Criminal Justice Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Business and Labour Law

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TERM 1 Goal of Justice DEFINITION 1 1. offenders will be held fully accountable for their actions 2. the rights of persons who have contact w/the system will be protected 3. like offenses will be treated alike and officials will take into account relevant differences among offenders and offenses TERM 2 Federalism DEFINITION 2 power is divided between a central (national) government and regional (state) governments TERM 3 System DEFINITION 3 a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose actions are directed toward goals and are influenced by the environment in which they function TERM 4 Exchange DEFINITION 4 a mutual transfer of resources: a balance of benefits and deficits that flow from behavior based on decisions about the values and costs of alternatives TERM 5 Filtering Process DEFINITION 5 a screening operation; a process by which criminal justice officials screen out some cases while advancing others to the next level of decision making TERM 6 Police Agency Duties DEFINITION 6 1) keeping the peace 2)apprehending violators and combating crime 3) preventing crime 4) providing social services TERM 7 Dual Court System DEFINITION 7 a system consisting of a separate judicial system for each state in addition to a national system. each case is tried in a court of the same jurisdiction as that of the law or laws broken. TERM 8 Adjudication DEFINITION 8 the process of determining whether the defendant is guilty TERM 9 Steps in Decision-Making Process DEFINITION 9 1) Investigation 2)Arrest 3)Booking 4)Charging 5) Initial Appearance 6)Preliminary Hearing/Grand Jury 7)Indictment/Information 8) Arraignment 9)Trial 10)Sentencing 11)Appeal 12)Corrections 13)Release TERM 10 Information DEFINITION 10 document charging an individual w/a specific crime. it is prepared by a prosecuting attorney and presented to a court at a preliminary hearing. TERM 21 Mala Prohibita DEFINITION 21 offenses prohibited by law but not wrong in themselves TERM 22 Visible Crime DEFINITION 22 an offense against persons or property, committed primarily by members of the lower class. often referred to as "street crime" or "ordinary crime"-most upsetting to the public violent crimes, property crimes, public order crimes TERM 23 Occupational Crime DEFINITION 23 criminal offenses committed through opportunities created in a legal business or occupation TERM 24 Organized Crime DEFINITION 24 a framework for the perpetuation of criminal acts-usually in fields such as gambling, drugs, and prostitution-providing illegal services that are in great demand TERM 25 Money Laundering DEFINITION 25 moving the proceeds of criminal activities through a maze of businesses, banks, and brokerage accounts so as to disguise their origin TERM 26 Crimes Without Victims DEFINITION 26 offenses involving a willing and private exchange of illegal goods or services that are in strong demand. participants do not feel they are being harmed, but these crimes are prosecuted on the ground that society as a whole is being injured TERM 27 Political Crime DEFINITION 27 an act, usually done for ideological purposes, that constitutes a threat against the state (such as treason, sedition, or espionage) also describes a criminal act by the state TERM 28 Cyber Crimes DEFINITION 28 offenses that involve the use of one or more computers TERM 29 Dark Figure of Crime DEFINITION 29 a metaphor that emphasizes the dangerous dimension of crimes that are never reported to the police TERM 30 Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) DEFINITION 30 an annually published statistical summary of crimes reported to the police, based on voluntary reports to the FBI by local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies TERM 31 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) DEFINITION 31 reporting system in which the police describe each offense in a crime incident, together with data describing the offender, victim, and property TERM 32 National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS) DEFINITION 32 interviews of samples of the US population conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the number and types of criminal victimizations and thus the extent of unreported as well as reported crime TERM 33 Victimology DEFINITION 33 field of criminology that examines the role the victim plays in precipitating a criminal incident and also examines the impact of crimes on victims TERM 34 Classical Criminology DEFINITION 34 behavior stems from free will, demands responsibility and accountability for all perpetrators, and stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others TERM 35 Positivist Criminology DEFINITION 35 views behavior as stemming from social, biological, and psychological factors. it argues that punishment should be tailored to the individual needs of the offender. TERM 46 Labeling Theories DEFINITION 46 cause of criminal behavior is not found in the individual but in the social process that labels certain acts as deviant or criminal TERM 47 Critical Criminology DEFINITION 47 theories that assume criminal law and the criminal justice system are primarily a means of controlling the lower classes, women, and minorities TERM 48 Social Conflict Theories DEFINITION 48 views crimes as the result of conflict in society, such as conflict between economic classes caused by elites using law as a means to maintain power TERM 49 Feminist Theories DEFINITION 49 criticize existing theories for ignoring or undervaluing women's experiences as offenders, victims, and people subjected to decision making by criminal justice officials. seek to incorporate an understanding of differences between the experiences and treatment of men and women while also integrating factors such as race or social class TERM 50 Life Course Theories DEFINITION 50 identify factors affecting the start, duration, nature, and end of criminal behavior over the life of an offender TERM 51 Integrated Theories DEFINITION 51 combine differing theoretical perspectives into a larger model TERM 52 Civil Law DEFINITION 52 regulates relationships between or among individuals, usually involving property, contracts, or business disputes TERM 53 Legal Responsibility DEFINITION 53 accountability for crime b/c of characteristics and circumstances of act TERM 54 7 Principles DEFINITION 54 1) Legality 2. Actus Reus 3. Causation 4. Harm 5. Concurrence 6. Mens Rea 7. Punishment TERM 55 Inchoate Offense DEFINITION 55 conduct that is criminal even though the harm that the law seeks to prevent has not been done but merely planned or attempted