Lifespan Developmental Psychology Final Exam with Answers., Exams of Developmental Psychology

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Lifespan Developmental Psychology Final

Exam with Answers.

What is the central idea behind Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development? - Correct Answer Erikson proposed eight stages of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to death, where individuals face crises influencing personality development. How does society and culture play a role in Erikson's theory? - Correct Answer Society and culture impact how individuals navigate and resolve the psychosocial crises in each stage. Explain the key concept of behaviorism according to Watson. - Correct Answer Watson focused on observable behaviors, believing that behaviors are learned through the environment, and he thought he could shape any child's behavior regardless of personal details. What is operant conditioning, according to Skinner? - Correct Answer Operant conditioning is learning through consequences (rewards and punishments) for behaviors. Define observational learning in the context of Bandura's Social Learning theory. - Correct Answer Observational learning is the process of learning by observing others and imitating their behaviors. Explain the concept of reciprocal determinism. - Correct Answer Reciprocal determinism is the dynamic interplay between individuals, their environment, and behavior, highlighting bidirectional influences. Name and briefly describe two of Piaget's cognitive developmental stages.

• Correct Answer Two stages are Sensorimotor (birth to 2), where infants "think" with senses, and Concrete Operational (7-11), characterized by logical reasoning and reversibility of thought. What is the key idea behind Piaget's constructivism? - Correct Answer Piaget viewed children as active explorers who experiment on objects they encounter.

Define the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) according to Vygotsky. - Correct Answer ZPD is the range of tasks a learner can perform with help, bridging what they can do independently and with assistance. Why is sociocultural influence emphasized in Vygotsky's theory? - Correct Answer Vygotsky's emphasis on sociocultural influence stems from his belief that learning and cognitive development are inherently social activities. He viewed individuals as active participants in their learning, with social interactions and cultural context playing a central role in shaping cognitive abilities and skills. List and briefly explain two levels of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Model. - Correct Answer Microsystem (person and immediate environment) and Macrosystem (greater context, e.g., poverty and racism). What does the Chronosystem represent in Bronfenbrenner's model? - Correct Answer Chronosystem represents the dimension of time and its impact on the developing child and environmental influences. Define attachment in the context of Bowlby's theory. - Correct Answer Attachment is the emotional bond between a child and caregiver. Briefly explain the purpose of the Strange Situation research tool. - Correct Answer The Strange Situation assesses attachment styles by observing a child's behavior in a controlled, unfamiliar setting with their caregiver. Define the following levels in Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Model: Microsystem - Correct Answer The microsystem refers to the person's immediate physical and social environment, including family, friends, school, and other direct interactions. Define the following levels in Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Model: Mesosystem - Correct Answer The mesosystem involves the interrelations among microsystems. It's the connections and interactions between the various components within a person's microsystem. Define the following levels in Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Model: Exosystem - Correct Answer The exosystem includes specific

social structures that do not contain the person but still impact their development, such as a parent's workplace or community services. Define the following levels in Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Model: Macrosystem - Correct Answer The macrosystem is the greater context in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded. It includes cultural values, laws, and societal norms, such as poverty or racism. Define the following levels in Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Model: Chronosystem - Correct Answer The chronosystem represents the dimension of time as it impacts the developing child, encompassing historical events, changes over time, and individual life transitions. Provide a real world example of the biological systems model. - Correct Answer An example could be analyzing a child's academic performance. The microsystem might include family and school, the mesosystem examines interactions between family and school, and the macrosystem considers cultural attitudes toward education. What is a critique of the bioecological systems model? - Correct Answer A critique might include the model's complexity, making it challenging to apply universally, and potential oversights in accounting for individual agency within environmental constraints. Strengths could include its comprehensive approach to environmental influences on development. What milestones are expected for infants? - Correct Answer 1. Attachment relationship to caregiver

2. Learning to sit, crawl, stand
3. Differentiation of self from environment
4. Interactive play with caregivers & toys
5. Physiological regulation (eating, sleeping) Behaviorist Theory (John Watson) - Correct Answer A theoretical approach that studies how observable behavior is controlled by the physical and social environment through conditioning. Operant Conditioning (Skinner) - Correct Answer Behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences.

Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura) - Correct Answer An approach that emphasizes the role of modeling and observational learning over people's behavior in addition to reinforcement and punishment. Observational Learning: - Correct Answer learning that occurs by watching and imitating models Reciprocal Determinism - Correct Answer individuals and their environment interact and influence each other Belief - Correct Answer development is a result of interactions between the individual's characteristics, his or her behavior, and the physical and social environment Cognitive-Developmental Theory (Jean Piaget) - Correct Answer Constructivism: Children are curious active explorers; they experiment on objects they encounter Three Mountains Task - Correct Answer Assessing for theory of mind, perspective-taking skills, and empathy; Main question: Can a child correctly identify how a scene looks from the doll's perspective? Piaget - Correct Answer What researcher is the three mountains task associated with? Concrete Operator - Correct Answer Children are more likely to use a trial-and-error approach (try many things but fail to systematically test hypothesis) Formal Operator - Correct Answer Teenagers will likely take a hypothetical-deductive reasoning approach (plan strategy and determine how/which hypothesis to test) Sociocultural Theory (Lev Vygotsky) - Correct Answer The theory that individuals acquire culturally relevant ways of thinking through social interactions with members of their culture. Zone of proximal Development - Correct Answer what needs to be done to take the learner where they need to be

zone of achieved development - Correct Answer where the learner is right now Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model (Urie Bronfenbrenner) - Correct Answer Who believed that development is a transactional process influenced by ongoing interactions among biological, cognitive, & socioemotional changes within individuals & their changing contexts? macrosystem - Correct Answer What level- social ideologies and values of cultures and subcultures exosystem - Correct Answer what level- systems that influence the individual indirectly through Microsystems mesosystem - Correct Answer connections between systems and Microsystems microsystem - Correct Answer direct interaction in activities, roles, and relations, with others and objects ontogenetic development - Correct Answer changes within a person Attachment Theory (John Bowlby) - Correct Answer Proposed by Darwin, it emphasizes the evolutionary basis of behavior and its adaptive value in ensuring the survival of a species. Strange Situation - Correct Answer Procedure created by Mary Ainsworth to observe attachment security in children within the context of caregiver relationships. It applies to infants 9-18 months old. Developmental Cascades - Correct Answer The concept that a series of developmental processes or events at one stage can have significant influences on trajectories and outcomes later in life. Risk and Protective Factors - Correct Answer Identifies factors that increase (risk) or decrease (protective) the likelihood of developing psychological disorders. Developmental Pathways - Correct Answer refers to the sequence, timing, and transaction of behaviors over time (PROBABILISTIC, not deterministic)

Transactional Processes - Correct Answer a series of dynamic, reciprocal interactions; the interplay between biology, psychological processes, & sociocultural factors over time Homotypic Continuity - Correct Answer The problem manifests in similar ways across development Heterotypic Continuity - Correct Answer Surface symptoms appear different over time Multifinality - Correct Answer Similar experiences lead to different outcomes Equifinality - Correct Answer Different early experiences lead to a similar outcome. Ordinary Magic - Correct Answer The ability to bounce back in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant sources of stress. Ann Masten referred to it as... Polygenetic Inheritance - Correct Answer what is it called when multiple gene pairs are involved in the expression of characteristics? Neurons - Correct Answer Release chemicals (NTs) across synapses to communicate; stimulate electrical impulses within... Myelination - Correct Answer Coating on axons for efficient conduction of impulses; develops fast from birth to age 4, beginning in sensory and motor cortex Plasticity - Correct Answer The ability of parts of the brain to take over functions of a damaged part Nerve - Correct Answer Each neuron has an axon and many dendrites. Dendrites receive messages from other cells & Axon terminals from junctions with other cells. Which makes up the... Synaptic Pruning - Correct Answer use it or lose it

Prefrontal Cortex - Correct Answer This part of the brain has growth throughout development into 20s; deals with executive functioning