Life-Span Development Final (Straighterline) test questions and answers.docx, Exams of Biology

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Life-Span Development Final (Straighterline) test questions and answers Development - answer pattern of change beginning at conception and continuing throughout the life span Ex: growth and decline Life-span perspective - answer involves growth, maintenance, and regulation. average life expectancy - answer 79 years culture - answer interactions, behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group passed on from generation to generation cross-cultural studies - answer comparing aspects of cultures to gain information about their developmental similarities ethnicity - answer Based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language socioeconomic status - answer grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics gender - answer characteristics of people as males, females, or transgender, and sociocultural challenges social policy - answer a national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens biological processes - answer changes in an individual's physical nature successful aging - answer describes individuals maintaining positive physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development longer in life. nature vs nurture - answer organisms biological inheritance vs environmental experiences Freudian development: oral stage - answer birth to 1.5 years; infant's pleasure centers on the mouth freudian development: anal stage - answer 1.5 to 3 years; child's pleasure focuses on the anus freudian development: phallic stage - answer 3 to 6 years; child's pleasure focuses on the genitals freudian development: latency stage - answer 6 years to puberty; child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills freudian development: genital stage - answer puberty onward; a time of sexual reawakening: source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family erikson' psychosocial theory for human behavior - answer motivation for behavior is social in nature sensorimotor stage - answer birth to 2 to 3 years; - infants coordinate sensory experiences with physical actions to construct an understanding of the world - infants progress from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage preoperational stage - answer 2 to 7 years: - the child begins to represent the world with words and images. these words and images reflect increases symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action concrete operational stage - answer 7 to 11 years: - the child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets formal operational stage - answer 11 years to adulthood: - the adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways vygotsky's theory - answer emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide and are inseparable from cognitive development skinner's operant conditioning - answer development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes brought about by rewards and punishments bandura's social cognitive theory - answer Emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development evolutionary developmental psychology - answer growth in interest in using the concepts of evolutionary psychology to understand human development down syndrome - answer a form of intellectual disability caused by an abnormality in the 21st chromosome Klinefelter syndrome - answer A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY. palmer grasp - answer grasping with the whole hand pincer grip - answer grasping small objects with thumb and forefinger schemes - answer actions or mental representations that organize knowledge assimilation - answer using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences accommodation - answer adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences operant conditoning - answer behavior followed by rewarding stimulus is likely to recur information retention - answer baby recalls relationship between behavior and stimulus habituation - answer decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus dishabituation - answer increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation broca's area - answer speech production Wernicke's area - answer language comprehension primary emotions - answer present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life self-conscious emotions - answer require self- awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of "me" easy child - answer generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, adapts easily to new experiences difficult child - answer reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, slow to accept change slow to warm up child - answer low activity level, somewhat negative, displays a low intensity of mood phase of attachment: 1 - answer from birth to 2 months, infants direct their attachment to human figures phase of attachment: 2 - answer from 2 to 7 months, attachment becomes focused on one figure phase of attachment: 3 - answer from 7 to 27 months, specific attachments develop. with increased locomotion, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers phase of attachment: 4 - answer from 24 months on, children become aware of others' feelings and goals and account for them in their own actions immanent justice - answer concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately authoritarian parenting - answer parents exhort child to follow directions and respect their work and effort. authoritative parenting - answer encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions answer trust, caring, and loyalty to others valued as a basis for moral judgments kohlbergs level 2: conventional reasoning stage 4: social system morality - answer moral judgments based on understanding, social order, law, justice, duty kohlbergs level 3: postconventional reasoning stage 5: social contract or utility and individual rights stage 6: universal ethical principles - answer morality is intentional constructivist approach - answer learner-centered approach emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their own knowledge and understanding with guidance from a teacher direct instruction approach - answer a structured, teacher-centered approach characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students' progress, maximum time spent by students on academic tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum puberty in boys - answer between 10 to 13.5 years puberty in girls - answer between ages of 9 and 15 years prefrontal cortex - answer judgment region reins in intense emotions but doesn't finish developing until at least emerging adulthood corpus callosum - answer these nerve fibers connect the brain's two hemispheres; they thicken in adolescence to process information more effectively amygdala - answer limbic system structure especially involved in emotion limbic system - answer a lower, subcortical system in the brain that is the seat of emotions and experience of rewards anorexia nervosa - answer relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation; linked to pressure from images in media and social media imaginary audience - answer adolescent's belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are Old model of parent-adolescent relationships - answer autonomy; detachment from parents; parent and peer worlds are isolated; intense, stressful new model of parent-adolescent relationships - answer Attachment and autonomy; parents are important support systems and attachment figures; adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds have some important connections Moderate parent-adolescent conflict is common and can serve a positive developmental function; conflict greater in early adolescence Dating and Romantic Relationships in Adolescence - answer - entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of age - exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of age