Lifespan Development: Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional Studies, and Fetal Growth, Exams of Advanced Education

Download Lifespan Development: Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional Studies, and Fetal Growth and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! PORTAGE LEARNING LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT MODULE 2 Compare and contrast longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. A longitudinal design enables researchers to observe change over time as well as which qualities in an individual remain stable, while a cross-sectional design does not address either of these very well. However, it is generally more difficult to conduct longitudinal researcher due to the extensive time required. A cross-sectional study simply investigates a cross-section of a population at once. Both study approaches, however, can be used to answer questions about certain aspects of lifespan development. Naturalistic Observation: Can observe how people act naturally. Researchers can only access the information that they directly observe. The child may act differently in other settings or at other times. A good design for obtaining detailed information on a person's behaviors. Case Study Provides rich and detailed information on one individual. May not be applicable to other cases. Particularly helpful for showcasing an unusual case to spur additional discussion. Survey Can obtain a large amount of information with a large sample. People may not accurately report on their own thoughts and behaviors! The most straightforward way to know what someone thinks is to simply ask them, as in a survey or interview. Correlation Survey Gives concise summary on how two variables relate to one another. Correlation does not equal causation; a correlational study doesn't tell what actually caused any change. Popular study design, shows how different aspects of human nature relate to other aspects. Experiment Researchers can directly observe a manipulated variable effecting change. People may act unnaturally in experimental settings. A researcher seeking to know what causes something else should choose this design. Ultrasound directs high frequency sound waves into the mother's abdomen to create an image of the developing baby. Ultrasound can show the position of the baby, gender, gestational age, and some brain defects. Noninvasive and generally viewed to be safe, a general rule is to have fewer than five ultrasounds during pregnancy due to a possible risk of low birthweight. amniocentesis Amniocentesis involves removing a sample of amniotic fluid through a syringe. The fluid is then tested for chromosomal and genetic abnormalities. However, there is a risk of miscarriage with amniocentesis. chronic villus sampling (CVS) Chorionic villus sampling involves inserting a tube and removing tissue from the end of one or more chorionic villi. CVS is used to detect genetic abnormalities, but there is a risk of miscarriage and limb deformity. passive genotype the child's role is passive; the genes passed along by the parents, as well as the environmental stimulation, work together to bring out certain qualities in the child. evocative genotype genes passed along by the parents result in the child behaving in ways that evoke particular responses in others, resulting in environmental stimulation of certain qualities in the child. active genotype genes passed along by the parents result in the child actively seeking out environmental stimulation for certain qualities. Describe precisely when the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods occur. germinal = days 1-14 embryonic = weeks 2-8 fetal = weeks 9-40 If a teratogen is introduced during the first trimester of pregnancy, what parts of the baby's body might be harmed? Since these are systems under major development in the first trimester, they are the most likely to be affected: spinal cord, brain, all major organs, limbs, face. A friend of yours says that she smoked throughout pregnancy and her baby is fine. "So," she concludes,"nicotine doesn't harm babies." How would you respond, based on data on teragons? You can begin by expressing your happiness that her baby is fine, as well as your wishes that he/she remains fine! However, you can add that she is fortunate that the way her body (and her baby's body) processed the nicotine did not result in some of the potential, immediate consequences of nicotine use during pregnancy (miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight). You might want to let her know that others smoking during pregnancy might not be so fortunate. It may not be the best to say this, but it will be interesting to see whether her child truly suffers no ill effect from the nicotine use, since smoking during pregnancy is potentially linked to ADHD and learning disabilities in children. What are the three stages of childbirth? Stage 1: Dilation and Effacement of Cervix. Stage 2: Delivery of the Baby. Stage 3: Delivery of Placenta. You will also want to know specific details of each stage.