feel special, or that he/she would die for the victim b. Role of friend, lover, boyfriend, husband c. Role of teach, mentor, father, discipline figure d.They capitalize on girls not knowing what a normal relationship is like and they will groom them into victims to create a sense of family 3)Like domestic violence, the perpetrator of sex trafficking becomes the most powerful person in the life of the victim a. The psychology of the victim is shaped by the actions and beliefs of the perpetrator b.The perpetrator often uses a system of punishment and reward - alternating between affection, threats, and violence toward the victim or person or things that the victim loves - in order to keep and maintain control 4)Often the perpetrator has been taking care of the victim for so long that the victim does not know how he/she would obtain basic needs without the perpetrator 5) Isolation, captivity, or confinement 6) Shame or self- blame 7)May be completely unaware of their rights or may have been intentionally misinformed about their rights in this country 8)Fear of law enforcement a. Victims may be hesitant to come forward because of their fear of arrest or deportation i. Traffickers often convince the victim that speaking with law enforcement will result in the victim being arrested, detained, or deported ii.While many victims have been beaten or raped, their current situation may still be better that from where they came iii.In some parts of the world, law enforcement is corrupt and foreign national victims may bring this fear with them iv.Even here, the few officers who abuse their positions of power may make it difficult for victims to trust any law enforcement v.Victims may also think that law enforcement will not believe them vi.Understanding the historical relationship between victims and law enforcement is critical to building trust and rapport with victims vii.Building trust and rapport and showing empathy allow the officers to break down the barrier of victim distrust towards law enforcement Red Flag Indicators of Human Trafficking: - Answer 1) Suspicious locations - indicators observed from outside a location may include a. Windows that are blocked, blackened out, barred, or sealed b. Doors that are chained, locked, sealed c. Guards and/or guard dogs d. Surveillance cameras and buzzer systems for entry e. Gates, barbed wire fencing, self-contained camps or compounds f. Large amount of foot traffic in and out of location, especially males g. Lighted "open" sign on building after regular business hours financial records) 8) Specific traffic stop indicators a. Sex/labor traffickers like to control their victims by fear and move them around frequently b. While not an exhaustive list, the existence of any of these indicators during a traffic stop should warrant an officer taking a closer look at the situation and asking additional questions targeted at determining how the occupants how each other, where they are going, and where they are from c. One person in a vehicle speaks for all occupants d. Adult driver with unrelated younger passengers e. Stories given don't match one another or are inconsistent with the evidence or presenting circumstances f. Story appears rehearsed g. Passengers have no identification or don't know what city they are in h. Contents of vehicle reveals their travel is fast and frequent (e.g., fast food items, little or no luggage, multiple hotel key cards, bus/plane tickets) i. Vehicle contains multiple cell phones, laptops, pre-pay or reloadable credit cards, ledger or appointment books j. Large amounts of cash in the vehicle k. Passengers are found to be in an active missing or runaway status, especially juveniles l. Prostitution paraphernalia is present 9) Similar indicators may be present in a labor trafficking case How to Interview a Human Trafficking Victim: - Answer 1) Preferably before the interview, identify other resource agencies in your area and communicate with them; consider a. Human trafficking task force b. Federal law enforcement agencies c. Other local law enforcement agencies d. Human trafficking coalitions e. Social service providers f. Nonprofit organizations 2) If you are the responding officer to a situation, your preliminary interview will be your key to gathering information as to whether or not you should investigate further or contact additional resources 3)You may encounter traffickers who will attempt to offer explanations of the situation, which makes it extremely important for you to note the following about others at the crime scene a. What are their living conditions? b. What are their working conditions? c.Are there indications of restricted movement (e.g., are they allowed to leave)? d. Are they forced to make frequent moves? e. Are there any behavioral indicators of severe dependency (e.g., submissive behavior, fearful behavior in the presence of others)? f. Who is in physical possession of their legal documents or identification? g. Who insists on providing information to law enforcement? h. Are they in the country legally? i. Do you need an interpreter on scene? (Be wary of people already on the scene who volunteer to interpret - they may be the traffickers, so you will want to briefly screen them) 4)What to expect from victims d. Consider the level of comfort available at the interview site over extended hours of interviewing and interaction The Process for Arresting a Juvenile: - Answer 1. The juvenile is suspected of, or caught violating a law a. If the offense is minor, the officer may choose to exercise discretion and not file a charge i. The officer may counsel the juvenile ii.The officer may contact the juvenile's guardian iii.The officer can direct the juvenile and/or guardian to community resources that might provide assistance, if necessary 2. If the offense is more serious, the officer should begin standard investigation procedures a. Interview the juvenile to gather information b.The officer might contact the juvenile's guardian at this time; this is a matter of consideration, not as a matter of law 3. If the officer believes probable cause exists to charge the youth, the youth can be taken into custody for processing a. Fingerprinti ng b. Photograph c. Interrogation 4.The juvenile may be placed in juvenile detention or released to the guardian 5. Again, the officer should take the opportunity to refer the juvenile and his/her guardian to community resources 6. Interview and interrogation considerations a.As previously discussed, juveniles are afforded the same rights as adults in investigatory procedures (e.g., search/seizure, self- incrimination) b.Therefore, in a custodial interrogation encounter, the officer must inform the youth of the Miranda warning and ensure his/her rights are understood c. When questioning a juvenile, the officer should consider several factors i. The age of the youth - if the youth is old enough to understand his/her rights and the severity of the situation 1.This is critically important during a custodial interrogation 2.The U.S. Supreme Court held a child's age is a relevant factor to consider in determining whether the child is in custody for purposes of Miranda rights ii.Mental state - is the juvenile free of intellectual disability? iii.Physical state - is the youth experiencing drug and/or alcohol impairment? iv. Are there any language or cultural barriers? 7. Considerations while on school grounds a. Schools are trusted with the care of children while on the grounds during school hours b.Therefore, some schools have a strict policy and procedure regarding who can access juveniles 8. Some schools might require a member of staff to be present when an officer needs to make contact with a student 9. Other schools will require the juvenile's guardian to be present, or will contact the guardian to alert him/her of the officer's request 10.Again, there is no statutory requirement for the officer to notify the parent of an interview/interrogation; in addition, the school has no legal authority to prevent the officer from conducting his/her investigation 11.However, depending on the nature of the investigation and the officer's departmental policy and procedure, the officer might consider conducting the interview at another time and place 12.Conversely, there might be schools that give officers full access to students 13. It is important to maintain positive, working relationships with school personnel 14.Oftentimes, when a peace officer is called to a school to investigate a situation involving a juvenile, school officials have conducted their own investigation 15.The officer can review information, and evidence from the school's investigation in order to help establish probable cause 16.The officer should also become familiar with charges that are specific to violations on or near school grounds, and those that have increased penalties 17. Disorderly Conduct - M-4, if in the vicinity of a school of safety zone 18. Illegal Conveyance of a Deadly Weapon or Dangerous Ordinance in School Safety Zone a. F-5 b.Also applies to objects indistinguishable from a firearm, whether or not it is capable of being fired; however, penalty is an M-1 if the object is indistinguishable 19. Improperly Discharging Firearm in a School Safety Zone a. F-2 b.Also, incudes discharging a firearm within 1000 feet of a school premises with the intent to cause physical harm to another who is on school grounds, cause panic or fear of physical harm to another, or cause the evacuation of the school 20. Several of the R.C. Chapter 2925 Drug Offenses have increased penalties if committed in a school safety zone or in the vicinity of a juvenile Federal and Ohio Juvenile Holding Violations Occur When...: - Answer 1) An accused or adjudicated status offender is held securely 2)An accused delinquent offender is held over six hours, if alleged to have committed a felony offense 3)An accused delinquent offender is held over three hours, if alleged to have committed a misdemeanor or status offense 4)An adjudicated delinquent is sentenced to a secure adult jail/prison 5)Any juvenile that is held securely is not sight and sound separated from adult offenders The AGO Pamphlet Titled Ohio Crime Victims' Rights: Helping Crime Victims Rebuild Their Lives: - Answer 1. Provides a compilation of all Ohio statutes relative to victims' rights 2. Contains most of the information peace officers are required to provide to the victim 3. Describe protection orders 4. Identifies services available for victims of crime 5. Includes contact information for state and federal victim services Ohio Statutory Rights Provided to Victims of Crime include...: - Answer 1. The right to have written information regarding rights as a crime victim be provided by the investigating enforcement agency 2. The investigating LE agency must give, in writing, all of the following court find would not act in the best interests of a deceased, incompetent, minor, or incapacitated victim Under Ohio's Constitution, All Victims of Crime are...: - Answer 1. Entitled to justice and due process throughout the criminal and juvenile justice systems 2.To ensure that, the Ohio constitution provides such persons with rights that are to be protected in a manner no less vigorous than the rights afforded to the accused 3.The constitutional rights provided to victims include the ... a. Right to be treated with fairness and respect for the victim's safety, dignity, and privacy b. Right to reasonable and timely notification of all public proceedings in the case c. Right to be present and heard at all court proceedings, including the right to petition the court to protect victim's rights d. Right to reasonable protection from the accused or any person acting on behalf of the accuses e. Right to notice of the release or escape of the accused f. Right to refuse discovery requests made by the accused, except as authorized by Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution g. Right to confer with the attorney for the government h. Right to the prompt conclusion of the case i. Right full and timely restitution Primary and Secondary Injuries Victims May Suffer: - Answer 1. Primary injuries a victim may suffer can include ... a. Physical injuries, including death and disfigurement b. Financial loss leading to economic hardship c. Emotional trauma and reactions (e.g., anxiety, guilt, sleep disturbance, shock, denial, depression, loss of trust, relationship problems) 2. Secondary injuries a victim can also suffer can include ... a. Injustice - e.g., believing the system has "let him/her down" or doesn't really care perceiving that the officer doesn't believe him/her b. Indignities - e.g., having to repeat sordid details, possibly several times and in public c. Isolation - e.g., lack of follow-up; failing to keep the victim informed of the case investigation and prosecution progress Four Core Most Victims Have After a Crime Has Been Committed: - Answer 1. Safety - i.e., the need to feel safe 2. Healing - i.e., the need to feel supported and process their trauma 3. Justice - i.e., the need to know "what comes next" and to receive fair treatment 4. Restitution - i.e., the need to pay for financial losses or bills Practical and Sensitive Responses to the Four Core Needs of Crime Victims: - Answer 1. The need to be and feel safe (i.e., safety) a. Reassure and continue to reassure victims that they are safe in LE presence b. Be attentive to your own words, tone of voice, posture, mannerisms, and actions, and how those may impact the victim's sense of safety and security c. The to express and process their emotions (i.e., healing) i. Do 1. Exercise patience ii. Don't 1.Assume that a victim, who is not yet ready to express his/her needs because of trauma is being uncooperative 5.You should privately address this with the victim and take action to support the victim's wishes 6. When available, male/female response teams are helpful for sexual assault cases 7. Allow the victims to give their account in a narrative form without undue interruption 8.Ask the victim what he/she was thinking and/or feeling during the encounter and during the interview a. This information and documentation of the victim's fear, confusion, and feelings may be helpful if the victim later remembers more information or changes the order of events 9.Ask about strangulation a. Victims may experience delayed symptoms (i.e., days later) resulting in difficulty breathing and possibly death b. Signs and symptoms of strangulation should be documented 10.If strangulation is indicated or suspected, officers should refer the victim to seek medical attention 11.Incomplete, inconsistent, or untrue statements by the victim a.A victim often may disclose partial details because the victim is still dealing with the effects of being traumatized or ... b. The person is uncomfortable in the LE interview i. The victim may not want to disclose acts that may be illegal ii.A victim may be reluctant to describe how the suspect degraded him/her, either with cruel comments or humiliating acts 12.Be familiar with traumatic memory 13.With traumatic memory, it should be understood that the first report may not be accurate a. Some memory recover occurs after the first sleep cycle b. It's best, though, to provide up to three days before interviewing again i.At 24 hours, the memory will be the most accurate, but may not be the most complete ii.From there, additional memory may be recovered, but may also be contaminated 14. When interviewing victims of sexual assault ... a. Be prepared for ... i. A narrative that is fragmented and non-linear ii. Gaps in memory iii. Recall of certain facts and not others, even though they happened simultaneously b. Be cautious of ... i. Misinterpreting signs of trauma as indicators of deception List All Four Primary Firearms Safety Rules: - Answer Treat all firearms as if they're loaded (SAFE) Never point a firearm at anything you don't want to shoot or destroy (DIRECTION) Keep your finger off the trigger until you've made a conscious decision to shoot (FINGER) Be aware of your backstop and beyond (TARGET) Explain the Cycle of Fire: - Answer 1. FIRE a. Shooter presses the trigger b. Round begins to travel down the barrel 2. UNLOCK a. The instant the round leaves the barrel, the slide unlocks from the barrel b. The slide moves rearward independently from the frame 3. EXTRACT a. The extractor removes the expended cartridge casing from the chamber of the barrel 4. EJECT a. Ejector mechanism engages the expended cartridge b. Casing is expelled 5. COCK a. Striker/hammer resets 6. FEED a. Slide moves forward b. Round is stripped from top of magazine 7. CHAMBER a. Round starts movement into chamber 8. LOCK a. Slide closes b. Cartridge is locked into position for firing The Smith System Approach to Driving: - Answer 1. An approach to driving that includes a five-step system in which you must practice all steps until they become routine a.Aim high in driving - look as far ahead as possible to keep the driver's view up rather than looking down at the area in front of the car b. Keep your eyes moving - establish an orderly visual search pattern (e.g., look near and far, to the left and right, in the mirrors, at the instrument panel) c. Get the big picture i. Become aware of the whole traffic scene ii.This is the mental process of putting together the clues received from the first two steps d. Leave yourself an out i. Avoid being boxed in ii. Maintain a space cushion (e.g., 2-4 seconds between you and the vehicle in iii. front of you) surrounding your vehicle iv. Increase space cushion as weather or circumstances dictate v. Constantly plan for eventuality of evasive actions e. Make sure others see you i. Advantageous lane position ii.Headlight use during the day iii.A communication mode for getting drivers to be aware of one another's presence to avoid surprise situations Importance of Safety Belts and other Occupant Protection Devices: - Answer 1. Required by the Revised Code 2. Better vehicle control thereby reducing the chances of becoming involved in a collision 3. Less chance of injury or death if involved in a collision while using a properly adjusted vehicle restrain system i. Transfers weight from one side of the vehicle to the other ii. More noticeable in vehicles with higher center of gravity d. Environmental factors i. Road surface · Wet or dry · Surface debris · Pavement type and temperature ii. Road design · Flat or uphill · Curve · Crowned or banked iii. Visibility relative to perception time · Weather conditions · Day or night · Blind spots and other traffic iv. Wind 6. Vehicle condition a. Braking system i. Poorly maintained ii. Low brake fluid b. Suspension system and steering components i. Bad shock absorbers ii.Broken or worn tie rods c. Tires i. Improper tire tread ii. Improper tire pressure, alignment, or balance Acceptable Backing Methods: - Answer 1.) With good, routine backing habits, an officer will be able to minimize the risks generated while backing during an emergency. The chances for a backing collision increase with emergency response because officers seldom practice backing at higher speeds with heightened emotions 2.) Back in a straight line if possible a. Keep one hand on the top of the steering wheel b.Turn body to right, look over right shoulder, and look through the rear window if possible or use your mirrors as mentioned in the practical portion c. Check mirrors and front of vehicle periodically d.The front of the vehicle will be extremely sensitive to any steering movements e. Keep speed constant f. Brake smoothly, as front wheel lock up is likely if hard braking is applied g. While backing, especially at higher rate of speed, should the driver start to lose control, stop the vehicle, correct the steering input h. If turning is necessary, the safe completion of the maneuver is more important than the speed of the maneuver i.Avoid backing long distances whenever possible. Turn the vehicle around as soon as possible and maneuver in a forward gear The Route an Officer should Select when Responding to an Emergency: - Answer 1.) The quickest most direct route Clearing Intersections: - Answer 1.) Allow for others to adjust to the law enforcement vehicle's approach 2.) Adjust your speed so that others see and hear the emergency warning devices 3.) Use quick, yet thorough, searching methods to clear the intersection to the left, front, and right streets a. Place your chin near your shoulder from left to right b. In order to ensure center vision down cross lanes 4.) Look for additional emergency response vehicles 5.) Change siren pattern to attract attention with a different sound a. Change pitch in advance of intersection b. Return to two handed driving near intersection and concentrate on lane clearing c. The goal is to make sure you have a clear path before you enter the intersection 6.) Intersections are extremely hazardous areas; be aware of limited sight, driver confusion, drivers turning in front of you, and cross traffic unaware of your approach 7.) Never assume an intersection is clear simply because of a green signal or the presence of another officer "holding" the intersection; it is the responsibility of the emergency vehicle operator to make sure the way is clear before entering the intersection 8.) On approach to a multilane intersection, use the lane by lane clearing approach a. Visually clear each lane before you proceed through the intersection b. For example, look and say to yourself, "lane 1, left, right, clear. Lane 2, left, right, clear," etc. 9.) A complete stop at intersections may be the safest option on emergency response Ways to Reduce Injury or Property Damage when a Collision is Imminent: - Answer 1.) Avoid having the collision take place in the driver's quarter of the vehicle 2.) Try to strike the object on an angle, thus deflecting some of the impact forces 3.) Maintain steering and braking control to avoid colliding with additional objects after the first collision 4.) Steer to the rear - steering for the rear of the other vehicle minimizes injury by avoiding the passenger compartment and minimizes crash severity by striking the lightest area of most vehicles 5.) If possible, look through the collision for a clear path of travel Factors to Consider when determining to Initiate a Vehicle Pursuit: - Answer 1.) Legal authority and agency policy a. The guidelines set forth by state law and agency policy ARE NOT OPTIONAL b. Officers are bound by these restrictions whether they personally agree with them or not c. Officers must be absolutely sure what the state law and agency policy allows and that they do not exceed those limits Primary Considerations for Discontinuing a Vehicle Pursuit: - Answer 1.) The safety of the public and yourself Alternatives to a Continued Vehicle Pursuit: - Answer 1.) Aircraft involvement (OSP, Sheriff, etc.) 2.) Investigate later (e.g., you know who the suspect is, you have vehicle license plate information); send officers to the residence of registered owner 2. Be professional in appearance and attitude 3. Manage citizen contacts with the understanding that negative events can be handled in a positive way 4.Temper the operational skills of patrol with the mindset, character, and service in the spirit of what democratic policing promises its citizenry Proactive Patrol: - Answer 1. Working to prevent crime rather than waiting for it to occur 2.The goal for many L/E agencies is to move away from incident- driven, reactive policing, and move toward proactive policing 3. Officer's should be conducting proactive patrol anytime they are not responding to calls for service 4. Officer's are encourage to act on their own initiative and develop information about crime and strategies for its suppression Considerations When Dispatched To A Crime In Progress: - Answer 1. Urgency of the situation 2. Safety of any victim who may be under attack 3. Traffic conditions for other responding units 4. Agency policy and protocol, if applicable 5.Anyone and anything that appears to be out of the ordinary for the area 6. If possible, record or call out license plate numbers of the vehicles leaving the scene or driving around the area 7. Unless necessary, arrive as quietly as possible 8. If possible, make your arrival using parallel streets to avoid being seen by a lookout or the suspect 9. Do not park directly in front of the location unless absolutely necessary Main Responsibilities when Responding to a Crime in Progress: - Answer 1. Respond to the incident in the safest and tactically sound manner 2. Secure the scene 3. Preliminary investigation Ways to Maintain Situational Awareness While Conducting Searches: - Answer 1. Be conscious of and avoid normalcy bias that develop from taking multiple similar calls that do not produce a threat 2.Avoid locking your focus on any one thing at the expense of what is happening around you 3. If working alone, continually stop, look and listen so you're aware of your environment 4. If working with others, have one person focused on the search and one focused on covering the searching officer Assessing a Dog's Behavior: - Answer 1. Signs of a relaxed dog a. Body posture - relaxed, weight carried evenly, may observe a play bow or body wiggle b.Tail - relaxed and in neutral position, may be wagging c. Ears - relaxed and in neutral position d. Mouth - appears "soft", may be open, tongue hanging out, mouth may be closed with lips relaxed over teeth e. Eyes - "soft", relaxed, eyebrows neutral, normal pupil size, steady, relaxed gaze 2. Signs of a defensively threatening dog a. Body posture - muscles tense, weight shifted back, low to ground, may roll to expose to belly, holding one paw up b.Tail - stiff, usually tucked or low to the ground, may be wagging (slowly or rapidly) c. Piloerection (i.e., goosebumps) - may or may not be present, may be seen as a "blowing coat" d. Ears - pulling back against head e. Mouth - lips pulled back, may be growling or snarling, often see excessive panting, lip licking, chewing, yawning f. Eyes - vigilant with pupils dilated, eyebrows furrowed, scanning/darting eyes, "whale eye" 3. Signs of an offensively threatening dog a. Body posture - "hard and stiff", muscles tensed, weight forward, may be very still b. Tail - carried high, often wagging slowly and methodically c. Piloerection - usually present d. Mouth - top lip pulled up, baring front teeth only, growling, snapping, borking e. Eyes - hard stare, wide open or squinted/hooded, eyebrows tensed, pupils dilated f. Be aware that offensively threatening doggos could exhibit all of these behaviors and still be quiet and still; be aware that quiet dogs can still attack Options for Handling a Threat from a Companion Animal: - Answer 1. Distractions and escape options a. If a dog encounter turns threatening, determine if any distractions are available (e.g., ball or stick lying on ground, dog treat) b. If your vehicle is close by and you have distracted the doggo, consider slowly backing up toward protection or get in your vehicle c. If you are not able to get to your vehicle, determine if there is something in your surroundings that you can put between you and the dog i. Garbage can ii.Garbage can lid iii. Clipboard iv. Chair 2. Intermediate weapons a. If distractions or escaping the situation are impractical or unavailable, you may need to use other items that are available on your person b. Impact weapons can be used for blocking, redirecting a dog attack, or used as a bite stick; be aware that the motions involved in opening, may be seen as threatening by some dogs 3. OC is the only chemical weapon that can be highly effective on dogs and, therefore, is the only chemical weapon that should be considered for use on dogs a. Because of differences in anatomy and physiology of animals, dogs experience few, if any, of the symptoms induced by CN in humans b. Likewise, CS is virtually ineffective on on-human animals 4. Electrical weapons a. In field reports of electrical weapon use on dogs, most officers reported that the period of immobilization was shorter than for people b. When using an electrical weapon on dogs, officers must deploy it differently than when using it on people 2. May allow time to assess situation 3.Allows officer to fire at the threat while minimizing exposure to themselves ii. Disadvantages: 1. May not provide full ballistic protection 2. May limit visibility 3. Difficult to move from 2. Concealment - Anything that protects from being observed a. Concealment alone does not protect an officer from the suspect's fire b. If cover Is not available, officer should seek concealment i.Advantages: 1. Protection from observation 2. May not limit officer's visibility to return fire 3. May provide time to evaluate situation ii.Disadvantages: 1. Does not provide ballistic protection Two Most Common Methods by Which an Officer May Be Injured or Killed During an Officer Initiated Contact: - Answer 1. Felonious assault 2. Crash Officer Initiated Contact: - Answer 1. Any situation in which the officer deploys directly from a cruiser to intentionally make contact with a citizen or a suspect 2. Deployment options are effective for nearly any type of officer initiated contact a. Contact involving an occupied stopped vehicle b. Contact involving an occupied or unoccupied parked vehicle c. Contact involving individual(s) on or off the roadway (e.g., hitchhiking) d. A vehicle stop is one kind of an officer initiated contact Two Legal Foundations for Making a Vehicle Stop: - Answer 1. Probable Cause - When the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge, and of which he/she has reasonably trustworthy information sufficient to warrant a person to believe that an offense has been, or is being, committed by the person to be arrested. 2. Reasonable Suspicion - Is less than probable cause but more than a hunch and based on circumstances, common sense judgements, and inferences about human behavior, that criminal activity was being planned or is in the process of being executed Two General Categories of Vehicle Stops: - Answer 1. Unknown-Risk 2. High-Risk Unknown-Risk Vehicle Stop: - Answer 1. A vehicle stop which has an unknown potential for felonious assault or vehicle crash High-Risk Vehicle Stop: - Answer 1. A vehicle stop which has a high potential for felonious assault or vehicle crash The Most Crucial Component of the Officer Initiated Contact is the Assessment: - Answer 1. Without assessment, officers cannot choose a plan of action 2.The officer is constantly assessing and re-assessing the threat level for factors that may appear or change and necessitate tactical adjustment 3.Assessment can change a situation at any time before and during the vehicle stop. This could be based upon: a. Additional information received b. Officer observations c. Actions by the suspect, passengers, or others within close proximity to the contact Areas of Concern Related to a Vehicle Stop Assessment: - Answer 1. Assessment can be divided into three distinct but overlapping areas of concern 2. Pre-contact - Any prior knowledge, information or observations that the officer has or experiences before the contact occurs 3. Environment - Weather, terrain, location, and observable obstacles in the area 4. Sensory Sweep - Information gained from using any of the officer's five senses during and after the approach 5. Pre-contact concerns: a. The purpose of the stop b. Available information c. Time of day - an officer may choose a completely different course of action at night, as opposed to during the day d. Structural design of the suspect's vehicle e. Number and actions of visible occupants f. Availability of backup g. Situational surroundings 6. Environment concerns: a. Weather conditions b.Traffic speed and congestion c. Terrain 7. Sensory sweep: a. Unusual body language after the stop b. Exiting the vehicle without the officer's request c. Multiple visible occupants and/or vehicles d. Visibly agitated state (any occupant) alone or accompanied by: i. Providing documents for the wrong vehicle ii. Providing forged documents e. Any distinct or unusual smells f. Any distinct or unusual sounds Demonstrate An Unknown-Risk Vehicle Stop: - Answer 1. Radio the initiated contact 2. Signal the intention to initiate the contact 3. Conduct approach preparation and exit 4. Conduct approach pattern