Literature Review on Use of Nonwood Plant Fibers for Building Materials and Panels - Book Summary - indian literature - John A. Youngquist, Summaries of Indian Literature

Download Literature Review on Use of Nonwood Plant Fibers for Building Materials and Panels - Book Summary - indian literature - John A. Youngquist and more Summaries Indian Literature in PDF only on Docsity! Literature Review on Use of Nonwood Plant Fibers for Building Materials and Panels John A. Youngquist Brent E. English Roger C. Scharmer Poo Chow Steven R. Shook Abstract Contents The research studies included in this review focus on the use of nonwood plant fibers for building materials and panels. Studies address (1) methods for efficiently producing building materials and panels from nonwood plant fibers; (2) treatment of fibers prior to board production; (3) process variables, such as press time and temperature, press pressure, and type of equipment; (4) mechanical and physical proper- ties of products made from nonwood plant materials; (5) methods used to store nonwood plant materials; (6) use of nonwood plant fibers as stiffening agents in cementitious materials and as refractory fillers; and (7) cost-effectiveness of using nonwood plant materials. Keywords: Nonwood plant fiber, panel, building material Acknowledgments This comprehensive bibliography would not have been possible without the assistance of many individuals. Particu- lar thanks are given to Dr. Roger Meimban, Research Associate, Department of Forestry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, for reference search, help in locating original sources, and review. Thanks are also due to the American Hardboard Association (AHA), Palatine, Illinois, for the partial funding that enabled the authors to undertake this study. Thanks are due to Louis E. Wagner, Technical Director of the AHA, and Michael Hoag, Technical Director of the National Particle- board Association (NPA), for their critical review of the publication. This study was funded by the U.S. Department of Agricul- ture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, and the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. July 1994 Youngquist, John A.; English, Brent E.; Scharmer, Roger C.; Chow, Poo; Shook, Steven R. 1994. Literature review on use of nonwood plant fibers for building materials and panels. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-80. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 146 p. A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the public from the Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53705-2398. Laboratory publications are sent to more than 1,000 libraries in the United States and elsewhere. The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service is a diverse organization committed to equal opportunity in employment and program delivery. USDA prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political affiliation, and familial status. Persons believing they have been discriminated against should contact the Secretary, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, or call (202) 720-7327 (voice) or (202) 720-1127 (TDD). Reed ........................................................ Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Papyrus .............................................................. Peanut ................................................................ Pecan .......................................................................... Pineapple .................................................................... Plant/Vegetable Fiber ....................................... Poppy ................................................................ Potato ................................................................ Ragweed ........................................................... Ramie ................................................................ Rape .................................................................. Raspberry .......................................................... Red Onion ......................................................... Introduction ...................................................... Scope of Research ........................................ Organization of Literature Review ............... Method of Literature Search.. ....................... Abaca .................................................................... Areca-Nut and Areca Palm Stem ..................... Bagasse, Guar, Sugarcane ................................ Bamboo....................................................................... Banana .............................................................. Barley ............................................................... Beet ................................................................... Cashew Nut ...................................................... Cassava/Tapioca ............................................... Cellulose ........................................................... Coconut/Coir .................................................... Coffee Bean ...................................................... Corn/Maize ....................................................... Cotton ............................................................... Flax/Linseed ..................................................... Foliage .............................................................. Grasses .............................................................. Groundnut Shell.. .............................................. Hemp ................................................................ Jute .................................................................... Kenaf ................................................................ Megass .............................................................. Mustard ............................................................. Oats ................................................................... Palm........................................................... Rye.............................................................. Scrub Palmetto.. ................................................ Seaweed ............................................................ Sisal .................................................................. Sorghum ........................................................... Soybean ............................................................ Straw ................................................................. Sunflower ......................................................... Tobacco ............................................................ Tomato .............................................................. Vine .................................................................. Walnut .............................................................. Water Hyacinth.. ............................................... Wheat.. .............................................................. Patent Appendix ............................................... Author Index ..................................................... Page 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 29 39 40 40 40 40 41 42 50 50 55 58 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 73 74 74 75 82 82 82 82 82 83 84 84 86 106 106 106 106 111 112 113 119 119 120 120 120 120 120 123 124 databases to about 1967. Citations were also obtained from the Forest Products Society FOREST database and from the Forest Service FS INFO database. Another literature search was conducted by Steven R. Shook at the University of Illinois for references that may have been missed by the DIALOG, FOREST, and FS INFO searches. The strategy of this search included electronically examining the three largest university library collections in the United States, namely Harvard, the University of Illinois, and Yale. Additionally, several libraries at land grant colleges with large agricultural programs were electronically searched. These searches yielded many unpublished master’s degree theses, old out-of-print titles, and old unabstracted agricul- tural experiment station reports and trade journal articles. The references in many publications were used to obtain more references for this literature review. The keywords used in the search included the following words, their combinations, and variants thereof: abaca, agricultural plant fiber residue or wastes, areca, bagasse, bamboo, banana, barley, beam, beet, board, building board, building element, building material, building panel, cashew nut, cassava, cellulose, cement, chipboard, chip board, chip panel, clay, coconut, coffee bean, coir, composite, composi- tion board, composition panel, concrete, corn, corncob, cornstalk, cotton, cottonseed, economics, extrusion, feasibil- ity, fiberboard, fiber board, fiber panel, fibreboard, fibre board, fibre panel, flax, foliage, furniture board, furniture panel, grasses, groundnut shell, gypsum, gypsum board, gypsum panel, hardboard, hard board, hay, hemp, husk, hull, insulation, insulation board, insulation panel, jute, kenaf, laminate, lignocellulosic material, linseed, maize, megass, molded, mustard, non-woody biomass, non-wood plant fiber wastes, oats, palm, panel, panelboard, panel board, papyrus, particleboard, particle board, particle panel, peanut, pecan, pineapple, plant, plant fiber, plaster, plasterboard, plaster board, plastic, plastic board, plastic panel, poppy, potato, pulp, pulping, ragweed, ramie, rape, raspberry, red onion, reed, refractory, refractory board, refractory molding, refractory panel, residue, resin, rice, roofing board, roofing panel, roselle, rubber, rye, seaweed, seed, sisal, sorghum, soybean, stalk, straw, stem, stud, sugarbeet, sugarcane, sugar cane, sunflower, tapioca, tobacco, tomato, vegetable, vegetable fiber, vine, wallboard, wall board, wall panel, walnut, water hyacinth, and wheat. 3 Abaca straw, ramie, rape straw, reed, rice husks and straw, palm, sisal, sorghum, straw, sunflower husks, and tobacco. Panel Board Particleboard (See references 53 and 83.) Fiberboard/Hardboard 1. Tobias, B.C. 1990. Fabrication and performance of natural fiber-reinforced composite materials. International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition. 35(1): 970-978. Summary: Short abaca fiber-reinforced composite materials were fabricated at room conditions using a combination of Araldite resin, Thiokol, and hardener. The tensile strength, tensile modulus, and impact strength were dependent on the fiber length and fiber volume fraction. Fiber length greater than critical length coupled with a strong interfacial bond between fiber and matrix yielded better tensile strength, whereas short fiber and weak interfacial bonding yielded better impact strength. Both tensile and impact strength increased as the fiber volume fraction increased to approxi- mately 70 percent. 2. Tobias, B.C. 1991. Stress rupture behavior of natural fiber-reinforced composite materials. International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition. 36(2): 1816-1822. Summary: Composite lamina containing polysulfide rubber- modified epoxy resin with short fiber volume fractions of 30 and 40 percent were used in the experimental investigation- which was carried out to establish the influence of fiber volume fraction on the stress rupture life. An increase in the sustained constant stress reduced the life of the abaca fiber- reinforced composite materials, but the rupture strength of the material increased significantly as the fiber volume fraction increased. The rate of degradation under sustained constant stress was higher in material with lower fiber volume fraction. Fabrication of the composite was by a conventional manual lay-up method. Unknown Board 3. Augustin, H. 1973. Annotated bibliography on the utilization of agricultural residues and non-wood fibrous material for the production of panels. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Document ID/WG.83/16.95 p. Summary: This report is an excellent review of publications on nonwood plant fiber materials used in panel board production. The review contains 444 references, including cross-references. Plant-fiber materials included are abaca, areca-nut, bagasse, bamboo, banana, cassava stalks, coffee husks, coconut and coir, cornstalk and corncob, cotton stalk and cotton seed hulls, flax, groundnut shells, hemp, jute, kenaf, mustard stalk, papyrus, peanut shell, pineapple, poppy 4 Areca-Nut and Areca Palm Stem Panel Board Particleboard 4. Narayanamurti, D.; Gupta, R.C.; Ratra, Y.S. 1962. Utilization of areca palm stems. Research and Industry. 7: 340-343. Summary: The production of particleboard, fiberboard, and plastic board from areca palm stems was studied and reported. 5. Narayanamurti, D.; Gupta, R.C.; Singh, J. 1962. Measurements of swelling pressure in wood-particle boards. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 20(3): 89-90. [German]. Summary: Thermodyne boards and thermally plasticized particleboards made from two tropical woods, areca-nut husk, and bamboo (Bambusa polymorpha) were examined with a Cope tensiorheometer. The results indicated that the measurement of the swelling pressure by this method gave a good criterion for evaluating the swelling resistance and dimensional stability of wood-based products. 6. Narayanamurti, D. 1960. Fibre boards from Indian timbers. Indian Forester. 86(1): 5-15. Summary: Hardboards and insulation boards with satisfac- tory properties can be produced from indigenous Indian raw material, namely, areca-nut husk, bagasse, bamboo, tapioca stems, and the wood and bark of various conifers and hardwoods. The properties of the boards obtained by the Asplund process or by a mild chemical cook (0.5 to 1 percent NaOH at 100°C) are tabulated. 7. Narayanamurti, D.; Ranganathan, V.; George, J. 1947. Studies on building boards. Part I. Utilization of areca-nut husk waste. Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, Indian Forest Leaflet 112. 9 p. Summary: Data are given on the chemical composition of areca-nut husks. Satisfactory building boards can be made by pulping the husks by the Asplund process or a hydrolytic treatment with dilute acid or alkali, and then pressing the pulp to boards in the usual manner. 8. Narayanamurti, D.; Singh, H. 1954. Studies on building boards. VII. Building boards from tannin-containing ligno- cellulosic materials. Composite Wood. 1(5): 121-124. Summary: Building boards were prepared experimentally from indigenous tannin-containing waste, namely, areca-nut husk, spent tea leaves, and sal bark. Furfural and formaldehyde were added to the powdered material. Tea leaves yielded the poorest results. Areca-nut husk board had good strength only when high pressures were applied. Sal bark board had good strength, but the addition of sawdust further improved the strength. 9. Narayanamurti, D.; Singh, H. 1955. Studies on building boards. VIII. Production of building boards from various woods and barks by defibration. Composite Wood. 2(1): 6-15. Summary: Asplund pulps were prepared from indigenous Indian raw materials, such as areca-nut husk, bamboo shavings, tannin-extracted sal bark, and different wood species, and then wet pressed into insulating boards and hardboards. The effect of operating conditions on board properties was studied in detail. The outer portion of bamboo, containing waxes and resinous materials, gave products with higher moisture resistance and better strengths than the inner portion. Moisture absorption and swelling of boards made from areca-nut husk could be reduced by treating the pulp with alkali prior to forming into boards. Data on chemical composition of the pulps and the physical properties of the resulting boards are given in tables. 10. Narayanamurti, D.; Singh, J. [n.d.] Final report on the utilisation of areca-nut husk. Calicut: Indian Central Arecanut Committee. 44 p. Summary: The possibilities of producing insulating wools, fiberboards, and plastics from areca-nut husk by various processes are described and detailed in tables. 11. Vimal, O.P. 1976. Arecanut husk. Yojana. 19(23): 11-13. Summary: A brief discussion of the chemical composition of the areca-nut husk and its possible use in manufacturing hardboard, paper, insulation wool, and plastic materials is provided. (Also see references 4 and 12.) Insulation Board 12. Anonymous. 1952. Valuable materials from arecanut husk. Indian Central Arecanut Committee. ICAC Mono- graphs Bull. 1(10): 5-7. Summary: Use of areca-nut husk as insulating wool, insula- tion board, and hardboard is described. (Also see reference 6.) Plastic/Plastic-Bonded Board (See reference 4.) Unknown Board 13. Bavappa, K.V.A.; Murthy, K.N. 1961. The many things they make from areca. Indian Farming. 10(10): 19, 40. Summary: Alternative uses of areca palm for making stationary articles such as rulers, paper cutters, and book shelfs are covered and detailed. (Also see reference 3.) Molded Masses Plastics (See references 10 and 11.) Miscellaneous Loose Insulation (See references 10, 11, and 12.) Material Preparation/Pulping/Storage Methods 14. Subramanyan, V.; Siddappa, G.S.; Govindarajan, V.S.; Iyengar, N.V.R. 1963. Utilization of cellulosic agricultural waste: pulp from banana pseudostem and areca husk. Indian Pulp and Paper. 17(9): 1-4. (no abstract available) General Information/Reviews 15. Bavappa, K.V.A.; Murthy, K.N. 1959. Potentialities of arecanut stem and leaves. Arecanut Journal. 10: 61-64. (no abstract available) 16. Joshi, Y.; Reddy, N.R. 1982. Arecanut Palm (Area catechu Linn.) an annotated bibliography up to 1981. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute. Bangalore, India: INSDOC Regional Centre: 116 p. Summary: The book contains 665 references on the areca-nut palm and nut. References concerning the use of areca-nut for building material are also included. Bagasse, Guar, Sugarcane Panel Board Particleboard 17. Anonymous. 1966. New particle board from crushed sugarcane fibre. Board Manufacture. 9(10): 172-173. Summary: A commercial procedure for producing bagasse particleboard is detailed. The press, at a temperature of 130°C to 150°C and a pressure between 343.2 kPa to 6.9 MPa, is closed for 5 to 30 min depending on the thick- ness of the board. 18. Anonymous. 1968. Bagasse panels bonded with urea- formaldehyde resin. Assignee: Societe Anon. Verkor. Patent, P.N.: GB 1127700, I.D.: 680918. Summary: Bagasse panels bonded with urea-formaldehyde resin had mechanical properties comparable to high-quality 5 Summary: The suitability of bagasse and other lignocellu- losic residues, such as flax shives, rape straw, reed, sun- flower seed husks, and groundnut shells, as raw material for particleboard was studied. The physical properties of the boards prepared from various residues on a laboratory scale were tabulated. While the utilization of annuals other than bagasse were only touched on, the manufacture of bagasse particleboard is given in detail. Single-layer, as well as three- layer, boards were prepared using 5 to 12 percent urea- formaldehyde resin as a binder. Satisfactory products were obtained by pressing the material at 170°C and 1.5 MPa for 6 to 10 min. 45. Khaleyan, V.P.; Bagdasaryan, A.B.; Khaleyan, G.V.; Kazirelov, G.K. 1981. Composition for producing structural articles. Assignee: Shinanyut Erevan Experimental Plant. Patent, P.N.: SU 885206, I.D.: 811130. [Russian]. Summary: The bulk density of structural articles is decreased and the strength indexes are increased by adding 28 to 32 percent by weight cane stems to the composition contain- ing 40 to 43 percent by weight phenol-formaldehyde resin, 0.7 to 1 percent by weight blowing agent, 5 to 5.2 percent by weight urotropine, 10 to 13.4 percent by weight expanded perlite, and 8 to 10 percent by weight ground straw. 46. Kolejàk, M.; Rajkovic, E. 1961. Particle board from bagasse and bamboo. Drevarsky Vyskum. 2: 103-116. [Slovakian]. Summary: Various types of experimental particleboards (single- and three-layer construction boards, boards overlayed with resin-impregnated paper, thick insulation boards, and 5-mm-thick boards) were manufactured from depithed bagasse and bamboo chips. The two materials were found to be suitable for all types of boards. The mechanical properties and water absorption of the boards obtained are tabulated. 47. Laurie, C.K. 1978. Separation-a process for producing high-quality sugar cane fibers for pulping and for use in composition panels. In: TAPPI Nonwood plant fiber pulping progress report 9. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press: 83-89. Summary: The Tilby separation process removed the rind from the split sugarcane stalk by milling away the soft pithy interior and then machining off the epidermal layer and wax on the outside of the rind. The rind, which is 18 to 20 percent of the weight of the cane stalk, contained some 46 percent bagasse fiber on a wet basis. The fibers are substantially free of pith and may be washed free of hot-water solubles and used in the production of corrugating medium and particle- board. 48. Mahanta, D.; Chaliha, B.P.; Lodh, S.B.; Iyengar, MS. 1970. Binderless process for obtaining waterproof boards from bagasse. Indian Pulp and Paper conference (IPPTA); 7: 58-62. 8 Summary: Bagasse was powdered to a specific size with a predetermined moisture content and blended with a suitable dehydrating agent. Boards were prepared on a laboratory scale using a hot press that is described fully. The effects of particle size, temperature of the hot press, applied pressure, and time of pressing on board properties were noted and results shown in a series of graphs. 49. Maku, T.; Sasaki, H.; Ishihara, S.; Kimoto, K.; Kamo, H. 1972. On some properties of composite panels. Wood Research (Kyoto). 44: 21-52. [Japanese]. Summary: Composites building panels were evaluated for thermal conductivity, warping as a function of moisture content, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and flame resistance. Materials used as laminate plies included decora- tive veneer, plywood, wood fiber insulation board, wood particleboard, bagasse particleboard, paper honeycomb, and various mineral boards. Results are shown in tables and graphs. 50. Maldas, D.; Kokta, B.V. 1990. Studies on the prepara- tion and properties of particleboards made from bagasse and PVC. I: Effects of operating conditions. Journal of Vinyl Technology. 12(1): 13-19. Summary: The mechanical properties of particleboards prepared from ground sugarcane bagasse, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polymethylene polyphenylene isocyanate and the effects of different parameters-such as mixing temperature, molding conditions, particle size of the bagasse, concentra- tion of PVC and polymethylenepolyphenylene isocyanate, as well as dilution of polymethylene polyphenylene isocyanate, on the mechanical properties of particleboards were investi- gated. The properties of phenol formaldehyde particleboards changed with the variation of mixing and molding condi- tions. A mixing temperature of 79.4°C and molding condi- tions (platen temperature, 87.8°C; time, 10 min; and pres- sure, 3.8 MPa) were optimal conditions for producing particleboards. Both the mechanical properties and the density of particleboards of bagasse with a 60-mesh size improved up to 20 percent by weight of PVC and 10 percent by weight of polymethylene polyphenylene isocyanate. 51. Maldas, D.; Kokta, B.V. 1991. Studies on the prepara- tion and properties of particle boards made from bagasse and PVC: II. Influence of the addition of coupling agents. Bioresource Technology. 35(3): 251-261. Summary: This study concerned the effect of thermoplastics (polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene), as well as the coupling agent polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate (PMPPIC) and bagasse lignin, on the mechanical properties of particleboards of sugarcane bagasse. The mechanical properties of the bagasse particleboards were compared to those of hardwood aspen fiber particleboards, as well as those of composites made from bagasse, polymers, and coupling agents. Bagasse particleboards comprised of both thermoplastics and a coupling agent offered superior properties compared to boards made only of thermoplastic or a coupling agent. 52. Martinez, O.; Serantes, M.; Morales, A.; Puig, J.; Almarales, G.; Sosa, P.; Rodriguez, M.E. 1991. Compara- tive study of urea-formaldehyde and urea-polyformaldehyde resin in bagasse particleboard production. Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (Rev. ICIDCA). 25(3): 7-10. [Spanish; English summary]. (no abstract available) 53. Mestdagh, M.; Verkor, S.A.; Lawe, N.V. 1970. Particle board from annual plant wastes. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Document UNIDO) ID/WG.S3/5. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Expert Working Group meeting on the production of panels from agricultural residues; 1970 December 14-18; Vienna, Austria. 45 p. Summary: A review is given of the manufacture of particle- board from agricultural residues, especially from bagasse and flax shives. The physical properties of phenolic bonded flaxboards and bagasse boards are reported. Other fibrous materials considered were: hemp, jute, cotton stalk, rice hulls, groundnut shells, cereal straw, cornstalks, sisal, abaca, coconut fiber, bamboo, reed, palm leaves, and palm trunks. 54. Mobarak, F.; Fahmy, Y.A.; Augustin, H. 1982. Binderless lignocellulose composite from bagasse and mechanism of self-bonding. Holzforschung. 36(3): 131-135. Summary: The self-bonding of air-dry bagasse and bagasse pith exhibited during hot pressing in a closely fitting mold was studied under varying conditions. It was shown that the ability of the particles to pack up closely was most important to self-bonding. The pith fraction gave a highly densified, plastic-like product superior to those from whole or depithed bagasse. This was attributed to the high lumen to cell wall ratio which favors the formation of interparticle bonds. Bending strength of up to 130 MPa and water absorption as low as 10 percent were obtained at 25.5 MPa molding pressure and 175°C. 55. Nagaty, A.; Mustafa, A.B.; Mansour, O.Y. 1979. Lignocellulose-polymer composite. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 23(11): 3263-3269. Summary: The properties of lignocellulose-poly (Me methacrylate) graft copolymer composites, prepared by grafting Me methacrylate onto bagasse ground to different mesh sizes in the presence of NaHSO3 and soda lime glass system, depended on the polymer load and mesh size of the ground bagasse. Grafting without soda lime glass was also successful, although the properties of the composites produced from these samples differed greatly from those containing glass. Composites from impregnated ground bagasse of 40-mesh size exhibited deteriorated properties such as increased percent deformation, compressibility, and H2O uptake, and decreased compression strength, compres- sion strength to percent deformation ratio, and hardness compared to samples from crude graftings. 56. Nakasone, H.; Oda, K. 1976. Studies of bagasse storage. I. Deterioration of bagasse during storage and quality of bagasse particle boards. Wood Industry. 31(3): 104-107. [Japanese summary]. (no abstract available) 57. Narayanamurti, D. 1957. The influence of resin supply in the development of a particle board industry in under- developed countries. Composite Wood. 4(5): 79-88. Summary: The establishment of a particleboard industry in India was investigated. Lignocellulosic wastes, such as bagasse, jute sticks, and wood waste, are plentiful in India. Particleboard adhesives would have to be imported, but could be substituted with native adhesives prepared from cashew shell oil or bark tannins. The properties of boards made from native materials are described. 58. Paturau, J.M. 1989. By-products of the sugar cane industry: an introduction to their industrial utilization. 3d ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers V.B. 435 p. Summary: This report provided thorough coverage on the industrial utilization of sugarcane, including well-cited references at the end of each chapter. 59. Paul, B.B. 1970. Prospects and economics of utilization of bagasse as raw material for pulp and paper industries in India. Indian Pulp and Paper conference (IPPTA); 7: 43-48. Summary: The economics of bagasse purchase, collection, storage, preservation, and depithing, and the cost of bagasse particleboard manufacture were discussed. The evaluation of bagasse fuel value (as compared with oil) was also covered. Strength properties of bagasse particleboards were compared with those of corresponding boards made from wood, flax, jute, and hemp. 60. Pizzi, A.; Cameron, F.; Van der Klashorst, G.H. 1989. Soda bagasse lignin adhesives for particleboard: preliminary results. In: American Chemical Society symposium series 385. Washington, DC: The American Chemical Society, Books and Journals Division: 82-95. Summary: The development and application of low-cost adhesives for interior-grade particleboard and for exterior- grade structural glulam derived from soda bagasse lignin are very advanced. Laboratory results and optimum conditions of application of these adhesives for particleboard manufac- ture were evaluated in this study. The results satisfy the requirements of the relevant standard specifications. 61. Rakszawski, J.F.; Schroeder, H.F. 1970. Process for single stage addition of resin in the preparation of multi-layer bagasse boards. Assignee: Esso Research and Engineering Co. Utility, P.N.: US 3493528, I.D.: 700203. 9 Summary: A structural board is formed from bagasse by fractionating the bagasse into a fiber fraction and a pith-and- fines fraction, adding resin to each fraction, and forming multi-layered board in which each layer is made of one of the fractions. The ratio of resin in the pith-and-fines fraction to that in the fiber fraction is 1.8 to 3.5. 62. Rengel, F.; Bartolucci, L.A. 1968. Panel boards from sugarcane bagasse and formaldehyde quebracho tannin resins. Industria Quimica. 26(3): 178-182. [Spanish; English summary]. Summary: Sugarcane bagasse, comminuted to small par- ticles, was used for board manufacture; the sugar was removed to improve the mechanical resistance of the finished board. For fiber bonding, the material was mixed with a resin obtained from 50 percent sulfited quebracho tannin solution, formaldehyde, and hexamethylenetetramine. The best gelling time was 270 s at 100°C and 9 percent hexamethylenetetra- mine concentration (based on tannin extract). After sheet formation, the material was pressed at 140°C to 150°C, yielding boards with satisfactory strength and water resistance. 63. Roman, C. 1951. Artificial wood product. Patent, P.N.: US 2578489, I.D.: unknown. Summary: An artificial wood product is produced using bagasse, a thermosetting resin binder, and cereal flour. 64. Salyer, I.O.; Usmani, A.M. 1982. Utilization of bagasse in new composite building material. Industrial and Engineer- ing Chemistry, Product Research and Development. 21(1): 17-23. Summary: A description is given of two composite building material systems and processes that utilize major percentages of bagasse filler and minor amounts of phenolic binder. Building materials developed are defined in the paper as bagasse-phenolic and oriented bagasse-phenolic. Applica- tions for these composites are wall panels, ceiling, roofing, flooring, counter tops, fences, siding, acoustical panels, sinks, furniture, doors, and shutters. 65. Serantes, M.; Martinez, O.; Almarales, G.; Morales, A. 1989. Free formaldehyde resins for the production of bagasse particleboard. Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (Rev. ICIDCA). 23(2): 26-29. [Spanish; English summary]. Summary: The effects of urea with a formaldehyde ratio in the range of 1:0.9 to 1:1.5 in the resin on the physical and mechanical properties of bagasse particleboard were tested. Data on density, moisture content, bending and tensile strengths, and 24 h swelling are tabulated and graphed. Regression equations are given for the graphs. Boards in which the ratio was 1:1.1 had good properties. 66. Serantes, M.; Morales, A.; Almarales, G. 1990. Sealer based on urea-formaldehyde resin for bagasse particleboards. 10 Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (Rev. ICIDCA). 24(1): 24-28. [Spanish; English summary]. (no abstract available) 67. Serantes, M.; Sedliacik, M.; Morales, A. 1985. Phenol- formaldehyde adhesive for bonding of particleboard from bagasse. Zb. Ref.—Semin. “Pokroky Vyrobe Pouziti Lepidiel Drevopriem.” 7: 130-148. [Spanish]. Summary: Phenol-formaldehyde resin was prepared and used to manufacture bagasse-based particleboards with properties similar to those of wood-based particleboard. Using the special phenol-formaldehyde resin developed in the labora- tory, particleboard samples were manufactured (160°C, 1 percent paraffin emulsion) at varying resin levels (8 to 12 percent) and pressing cycle times (6 to 10 min), and the density, moisture content, and water absorption were determined. Bagasse particleboards with properties compa- rable to wood particleboard were obtained at a resin level of 11 percent and a pressing cycle time of 7 min. 68. Serantes, M.; Sedliacik, M.; Morales, A.; Puig, J.; Almarales, G. 1990. Phenol-formaldehyde resin catalysts for the production of bagasse particle boards. Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (Rev. ICIDCA). 23(2): 37-42. [Spanish; English summary]. Summary: Formamide, hexamethylene tetramine, and potassium carbonate catalysts used with phenol-formalde- hyde resin in the manufacture of bagasse-based particleboard were studied to assess their effects on resin hardening time (RHT) and particleboard press time (PBPT). The best results were obtained with 1 to 2 percent formamide, which reduced RHT by 35 percent and PBPT by 6 to 7 min and produced the greatest improvement in the board’s physical and mechanical properties. 69. Serantes, M.; Sedliacik, M.; Morales, A.; Puig, J.; Almarales, G.; Sosa, P. 1990. Hardeners in phenol- formaldehyde resin for production of bagasse particleboards. Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (Rev. ICIDCA). 24(2/3): 37-42. [Spanish; English summary]. (no abstract available) 70. Shen, K.C. 1984. Composite products from lignocellu- losic materials. Patent, P.N.: SA 8308301, I.D.: 840725. Summary: Hot pressing of comminuted sugar-containing lignocellulosic materials, such as bagasse, sorghum, corn, sunflower, and flax stalks, without using adhesives, gave composites with good strength properties and dimensional stability. Bagasse containing 3.8 percent moisture and 4.7 percent reducing sugar was hammermilled, formed into a three-layer mat, and pressed to a density of 0.72 g/cm3 for 12 min at 235°C and 2.8 MPa pressure to give a board containing 0.7 percent reducing sugar with 16.3 and 88. Anonymous. 1984. Flame-resistant organic fiber products. Assignee: Osaka Soda Co., Ltd. Patent, P.N.: JP 59029551, I.D.: 840721. [Japanese]. Summary: Aqueous slurries are prepared from 100 waste organic fibers and 1 to 100 weight by parts waste paper, mixed with hardening agents, shaped, impregnated with aqueous silicates, and hot pressed to give flame-resistant organic fiber products. A ratio of 3:1 (by weight) of bagasse and waste papers, respectively, were used to make an aqueous slurry, mixed with acidic China clay (4 percent), Al(OH)3 (4 percent), and AlPO4 (2 percent) by weight, shaped, dried at 105°C, impregnated with an aqueous sodium silicate containing 0.2 percent sodium naphthalenesulfonate, dried, and pressed at 160°C and 196.1 kPa to obtain a flame- resistant, water-resistant board with bending strength 6.6 MPa. 89. Bargava, M.P.; Nayer, A.N. 1943. Manufacture of insulation and pressed board, etc., from bagasse. Interna- tional Sugar Journal. 45: 95-97. Summary: The processing of bagasse into boards using the Asplund defibrator for preparation of the stock is described in detail. The methods of moisture- and fire-proofing and preservation of the boards are reviewed. Estimates of production costs and profits are given. 90. Batlle, C.E. 1973. Characterization of the process of fiberboard manufacture from sugarcane bagassi by the wet- dry method. Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (Rev. ICIDCA). 7(1): 3-12. [Spanish; English summary]. (no abstract available) 91. Batlle, E.; Rodriguez, N.; Suarez, J. 1974. Influence of storage methods on the properties of bagasse fiberboards. (1). Effect of storage time on chemical composition and morphology of bagasse bales. Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (Rev. ICIDCA). 8(3): 9-15. [Spanish; English summary]. Summary: Variations in the chemical composition and morphology of bagasse stored for 12 months are analyzed. Under ideal storage conditions, the chemical composition was slightly altered, but the bagasse became a stable material within the storage period. The α-cellulose, holocellulose, and lignin contents increased in the first 7 months, then de- creased slightly. Besides storage time, depithing seemed to affect the length of elemental fibers; fiber length varied with the equipment used and the humidity at which depithing occurred. 92. Batlle, E.; Rodriguez, N.; Suarez, J. 1975. Influence of storage methods on the properties of bagasse fiberboards. (2). Influence of bale storage time on the properties of hard fiberboards made by the wet-dry process. Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (Rev. ICIDCA). 9(1): 56-68. [Spanish; English summary]. Summary: It was found that the rupture modulus value tended to rise in the first 7 months of storage and then decreased sharply until it was less than the initial value for fresh bagasse. Such behavior appeared to be correlated to the chemical composition rather than to the degree of depithing or the granulometric composition of the pulp. Granulometric composition of the bagasse samples used is tabulated. It is suggested that depithing is intimately related to the ultimate board properties. In commercial practice, similar behavior can be expected as a result of storage time, as well as cooking parameters. 93. Batlle, E.; Suarez, J.; Rodriguez, N. 1973. Character- ization of the process of fiberboard manufacture from sugarcane bagasse by the wet-dry method. Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (Rev. ICIDCA). 7(1): 3-12. [Spanish; English summary]. (no abstract available) 94. Cao, Z.; Xing, Z.; Guan, Z.; Wu, Q.; Bai, G. 1986. Bagasse fibreboard dry manufacturing process by hot pressing using waterproof agent and binder, e.g. phenol resin or urea-formaldehyde resin. Assignee: (CAOZ/) Cao Zhengxiang. Patent, P.N.: CN 85109469, I.D.: 860723. [Chinese]. (no abstract available) 95. Cao, Z.; Xing, Z.; Guan, Z.; Wu, Q.; Bai, G. 1986. Dry method of manufacturing bagasse fiberboards. Patent, P.N.: CN 109469/85, I.D.: 860723. [Chinese]. Summary: Bagasse fiberboard with high bending strength and improved water absorption resistance comprises PhOH- modified urea-formaldehyde copolymer and paraffin wax. Bagasse fiber containing 5.24 percent PhOH-modified urea- formaldehyde copolymer and 1.5 percent paraffin wax was molded at 170°C and 2.5 to 7.8 MPa to give a 4.29-mm-thick sample exhibiting bending strength of 58.5 MPa and water absorption of 11.3 percent. This compares to 43.8 MPa and 34.7 percent for 11 percent urea-formaldehyde copolymer instead of PhOH-modified urea-formaldehyde copolymer. 96. Carvajal, O.; Puig, J.; Leal, J.A.; Rodriguez, M.E. 1985. Effect of pith content on quality of bagasse-based particle boards. Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (Rev. ICIDCA). 19(3): 19-24. [Spanish; English summary]. Summary: Test samples contained 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 30 percent pith added to the center and surface layers of bagasse-based particleboard. Results showed that the addition of up to 15 percent pith will produce good quality board; this is comparable to 61 percent fiber in the center layer and approximately 50 percent fiber in the surface layers. Traction perpendicular to the plane decreases with the addition of pith, whereas wood improves this property through the addition of fines. The pith’s sponginess allows for the penetration of resin, thereby adversely affecting this 13 property. Modulus of rupture, expansion, water absorption, and surface quality are similar to those of wood-based particleboards, except that expansion and absorption are better in the thickest wood particles. Industrial results confirm the experimental data obtained in this study. 97. Carvajal, O.; Rodriguez, M.E.; Almarales, G. 1984. Bagasse-based particle boards treated with fire retardants. Instituto Cubano de htvestigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (Rev. ICIDCA). Supplement 3. 9 p. [Spanish]. Summary: The most suitable amount of fire retardant to be used on bagasse-based particleboard was determined, together with the effects of the fire retardants on both the properties of the resins used in manufacturing particleboard and the board itself. Under the test conditions used, 4 percent fire retardant gave the best results with regard to resin properties and the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboards. Weight loss was 12 ± 2 percent. Fire retar- dant was added to other chemicals used in particleboard manufacture with satisfactory results. 98. Cherkasov, M.; Lodos, J. 1971. Use of furfural-urea resins in the manufacture of bagasse boards. Annual memo- rial conference of the Association Tec. Azucar Cuba. 38: 689-697. [Spanish]. Summary: Low density, low water absorption, deformation- resistant fiberboards were prepared from dry bagasse impregnated with a 10 percent alcohol solution of furfural- urea copolymer. Urea was refluxed with furfural in a 1:2 molar ratio for 3 h at pH of 7.5 to 8.0 and 2 h at pH of 5.5. Bagasse containing 10 percent water was impregnated 10 percent by weight in an alcohol solution, dried, and formed at 180°C and 9 MPa for 15 min to give a board with a density of 0.81 to 0.85 g/cm3, water absorption of 14 to 15 percent after 24 h, deformation of 8 to 10 percent in water, and dry breaking strength of 22.6 to 26.5 MPa. Boards prepared from a liquid resin, not prepared and dissolved in alcohol, had lower densities and strengths. 99. Christensen, F.J.; Christensen, M.L. 1955. The production of hardboard from bagasse and a cresol resin. Victoria, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Division of Forest Products. 18 p. Summary: The possibility of producing a high grade hard- board by the dry process from bagasse bonded with cresol formaldehyde resin was investigated. An examination was made of the effects of resin content, moisture content, and pressing time and temperature on the material pressed at 3.4 MPa. The resin content was varied from 2 to 10 percent, moisture content from 0 to 17 percent, and pressing tempera- ture from 188°C to 210°C. The resin content greatly influ- enced water resistance and modulus of rupture. Attempts to produce a satisfactory board with a resin content of 2 percent were unsuccessful. 14 100. Cunningham, W.A. 1942. Strong plaster for paperless wallboard. Rock Products. 45(4): 50-53. Summary: The manufacture of bagasse fiberboard having a tensile strength of 2.3 MPa and a compressive strength of 6.9 MPa is described in detail. 101. De la Vega, E.; De Armas, E.; Canete, R.; Sabadi, R. 1988. Increase of energy efficiency by use of vapor thermocompression in manufacture of sugarcane byproducts. Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (Rev. ICIDCA). 22(3): 56-60. [Spanish; English summary]. Summary: The energy balance in an integrated sugar mill- bagasse/furfural fiberboard manufacturing facility can be improved if secondary steam from the mill-bagasse/furfural production plant is used as carrier fluid in a thermo- compressor; the resulting steam can then be used in the thermal fiber removal units in the board plant. Thermo- compression is carried out by mixing two steam streams in a jet ejector: one of the streams is the high pressure working fluid and the other is low pressure carrier fluid; the thermo- dynamic characteristics of the resulting steam are determined by the mixing streams. The theoretical energy balance calculations are outlined; the estimated fuel oil savings are approximately 6,381,200 kg/year. 102. De Lumen, B.O.; Villanueva, L.J.; Bawagan, P. 1962. Properties of hardboard from sugar cane bagasse. Philippine Agriculturist. 46(9): 717-728. Summary: Undepithed and depithed bagasse was pulped by the cold soda process, passed through an 20.32-cm attrition mill, and formed into circular pulp mats approximately 21.59 cm in diameter. The mats, without sizing, were pressed to hardboard by using an initial maximum pressure of 4.9 MPa for 1 min at 177°C. The hardboards from depithed bagasse were superior in load capacity, stiffness, and water resistance, and showed higher values of rupture modulus and elasticity than undepithed boards. Water absorption was lower after 15 min pressing time than after a 10 to 12 min pressing treatment. 103. Friedrich, K. 1941. The behavior of fiberboard toward wood-destroying fungi. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 4(7): 241-248. [German]. Summary: The attack of wood-destroying fungi on fiber- board (insulation board, medium density board, and hard- board) prepared from bagasse, coniferous wood, or straw was studied. Samples of both untreated and treated with fungicides (arsenic and barium compounds, chlorinated hydrocarbons, dinitrocresol), bitumen, and natural and synthetic resins were tested. All agents were ineffective, with the exception of arsenic. Boards prepared from bagasse and straw were particularly sensitive to fungus attack. 104. Gaddi, V.Q.; Samaniego, R.L.; Semana, J.A. 1984. Starch and some derivatives as binder in the production of hardboard from sugarcane bagasse. Technical Information Digest. 4345: 1-12. Summary: Starch and two of its derivatives were used as binders in the production of hardboards from sugarcane bagasse. The derivatives used were the acid-modified starch made by treating the starch suspensions with an alkaline hypochlorite solution. The addition of starch and two of its derivatives improved static bending, or modulus of rupture, of the boards. The highest value obtained with 4 percent addition of hypochlorite-oxidized starch was 16.6 MPa. Other properties evaluated were moisture content, percent thickness swell, and density. 105. Galvez Taupier, L.O. 1988. Fibreboards. In: Manual de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar. Mexico: ICIDCA- GEPLACEA-PNUD: 111-116. [Spanish]. (no abstract available) 106. Gemmell, M.J.; Mann, P.E. 1972. Fibrous boards. Assignee: Tate and Lyle Ltd. Patent, P.N.: GB 1286469 I.D. 720823. Summary: Fibrous corrugated boards suitable for roof sheeting or guttering were prepared by a two-stage process in which 7 to 20 percent of weight of a dry heat-hardened binder with a melting point below its curing temperature was blended with the fibrous material, formed into a mat, and fused without curing by dielectric heating to give a never pressed green board, which was conventionally formed and cured in the second stage. A mixture of 69.5 kg Cellobond, J2458 (phenolic novolak-hexamine blend), 387.4 kg bagasse fibers, and 4.7 x 10-4 m3 trixylyl phosphate was spread into a mat, heated to 70°C to 95°C to bond the fibers, and cooled to give a green board which was strong enough to be lifted for further processing. This green board was compacted at 110°C to 150°C to effect the final cure of the binder. Comminuted wood chips were similarly used as the fibrous material. The corrugated structural members were optionally faced on one or both sides with chipboard or plywood to give roof or wall panels, or other structural materials. 107. Glomera Limited. [nd.]. Glomera complete process of preparing and briquetting sugarcane bagasse. Pamphlet 104A. Basel, Switzerland: Glomera Ltd. 9 p. Summary: The process produces long (10- to 50-mm), dry depithed fibers of high quality from raw bagasse and compresses the fibers into briquettes. The fibers are suitable for the manufacture of hardboard, insulating board, and chemical and mechanical pulp for paper. 108. Guha, S.R.D.; Singh, M.M.; Mukherjea, V.N.; Saxena, V.B. 1965. Fiberboards from bagasse. Indian Pulp and Paper. 20(4): 255-256. Summary: Laboratory experiments on the production of insulation boards and hardboards from bagasse are described. Bagasse soaked in water for 15 h was steamed at 784.5 kPa pressure for 5 min (for insulation board) or 15 min (for hardboard), then defibrated, formed into sheets, and dried at 190°C for 30 mm at zero pressure (for insulation board) or 3.1 MPa (for hardboard). Average yield, based on the board, was 83 percent. Properties of the boards were satisfactory. 109. Hesch. R. 1968. Fiberboards from bagasse for the construction and furniture industry: a new bagasse plant at Reunion. Zeitschrift Zuckerind. 18(3): 114-120. [German; English, French, and Spanish summaries]. Summary: Boards in this study were comparable in quality to similar boards made of wood waste. The capacity of the plant on the island of Reunion is 42,000 board sheets per day. Bagasse is depithed in special machines in two stages (the pith content is 20 to 35 percent). Depithed and dried bagasse fibers are then mixed with the binder and hot pressed the same way as boards made of wood particles. 110. Hesch, R. 1970. Economics and perspectives on the use of sugarcane pulp in the making of pressed panels. Bol Azucar Mexico. 249: 2-4, 6-8, 10-14, 16. [Spanish]. (no abstract available) 111. Jain, N.C.; Gupta, R.C.; Bajaj, S.C.; Singh, D.D. 1964. Note on the utilization of sugarcane leaves. Indian Pulp and Paper. 19(5): 365-366. Summary: Preliminary trials on the use of sugarcane leaves as a filler and an extender in plywood manufacture and for manufacturing hardboard are reported. When used as a filler or extender, glue adhesion values were satisfactory to up to 30 percent extension. Hardboards made from sugarcane leaves had suitable characteristics, although board strengths were low. Cooking sugarcane leaves in 3 percent NaOH produced material of sufficient strength to be utilized as a low grade hardboard. Trials for use in chipboards were not encouraging. Up to 30 percent powdered leaves may be used as a filler and extender in phenol-formaldehyde resins. 112. Lathrop, E.C.; Naffziger, T.R. 1948. Evaluation of fibrous agricultural residues for structural building board products. I. Methods and equipment. Paper Trade Journal. 127(27): 53-60. Summary: Equipment and methods used for evaluating fibers for structural board manufacture are described. With sufficient study, it is possible to determine a factor between the strength values of experimental boards and boards made from the same pulps on commercial board machines. The high impact strength of boards made from bagasse and wheat straw is attributed to the long, tough fibers which are characteristic of these residues. 15 132. Sidney, G.E. 1991. Mexican mills utilizing bagasse to produce pulp and fiberboard. In: TAPPI nonwood plant fiber pulping progress rep. 19. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press: 45-48. (no abstract available) 133. Singh, S.C. 1945. Manufacture of boards and paper from bagasse. Journal of Science and Research. 3: 399-404. Summary: Studies carried out at Dehra Dun, India, indicated that the Asplund process would be the most suitable for making insulating and pressed board from bagasse. Methods and agents are described which were found to give necessary protection against moisture, termites, and molds, and render the boards reasonably fire-retardant. 134. Singh, S.C. 1945. Manufacture of boards and paper from bagasse. Tech. Bull. 22. Paper Maker’s Association of Great Britain and Ireland: 4-6. Summary: Studies carried out at Dehra Dun, India, indicated that the Asplund process would be the most suitable for making insulating and pressed board from bagasse. Methods and agents are described which were found to give necessary protection against moisture, termites, and molds, and render the boards reasonably fire-retardant. 135. Smith, W.W. 1976. History and description of current (bagasse fiberboard) operations of Tablopan (de Venezuela, S.A.). In: TAPPI C.A. Rep. 67. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press: 87-91. Summary: The formation of Tablopan de Venezuela in 1958 and the operation of a pilot plant in 1959-1960 made it clear that high-, medium-, and low-density bagasse fiberboard could be manufactured economically with a dry process. Bagasse processing offers good economic incentives to sugar-producing countries in which there are small but growing markets for board products, and consequently where flexibility is required in the range of products to be manufac- tured. 136. Sosa Griffin, M. 1988. Technical and economic aspects of bagasse fibreboards. Paris, France: University of Paris VI–Centre scientifique et technique du batiment. 355 p. Ph.D. thesis. [French]. (no abstract available) 137. Suchsland, O.; Woodson, G.E. 1986. Fiberboard manufacturing practices in the United States. Agric. Handb. 640. Rev. 1992. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 263 p. Summary: This book provides a thorough review of the manufacturing methods of fiberboard production, from collecting of raw material and manufacture to marketing. Nonwood raw materials mentioned include bagasse, cornstalks, flax shives, and wheat straw. 18 138. Tao, H.C. 1966. Bagasse fibre board. Taiwan Sugar. 13(2): 21-25. Summary: The manufacture of insulating board and S2S hardboard from bagasse at the Changwa Board Factory, Taiwan, is described. To soften the depithed bagasse before refining, it is cooked with water, usually at a pressure of 620.5 MPa. If other grades of boards are to be produced, cooking conditions are varied. In general, about 1 percent rosin size is added to the pulp. After sheet formation, the wet mats are dried in a multiple-deck drier. For the manufacture of hardboard, the soft dry sheets are hot pressed without the use of wires at 238°C and a pressure of 9.7 MPa. The resulting boards have satisfactory physical properties meeting standard requirements. The difficulties involved in the utilization of bagasse are briefly discussed. 139. Wu, H.S. 1958. TSC—successfully made hard fibre board from sugar cane bagasse. Taiwan Sugar. 5(6): 13-14. Summary: The Taiwan Sugar Corporation (TSC) succeeded in preparing hardboard from bagasse by adapting the manufacturing process to the particular requirements of this annual plant fiber. No details of the manufacturing process are given. 140. Wu, H.S. 1963. The manufacture of hardboard from bagasse. In: Proceedings of the 11 th congress of the Interna- tional Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. Mauritius. New York: Elsevier Publishing Co.: 1205-1211. Summary: The process used for the manufacture of hard- board at a plant in Taiwan is described. After depithing, the bagasse is subjected to steam digestion at a pressure of 617.8 kPa, then washed, refined, sized with rosin, formed into sheets, dried, and pressed at 9.8 MPa. Dielectrical heating and prepressed mates were found to be the most economical at 360 kW/2,279 kg of water removed. (Also see references 6, 28, 80, 146, 235, 241, 497, 499, 660, 678, 834, 845, 850, 858, 860, 863, and 1149.) Insulation Board 141. Anonymous. 1932. A new $2,500,000 mill in Hawaii. Pacific Pulp and Paper Industry. 6(4): 22-23. Summary: The article describes the new insulating board plant at Hilo, which converts bagasse after a special process into “Canec” structural insulation. 142. Anonymous. 1939. The rise of Celotex. Southern Pulp and Paper Journal. 2(3): 6-11. Summary: The Celotex process of manufacturing fiberboards from bagasse is described. The chief application of the board is for construction and insulation. 143. Anonymous. 1946. Celotex Corporation expands in United States and Britain. Pulp and Paper Industry. 20(9): 26. Summary: The operations of Celotex Corporation in its various plants, all utilizing bagasse as a raw material for structural and insulating boards, are briefly described. 144. Börger, H.E.A. 1953. Paper and board from bagasse. Wochbl. Papierfabrik. 81(13): 476, 478, 480. [German]. Summary: Various attempts at making paper and board from bagasse, with particular reference to the Celotex and Vazcane processes, are reviewed. Data of the chemical composition of bagasse and the length of its fibers, which varies with the species, are presented. 145. Chapman, A.W. 1955. Purchasing, handling, and storing of bagasse (for insulating board manufacture). In: Proceedings of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) conference on pulp and paper prospects in Latin America. New York: United Nations: 335-337. Summary: The standard operating procedures and techniques developed by the Celotex Corporation for handling the large amounts of bagasse needed are described. The material must be baled or stored within a period of approximately 75 sugar mill operating days. 146. Colonial Sugar Refining Company-Building Materials Division. 1957. Bagasse as a raw material for insulation board. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Document (FAO) FAO/ECE/BOARD CONS/Paper 4.13. Fiberboard and particleboard. Geneva, Switzerland: Report of an international consultation on insulation board, hardboard, and particleboard. Summary: The utilization of bagasse as a raw material for insulation boards is discussed. In general, bagasse is used in conjunction with a substantial amount of repulped waste paper (up to 30 percent) and/or other fiber to improve stiffness, wet strength, and appearance of the boards. Bagasse is cooked with water in rotary digestors at a pressure of 313.8 kPa for 15 min with the addition of small amounts of lime, and defibration in a double disc refiner readily after the softening treatment. The pulp is then mixed with waste paper and eucalyptus pulp, formed into a mat using an Oliver vacuum drum-type machine, and dried in an eight-deck drier. In addition to common insulation boards, medium density hardboards and coated boards can be made successfully. 147. FAO. 1957. Bagasse as a raw material for insulation board manufacture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Document (FAO) FAO/ECE/BOARD CONS/Paper 4.13. Fiberboard and particleboard. Report of an international consultation on insulation board, hardboard, and particleboard. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (no abstract available) 148. Goldsmith, W.F. 1932. Hawaii’s new insulation board plant possesses many advantages. Paper Trade Journal. 95(17): 19-21. Summary: This paper describes the Hilo, Hawaii, mill which converts bagasse waste into structural insulation board. 149. Hirschfield, A. 1929. Composite sheets for wall and ceiling coverings, partitions, and electric insulation. Patent, P.N.: GB 328985, I.D.: 290208. Summary: A suitable adhesive is applied to a sheet of metal or to a sound-absorbing material such as bagasse, banana fiber, reeds, wood shavings, straw pulp, cork, or seaweeds, and the material is then combined with one or more sheets of a material, such as cement asbestos, and the composite sheet is subjected to heat and pressure. 150. Kato, H. 1934. Utilization of bagasse. II. Drying of bagasse board. Cellulose Industries (Tokyo). 10(10): 289-293. Summary: Equations for adiabatic parallel flow and isothermic counter-flow are calculated. 151. Kato, H. 1934. Utilization of bagasse. III. The physical properties of Celotex. Cellulose Industries (Tokyo). 10(12): 312-315. Summary: The thermal conductivity of fiberboard made from bagasse (Celotex) shows it to be suitable for use in buildings as a heat-insulating material. 152. Kato, H. 1935. Studies on utilization of bagasse. IV. Physical properties of Celotex (Part 2). Tensile strength, bending strength and hardness. Cellulose Industries (Tokyo). 11(3): 10. Summary: Several physical properties of bagasse fiberboards were tested. 153. Kato, H. 1935. Studies on utilization of bagasse. V. Physical properties of Celotex (Part 3). Surface color and its change. Cellulose Industries (Tokyo). 11(6): 19. Summary: Celotex changes color upon exposure to outside atmospheric conditions, thus, it should be painted. Indoors, it will keep in its original condition for a long period of time. 154. Kato, H. 1936. Studies on utilization of bagasse. VI. Physical properties of Celotex (Part 4). Ignition point. Cellulose Industries (Tokyo). 12(3): 20. Summary: The ignition points of four different samples of Celotex were found to be in the range of 203°C to 222°C. 155. Kato, H. 1936. Studies on utilization of bagasse. VII. Some measurements of thermal influences in a Celotex- room. Cellulose Industries (Tokyo). 12(4): 23. Summary: Variations of temperature, humidity, and vapor pressure inside a house built with Celotex wall were found to be much smaller inside than outside. 19 156. Lathrop, E.C. 1930. The Celotex and cane sugar industries. Bagasse or sugar a by-product? Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 22: 449-460 and Wochbl. Papierfabrik. 61(39): 1252-1257. [German]. Summary: Celotex is an artificial building board made from bagasse. The bagasse from cane mills is compressed into 569.8 kg bales which are stored in covered piles. During storage, the residual sugar in the bagasse rapidly undergoes fermentation and the fibers become softened and ratted. After cooking under pressure, the material is shredded, sized, and eventually pressed and dried. 157. Lathrop, E.C. 1931. Celotex, its manufacture and uses. Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engi- neers. 25: 143-155. Summary: The present methods of manufacturing Celotex fiberboard, the main properties of the products, and their uses are described. Bagasse is used as the raw material. 158. Lengel, D.E. 1962. A report on the results of investiga- tions to determine optimum methods of producing bagasse fiber boards in the softwood, particleboard and hardboard density ranges. In: Proceedings of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. New York: Elsevier Publish- ing Co.: 1156-1174. Summary: Experimental insulating boards and handsheets were prepared from a range of furnishes containing sugar- cane bagasse pulp and waste paper to which 2.5 percent cationic starch or 2.5 percent cationic starch and dialdehyde starch had been added. Retention of as little as 0.5 percent dialdehyde starch resulted in greatly improved dry and wet strength properties. With boards made from 75 percent bagasse and 25 percent newsprint blends, increases of 64 and 130 percent in dry modulus of rupture and dry tensile strength were obtained by the use of dialdehyde starch. Wet strength increases for the same pulp blend were 400 and 900 percent of that of untreated boards. Dialdehyde starch also provides improved pulp drainage and lower board densities. 162. Sugaya, J. 1978. Plant fiber reinforced gypsum boards. Patent, P.N.: JP 53019335, I.D.: 780222. [Japanese]. Summary: A mixture of plant fiber, gypsum, and water is cast and hardened at 1.5 MPa ± 490.3 kPa to prepare a high strength board having 2 to 4 times the bending strength of gypsum board. 163. Sun, K.Y.; Wei, Y.C. 1963. Preliminary studies of perforated “sugar-cane fiberboard” sound absorbers. Acta Physica Sinica. 19(3): 151-159. [Chinese]. Summary: The results of the investigations conducted by the author provide evidence that insulation and structural boards can be manufactured economically from bagasse. The bagasse fiberboards have satisfactory physical and mechani- cal properties and compete well with wood fiberboards in the insulation board, hardboard, and particleboard market. 159. Lin, Y.; Xue, K.; Liu, Y.; Shi, Y.; Huang, Z. 1989. Multiple sound-absorbing and heat-insulating fiber board (G.F-II series). Patent, P.N.: CN 1030223, I.D. 890111. [Chinese]. Summary: The sound-absorbing and vibration-dampening properties of insulation board made from sugarcane bagasse were investigated. Solid boards exhibited mechanical vibration determined by boundary conditions, as well as resonance absorption in thin panels backed by an air space. When the board was perforated, resonance peaks became less prominent. The overall sound absorption was higher than for other perforated insulating panels. 164. Temple, G. 1928. Utilizing waste. Science Progress. 22: 475-480. Summary: The boards are prepared from industrial and agricultural wastes by treating the wastes with a mixture containing silicate 10 percent, carbonate 3 percent, phos- phate 3.6 percent, Al2O3 15 percent, Fe2O3 15 percent, CaO 11.6 percent, carbamides (containing >40 percent N) 35 percent, glue 3.8 percent, and antiseptic 3 percent (by weight or volume-unknown). The wastes can be bagasse, straw, corncob, or sorghum stem. The boards are fire- resistant. 160. Munroe, T.B. 1924. Heat-insulating plaster-board. Patent, P.N.: US 1486535, I.D.: 240311. Summary: A board comprised of heat insulating bagasse material is covered on each side with a layer of asphalt in which is embedded finely divided rock material. Summary: The report describes the manufacture of Celotex insulating board using bagasse as a raw material and board properties. 165. Vasquez, E.A. 1945. Comparative examination of some insulating boards. Mem. Association Technicos Azucar (Cuba). 20: 441-447. [Spanish]. Summary: The report describes the processes for making board from old and fermented bagasse, and from fresh bagasse directly after crushing. 166. Whittemore, H.L.; Stang, A.H. 1940. Structural properties of wood-frame wall and partition constructions with Celotex insulating boards. United States National Bureau of Standards, Building Materials and Structures, Rep. BMS 42. 25 p. 161. Naffziger, T.R.; Hofreiter, B.T.; Rist, C.E. 1962. Upgrading insulating board and molded pulp products by minor additions of dialdehyde starch. Tappi. 45(9): 745-750. 20 Summary: The properties of two wall and two partition constructions submitted by the Celotex Corporation were tested. The results are presented in graphs and tables. University international particleboard/composite materials symposium; 1985; Pullman, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University: 145-193. Summary: This paper presents a summarizing history on the use of bagasse for use as a constituent of panel board material production and contains 72 references. 186. Becker, G. 1947. Board making in the Bushveld. Paper-Maker. 113(2): 84, 87. Summary: This article describes the building board plant at Messina, northern Transvaal. Bagasse is used as the furnish material. Equipment at the plant is assembled from parts which happened to be available, but the properties of the boards are comparable to those produced with conventional equipment. 187. Campbell, C.C.; Schick, J.W.; Stockinger, J,H. 1968. Composition board made from fluxed-water-repellent- pretreated materials. Assignee: Mobil Oil Corp. Patent, P.N.: US 3410813, I.D.: 681112. Summary: Composition boards are prepared which have increased bond strength and water resistance. They can be prepared using raw bagasse. Extensive explanation of the material preparation and board production is given. Water absorption is 11.9 percent by weight, and the internal bond is 510.2 kpa—compared with the commercial standards of 15 percent maximum water absorption and the minimum 482.6 kPa for internal bond. 188. Consolacion, F.J. 1970. Production of corrugating medium from sugarcane bagasse. Sugar News. 46(12): 561-564, 572-574. (no abstract available) 189. De la Vega, E. 1981. Boards production from bagasse Saccharum officinarum. Seminario Internacional Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar (ICIDCA); 1981 April 22-24; Centro National Documentation e Informacion Agropecuaria, SEA; Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 24 p. [Spanish]. (no abstract available) 190. Eisner, K.; Travnik, A. 1970. Some experiences in research and manufacture of panels from agricultural wastes and nonwood fibrous raw materials in Czechoslovakia. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Document (UNIDO) ID/WG.83/CR.2. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Expert Working Group meeting on the production of panels from agricultural residues; 1970 December 14-18; Vienna, Austria. 19 p. Summary: The suitability of various agricultural residues and other nonwood fibrous raw materials for panel production is discussed, with emphasis on the research carried out on this subject in Czechoslovakia. Fibrous materials considered are bagasse, bamboo, corncobs, cotton stalks, esparto grass, flax shives, hemp shives, palm tree waste, papyrus, and reeds. The physical and strength properties of boards made from bagasse, cotton stalks, palm waste, bamboo, and esparto grass are tabulated. 191. Hesch, R.; Frers, H. 1968. World’s biggest board industry in Pakistan. Board Manufacture. 11(12): 149-158. (no abstract available) 192. Iya, V.K.; Majali, S.A.B.; Adur, A.M. 1976. Bagasse- fly ash-polymer composites. Assignee: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Patent, P.N.: IN 139260, I.D.: 760529. Summary: Bagasse-fly ash-polymer composite boards or sheets were prepared by in situ polymerization of monomers or their mixtures in bagasse- and fly ash-based boards or sheets and heating to 50°C to 90°C. 193. Kulkarni, A.Y.; Chivate, S.G.; Managaonkar, N.D. 1986. Use of whole bagasse chemi-mechanical pulp as filler for duplex boards. Indian Pulp and Paper. 23(4): 122-128. Summary: This report states that the use of bagasse pulp improved the bulk of the boards. 194. Lathrop, E.C. 1954. Economic factors to be considered in the use of sugarcane bagasse as a raw material for paper and board manufacture. Bull. ARS-71-2. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 24 p. Summary: The economics of paper and board manufacture from sugarcane bagasse are discussed. 195. Lathrop, E.C.; Irvine, F.A. 1932. Process of making panel board. Patent, P.N.: US 1881418, I.D.: 321004. Summary: A process for manufacturing a panel board from bagasse is discussed. 196. Laurie, C.K. 1978. A process for producing high quality sugar cane fibers for pulping and for use in composi- tion panels. In: TAPPI nonwood plant fiber pulping progress report 9. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press: 83-89. (no abstract available) 197. Lugembe, P.; Muti, A.L.; Ndatulu, M. 1985. Use of agricultural and industrial waste for building purposes. Building Research Unit working report WR 37. Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: Building Research Unit. 32 p. Summary: The utilization of bagasse, bamboo, banana stem, cassava stalk, coconut, coffee bean hulls, cotton stalk, reeds, rice, sisal, and straw for the production building materials was reviewed. Building materials covered include brick mixes, wall panels, and house framing. 23 198. Lumen, B.O.; Banagan, P.V.; Villaneuva, L.J. 1962. Effect of different pressing cycles on properties of bagasse boards. In: Proceedings of the 9th annual convention of the Philippines Sugar Technical Society: 192-196. (no abstract available) 199. Mansour, O.Y. 1993. Lignocellulose polymer com- posite. 3. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 47(5): 839-846. Summary: A linear relationship was achieved between the polymer load and the monomer concentration up to 200 percent when China clay or talc replaced the glass in the initiating system, sodium bisulfite-soda lime glass, for the free-radical graft polymerization reactions using semi- chemical pulp of bagasse as the substrate. The properties of the prepared composite from the cografted semichemical pulp-polymethyl methacrylate revealed that the China clay leads to composites with high compression strength and hardness. Deformation percent increased with increasing polymer load. Water uptake of the composites prepared from this work ranged from 6.8 to 7 percent. After 48 h, the water uptake increased to 8.5 to 14.1 percent. Impregnation of the composites in water for 72 h increased the water uptake to 10.2 to 18.1 percent. 200. Ni, C.; Yang, C.T.; Shen, T.K. 1961. Asphalt- impregnated bagasse board. Rep. 23. Taiwan Sugar Experi- ment Station: 125-145. Summary: Asphalt-impregnated bagasse board was devel- oped as an inexpensive structural material with water-proof and termite-resistant properties, and moderate strength. The best board for impregnating purposes was made from pulp of uncooked bagasse. A base board of density 0.5 g/cm3 was suitable. Roofing asphalt or waterproofing asphalt was used as the impregnating agent. Introduction of melted asphalt into the board by gravity was preferable to introduction by vacuum. The density of the resulting board was always between 0.9 to 1.0 g/cm3, provided enough impregnation time was allowed. The impregnated board had a modulus of rupture of 19.6 to 24.5 MPa and water absorptivity below 10 percent, and showed less than 5 percent swelling. 201. Olbrich, H. 1979. Two marginal questions: what is bagasse? What is its main use? Branntweinwirtschaft. 119(6): 90-92, 94-100. [German]. Summary: The composition of bagasse and its utilization as fuel and fodder, in manufacturing pulp and building boards, and in moldings are reviewed with 17 references. 202. Raj, R.G.; Kokta, B.V. 1991. The effect of processing conditions and binding material of the mechanical properties of bagasse fibre composites. European Polymer Journal. 27(10): 1121-1123. (no abstract available) 24 203. Smith, W.W.; Cordovez, C.Z. 1977. Case study of a successful bagasse board plant in Venezuela. In: Proceedings of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Impres: 3235-3240. (no abstract available) 204. Usmani, A.M. 1985. Bagasse composite science and engineering. In: Polymer 85: an international symposium on characterization and analysis of polymers; 1985 February 11-14; Melbourne, Australia. Parkville, Australia: Royal Australian Chemical Institute, Polymer Division: 478-480. Summary: This paper discussed the general uses of bagasse fiber in several tropical nations. It also indicated that bagasse can be upgraded by bonding with resins to produce compos- ites that are suitable as building materials. 205. Usmani, A.M.; Salyer, I.O. 1983. Chemistry and technology of in-situ generated resin bonded bagasse composite materials. Polymer Science and Technology. New York: Plenum Press: 89-101. Vol. 17. (no abstract available) 206. Usmani, A.M.; Salyer, I.O. 1981. In-situ generated resin bonded bagasse composite materials. In: Proceedings of conference on organic coatings and plastics chemistry; 1981 August 23-28; Washington, DC. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society: 459-465. (no abstract available) 207. Van der Klashorst, G.H. 1989. Utilization of soda bagasse hemicellulose as corrugated board adhesive. American Chemical Society symposium series 385: 305-325. Summary: Hemicellulose from bagasse spent soda pulping liquors was used as an adhesive in the manufacture of corrugated paperboard. The adhesive gave a ply adhesion comparable to that of compressed starch-based adhesives. 208. Williams, W.L.S. 1932. Wallboard material from bagasse. Patent, P.N.: US 1847050, I.D.: 320223. Summary: Pith was removed from shredded fibers by screening, cooking the material under pressure with 4 to 6 percent CaO (based on fiber weight) and simultaneously submitting the fibers to mechanical abrasion, and finally by passing it through a pulper. 209. Yu, Q. 1988. Composite materials made from bagasse. Huaxue Tongbao. 3: 18-23. [Chinese]. Summary: This paper reviewed 33 references on composites produced from bagasse with phenolic resin, natural rubber, thermoplastics, urea resin, and furfural resin. (See references 3, 224, 225, 245, and 665.) Cement/Clay/Gypsum/Plaster Materials 210. Agopyan, V. 1988. Vegetable fibre reinforced building materials-developments in Brazil and other Latin American countries. In: Swamy, R.N., ed. Natural fibre reinforced cement and concrete. Glasgow, Scotland: Blackie and Son Ltd.: 208-242. Chapter 6. Summary: The use of bagasse, bamboo, coir, flax, hemp, jute, and rice husk fibers as sources of raw material for the production of cementious building materials in Latin America is described in detail. This chapter deals primarily with the improvement of the durability of the natural fiber through different processing methods. 211. Anonymous. 1975. Construction material containing coral-reef rock and bagasse-and hardening agent containing slag, lignin resin, sodium silicate and Portland cement. Assignee: (NISH-) Nishimoku Kosan Co. Patent, P.N.: JP 75027656, I.D.: 750909. [Japanese]. Summary: Construction material is prepared by mixing hydraulic hardening agent consisting of 40 to 60 parts by weight slag, 10 to 60 parts by weight silicate material, 0.3 to 2 parts by weight lignin resin derived from waste pulp, >5 percent by weight sodium silicate and 5 to 40 parts by weight Portland cement, with a mixture of finely pulver- ized coral-reef rock and bagasse fibers, and hardening. The material has good heat insulating and sound absorbing properties. 212. Guimaraes, S.S. 1990. Vegetable fiber-cement com- posites. In: Vegetable plants and their fibres as building materials. Proceedings of the 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Re- search Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 98-107. Summary: A study covering the physical and mechanical properties of fibers from bagasse, bamboo, coir, and sisal is presented in relation to their use in cement composites. The influence of fiber length, fiber volume fraction, matrix proportioning, and casting processes for roof tiles, flumes, kitchen sinks, and water tanks is also covered in detail. Partial results from durability tests are presented. 213. Herrera, H.E. 1981. Utilization of sugarcane bagasse in three mixtures of light concrete building materials, housing. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. 51 p. Ph.D. thesis. [Spanish]. (no abstract available) 214. Miller, A.C.; Fishman, N. 1958. Bagasse concrete. Patent, P.N.: US 2837435, I.D.: 580603. Summary: A mixture of bagasse fiber, Portland cement, lime, CaCl, and a pozzolan forms a lightweight concrete for use in structural applications and in the formation of paper- faced wallboard. (Also see references 196 and 674.) Molded Masses Plastics 215. Usmani, A.M.; Salyer, I.O.; Ball, G.L.; Schwendeman, J.L. 1981. Bagasse-fiber-reinforced composites. Journal of Elastomers and Plastics. 13(1): 46-73. (no abstract available) 216. Wang, U. 1974. Gamma ray induced gaseous phase polymerization and copolymerization of vinyl monomers in bagasse. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taiwan, ROC). 21(4): 255-261. Summary: In the gamma-ray induced gaseous phase in situ polymerization of vinyl chloride in bagasse, no binding force between the polymer and the board occurred-as confirmed by no increase in tensile strength. Mixtures of vinyl chloride containing 20 to 30 percent vinyl acetate, when polymerized in bagasse, showed slightly better binding strength than with vinyl chloride alone. Refractory Materials 217. Gammel, T.E. 1981. Thermally insulating refractory mouldings containing inexpensive bagasse; used especially as hot top lining panels for ingot moulds. Assignee: (FOSE) Foseco Trading Ag. Patent, P.N.: DE 2948162, I.D.: 810604. [German]. Summary: The preferred molding contains by weight 50 to 90 percent refractory powder, 3 to 10 percent binder, and 5 to 30 percent defibered bagasse powder or similar crushed trash, pressed as a mixture in a mould or die while the binder hardens and sets. Molding is preferably used as a lining in the top of an ingot mould; it may also form an insulating- or exothermic-lining in tundishes and other such applications. Rubbers 218. Usmani, A.M.; Salyer, I.O. 1981. Bagasse-fiber reinforced natural rubber composites. In: Proceedings of conference on organic coatings and plastics chemistry; 1981 August 23-28; Washington, DC. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society: 459-465. Vol. 45. (no abstract available) 219. Yu, Q. 1988. Composite materials made from bagasse. Huaxue Tongbao. 3: 18-23. [Chinese]. Summary: This paper reviewed 33 references on composites produced from bagasse with phenolic resin, natural rubber, thermoplastics, urea resin, and furfural resin. (Also see reference 29.) 25 241. Nolan, W.J. 1967. Processing of bagasse for paper and structural boards. Tappi. 50(9): 127A-136A. Summary: A depithing procedure is described, consisting of decortication of bagasse in an attrition mill at 20 percent consistency, followed by washing pith and fines from the fiber on a traveling screen belt. Short fiber is recovered from tailings, resulting in an overall fiber yield of 70 percent of whole bagasse. Possible uses of pith are discussed. Sections of the study deal with the production and properties of wallboard and hardboard from depithed bagasse fiber. 242. TAPPI. 1971. Non-wood plant fiber pulping. Progress rep. 2. TAPPI C.A. Rep. 40. 333 p. Summary: This progress report contains 10 separate contri- butions covering new methods of handling and storage of nonwood plant fibers, such as bagasse, straw, bamboo, reed, and grasses. 243. TAPPI. 1991. Determination of useful fiber in bagasse. Tappi Useful Method 3 (formerly Routine Control Method RC 334). Summary: This method describes a procedure for estimating the percentage of fiber, pith, and soluble matter in bagasse. The apparatus needed includes a standard disintegrator, sieves, rubber tubing, a drying oven, and balance. 244. Tiwary, K.N.; Kulkarni, A.Y.; Jivendra, _. 1983. Sugar cane leaf—a potential raw material for cheap grades of paper and board. Part II. Indian Pulp and Paper. 37(4): 27-30. Summary: Soda cooking of sugarcane leaves under optimum conditions gave a pulp yield of 56 percent. The paper is mainly concerned with optimum conditions to produce low- grade paper with sugarcane leaves. 245. Tiwary, K.N.; Sah, S. 1982. Sugar cane leaf-a potential raw material for board and cheap-grade paper manufacture. Indian Pulp and Paper. 36(6): 3-6, 8-10. Summary: Cooking of dry sugarcane leaves with 10 percent NaOH for 3 h gave soda pulp in a 38 to 45 percent yield, with breaking length of 3,440 to 5,330 m, burst factor of 14 to 26, tear factor of 37 to 64, and doublefold of 8 to 103. (Also see references 42, 56, 91, 92, 113, and 357.) General Information/Reviews 246. Anonymous. 1979. Sugar, forage and construction materials: a new technology from sugarcane. Afrique Agriculture. 50: 16-17. [French]. (no abstract availble) 247. Creighton, S.M.; Raczuk, T.W. 1966. Construction materials as by products of sugar cane. Assignee: Robert Boothe Miller. Patent, P.N.: FR 1460600, 28 I.D.: 661202. [French]. (no abstract available) 248. Ennist, A.L. 1961. Operation of bagasse fiber pilot plant of central El Palmar. The Sugar Journal. 3: 12-16. (no abstract available) 249. Lopez Hernandez, J.A.; Adris, J.J. 1977. Conducti- metric determination of moisture in mixtures of bagasse and soy glues (for the fiberboard industry). Miscelanea. Universidad National de Tucuman. Facultad de Agronomia y Zootecnia. 16 p. [Spanish and English]. (no abstract available) 250. Mahadevan, N.; Sridhar, N.C.; Rao, P.N.; Kalyanasundaram, K.; Rao, A.R.K. 1986. Adaptation of existing recovery system for handling blend of black liquors from bagasse and wood-experience of Seshasayee Paper and Boards. Indian Pulp and Paper. 23(4): 155-159. Summary: Differences between bagasse and wood black liquor are discussed. Modifications made to economically and effectively accommodate a mixture of bagasse and wood black liquor in the chemical recovery system at Seshasayee Paper and Boards Ltd., India, are described. Modifications included increasing the liquor’s alkali content to improve evaporation of the very dilute liquor obtained from washing bagasse, as well as furnace design changes that counteract the slower drying and combustion rates of bagasse black liquor. 251. McLaughlin, E.C. 1980. The strength of bagasse fibre- reinforced composites. Journal of Materials Science. 15(4): 886-490. (no abstract available) 252. Ysbrandy, R.E.; Gerischer, G.F.R.; Sanderson, R.D. 1991. Adhesives from auto-hydrolysis bagasse lignin, a renewable resource. Properties of bagasse board made with a pith-lignin adhesive mixture and its thermal behavior as analyzed by DSC. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology. 25(5/6): 369-374. Summary: Pitch was used as a binder and functioned as a plasticizer for lignin in an adhesive mixture used for bagasse board manufacture. The lower density board did not comply with the strength specifications for industrial particleboard, but it could be used as insulation and as core material for low strength composites. The pitch in the resin gave faster press cycles, and the lignin decreased the heat of reaction, based on the amount of lignin present. Material Used in Natural State (See reference 197.) Bamboo [Stalk] Panel Board Particleboard 253. Chen, T.Y.; Wang, Y.S. 1981. A study of structural particleboard made from bamboo waste. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry. 14(2): 39-60. [Chinese; English sum- mary]. Summary: The manufacture and mechanical properties of particleboards made from slender particles glued with urea- formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde resins and of three- ply boards made with a middle layer of slender particles and outer layers of fine shaving particles glued with phenol- formaldehyde resin are described. Properties were compared with those of oriented three-layer and random boards made from wood veneer wastes. Species used were Pyllostachys makinoi, Pyllostachys edulis, and Bambusa stenostachia. Board production with bamboo waste was determined to be feasible. 254. Chu. B.L.; Chen, T.Y.; Yen, T. 1984. Influence of the form of bamboo and particleboard on their bending strength and thermal conductivity. Forest Products Industries. 3(3): 291-318. [Chinese; English summary]. Summary: Results of uniaxial tensile, uniaxial compression, simple shear, and flexural bending strength tests on moso bamboo (Phyllostachis edulis) flat-pressed and corrugated particleboards and thermal conductivity tests on flat-pressed moso particleboard are presented. Coefficients of thermal conductivity and grades of thermal insulation are also tabulated for building materials currently used in Taiwan. Bamboo, particleboard, and wood are all considered to be good heat insulating materials for building construction. 255. Lemoine, R. 1974. Resin impregnated bamboo lattice panels-with stiffness and moisture resistance enhanced by melamine resins. Patent, P.N.: FR 2216102, I.D.: 741004. [French]. Summary: Crossply panels are made of superimposed panels of woven bamboo strips impregnated with resin and subse- quently hot pressed and cured. Panels incorporating one, two, and three layers of woven lattices weigh approximately 1.5, 3, and 4 kg/m2, respectively. Panels can enclose a layer of thermal or acoustical insulation. The material can be cut into smaller pieces without disintegrating, 256. Lo, M.P.; Tsai, C.M. 1975. Experiment on the manu- facturing of bamboo particleboard. I. Splinterboard. Bull. of the Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University: 116: 527-544. [Chinese; English summary]. Summary: Particleboard manufactured from hammer-milled splinter-type bamboo particles was evaluated by testing water evaporation during hot pressing, springback, moisture content, specific gravity, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of rupture in static bending, tensile strength perpendicular to the surface, and hardness. The best properties were obtained with splinter-type particles and fine particles, 8 parts phenol formaldehyde resin solids per 100 parts dry particles, and a hot pressing time of 15 min. Lengthening the pressing time from 10 to 15 min accelerated water evaporation and reduced internal stresses as well as the moisture content and springback or thickness swelling of the board. Nine percent or more resin content solids was recommended to improve the quality of the boards. 257. Meshramkar, P.M. 1974. Solid waste from wood and bamboo as an asset for profitable uses. Indian Pulp and Paper. 28(10): 11-15. Summary: The use of bamboo and hardwood residues for particleboard in India was reviewed. 258. Narayanamurti, D.; Bist, B.S. 1948. Preliminary studies on building boards from bamboos. Building boards, II. Boards from bamboo. Indian Forest Leaflet 103. Dehra Dun, India: Forest Research Institute. 12 p. Summary: Preliminary studies on the production of building boards from bamboo are described. The possibility of commercial production of such materials from mats woven from bamboo sticks and bonded by a small percentage of synthetic resins and fillers is discussed. 259. Narayanamurti, D.; Prasad, B.N.; George, J. 1961. Protection of chipboards from fungi and termites. Norsk Skogind. 15(9): 375-376. Summary: Particleboards made from bamboo (Dendro- calamus strictus) were treated with pentachlorophenol or Xylamon and exposed to attack by fungi and termites, as well as soil burial. The results obtained in laboratory and graveyard tests are reported. In laboratory culture tests, 5 percent penta gave the best protection, whereas 2 percent Xylamon was ineffective. In graveyard tests, all treated boards remained sound for 170 to 329 days, and those treated with 2 or 5 percent Xylamon for 482 to 630 days. Boards containing 1 to 2 or 5 percent penta resisted termite attack in South Africa for 2 years. 260. Rowell, R.M.; Norimoto, M. 1988. Dimensional stability of bamboo particleboards made from acetylated particles. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 34(7): 627-629. [Japanese; English summary]. (no abstract available) 261. Shin, F.G.; Xian, X.J.; Zheng, W.P.; Yipp, M.W. 1989. Analysis of the mechanical properties and microstruc- ture of bamboo-epoxy composites. Journal of Materials Science. 24(10): 3483-3490. Summary: Unidirectional bamboo-epoxy laminates of varying laminae number were experimentally evaluated for 29 their tensile, compressive, flexural, and interlaminar shear properties. The disposition of bamboo fiber, parenchymatous tissue, and resin matrix under different loading conditions was examined. Mechanical properties were comparable to those of glass-fiber composites. The fracture behavior of bamboo–epoxy under the different loading conditions was evaluated using acoustic emission techniques and scanning electron microscopy. The fracture mode was found to be similar to carbon and glass reinforced composites. 262. Takahashi, M. 1980. Veneer used in plywood decora- tive boards etc. obtained by pressing wood from broad-leaf or pine trees with bamboo using thermosetting adhesive, and slicing product. Patent, P.N.: JP 55164141, I.D.: 801220. [Japanese]. Summary: A natural log of a broadleaf tree or a pine tree is cut or torn in the fiber direction with the proper rotary cutter having blades to provide slider fiber rods. A bamboo, hemp, or reed is tom or divided in the longitudinal direction to provide slender fiber matters. After the slender fiber rods or matters are put together with a thermosetting adhesive in a hydraulic press comprising stationary side plates and movable press plates, they are pressed in the vertical direction to produce block. The block is sliced off in the pressed direction to produce veneers. Equal straight-grained veneers may be easily produced to provide the equal strength and constrictive ability. 263. Tsai, C.M.; Lo, M.P. 1978. Study on the manufacture of uni-layer and three-layer particleboards made from (Phyllostachis edulis) bamboo and (Chamaecyparis formosensis ) wood particles. Bull. of the Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University: 121: 41-62. [Chinese; English summary]. (no abstract available) 264. Tsai, C.M.; Lo, M.P.; Poon, M.K. 1978. Study on the manufacture of uni-layer and three-layer particleboards made from bamboo and wood particles. Bull. of the Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University: 121: 41-62. [Chinese]. Summary: Shavings, fine shavings, and splinters of moso bamboo (Phyllostachis edulis) and the shavings of red cypress (Chamaecyparis formosensis) were used along with urea-formaldehyde resin to make particleboards. A conven- tional process was used to prepare single-layer particleboards using five different ratios of fine shavings of bamboo and shavings of red cypress with 9 percent resin as binder, and six kinds of three-layer boards using fine shavings of bamboo or shavings of red cypress with 7 percent resin as a binder for the inner layer. Boards were evaluated by testing moisture content, springback, specific gravity, water absorp- tion, thickness swelling, static bending, tensile strength perpendicular to surface, and hardness. Each type of board met the Chinese National Standard specifications. 30 265. Wang, S.Y.; Hwang, W.S. 1981. Studies on the improving effects of bending strength and bending creep behaviors of bamboo particle boards (I). Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry. 14(1): 71-94. [Chinese; English summary]. (no abstract available) (Also see references 5, 46, 53, 83, and 1075.) Fiberboard/Hardboard 266. Jain, N.C.; Dhamaney, C.P. 1966. Studies on hard- board preparation. (1) From materials received from Nagaland. Indian Pulp and Paper. 21(4): 259-262. Summary: Experimental hardboards were prepared from 12 fibrous raw materials, including bamboos, grasses, and hardwoods, indigenous to Nagaland, Burma-Assam region. The materials were cooked with aqueous NaOH at atmo- spheric pressure for 3 h, washed, felted, and pressed at 160°C and 5.5 MPa for 20 min. Sizing agents, such as wax emulsions, for improving water resistance were not incorpo- rated. The boards were tempered by heat treatment or with cashew nut oil at 170°C for 3 h. The physical properties of the boards complied with the Indian standard specifications for hardboards with regard to specific gravity and modulus of rupture. Water absorption values were in excess of that allowed by the Indian standard. 267. Naffziger, T.R.; Clark, T.F.; Wolff, I.A. 1961. Structural board from domestic timber bamboo– Phyllostachys bambusoides. Tappi. 44(2): 108-112. Summary: Dry, mature, timber bamboo was investigated as a raw material for the insulation boards and hardboards by several pulping techniques. Results of preliminary studies indicated that pulping with lime alone was adequate. To establish preferred manufacturing conditions, a series of experiments was conducted on a pilot-plant scale using 6, 9, and 12 percent lime at 142°C for pulping. Yields of pulp when cooked for 1, 3.5, and 6 h ranged from 83 to 94 percent. The resulting boards (both insulating and hardboards) had strength properties equal or superior to those of standard commercial boards. 268. Pakotiprapha, B.; Pama, R.P.; Lee, S.L. 1976. Development of bamboo pulp boards for low-cost housing. In: Proceedings, IAHS international symposium on housing problems; South Carolina: 1096-1115. Vol. 2. (no abstract available) 269. Sano, Y.; Ishihara, S.; Nagasawa, S. 1959. Studies on the production of fiberboards from bamboo. I. Manufactur- ing process at high temperature cooking and the atmospheric defibering from Mosochiku (Phyllostachys pubescens). Bull. 113 of the Government Forest Experiment Station: 135-144. [Japanese]. Summary: Laboratory studies on the manufacture of hard- boards from Japanese bamboo are described. The bamboo 288. Singh, M.M.; Jain, H.C.; Sekhar, A.C. 1969. Some investigation on pressed boards from bamboo. Indian Pulp and Paper. 23(12): 651-656. Summary: Experiments on the production of pressed board from bamboo by the Asplund Defibrator process showed that relatively small changes in steaming temperatures resulted in considerable variations of power consumption and certain mechanical properties. Power consumption dropped mark- edly with increases in steaming temperature. The manufac- tured boards tensile and bending strengths, compression parallel and perpendicular to plane strengths, hardness, water absorptivity, and swelling properties were determined and presented in a table format. 289. Singh, M.M.; Mukherjea, V.N. 1965. Fibrous raw materials for the Indian pulp, paper, and board industry. Indian Forester. 91(7): 505-529. Summary: The Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India, has been testing indigenous fibrous raw materials for the production of pulp, paper, and board. Some of the results collected in the course of these investigations are presented in tabular form, including data on fiber dimensions, chemical analyses, method of pulping, yield, and pulp uses. The following materials were covered: 11 bamboos, 18 grasses and reeds, 36 broadleaved wood and conifers, and 11 agricultural wastes. 290. White, D.G. 1949. Bamboo culture and utilization in Puerto Rico. Circular 29. Puerto Rico: Federal Experiment Station. 34 p. Summary: A background on the utilization and culture of 30 species of bamboo at the Federal Experiment Station in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, is discussed. The circular briefly discusses the utilization of bamboo for structural applications such as panels and housing framework. 291. White, D.G.; Cobin, M.; Seguinot, P. 1946. Relation between curing and durability of Bambusa tuldoides. Caribbean Forester. 7: 253-274. (no abstract available) (Also see references 3, 190, 197, 609, and 665.) Cement/Clay/Gypsum/Plaster Materials 292. Abu Sadeque, A.H.M. 1975. Behavior of bamboo reinforced tied columns. Bangkok, Thailand: Asian Institute of Technology. 58 p. Thesis 816. (no abstract available) 293. Ali, Z. 1974. Mechanical properties of bamboo rein- forced slabs. Bangkok, Thailand: Asian Institute of Technol- ogy. 41 p. Thesis 676. (no abstract available) 294. Ali, Z.; Pama, R.P. 1978. Mechanical properties of bamboo reinforced slabs. In: Proceedings of the International conference on materials of construction for developing countries; 1978 August; Bangkok, Thailand: 49-66. (no abstract available) 295. Anonymous. 1958. Bamboo reinforcement for con- crete. Civil Engineering and Public Works Review. 53: 627. (no abstract available) 296. Bigg, G.W. 1975. Bamboo reinforced ferrocement grain storage silo. Journal of Structural Engineering. 2: 173-182. (no abstract available) 297. Brink, F.E.; Rush, P.J. 1966. Bamboo reinforced concrete construction. United States Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, California. 17 p. (no abstract available) 298. Cabrillac, R.; Buyle-Bodin, F.; Duval, R.; Luhowiak, W. 1990. Study of the possible use of bamboo in fibre concretes. In: Vegetable plants and their fibres as building materials. Proceedings of the 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 50-59. [French]. Summary: The utilization of bamboo as a reinforcement in concrete elements is presented in detail. The paper includes test results. 299. Chadda, L.R. 1956. Bamboo reinforced soil cement lintels. Indian Concrete Journal. 30: 303-304. (no abstract available) 300. Chadda, L.R. 1956. The use of bamboo for reinforcing soil-cement eliminating shrinkage cracking in walls. Indian Concrete Journal. 30: 200-201. (no abstract available) 301. Chu, H.K. 1914. Bamboo for reinforced concrete. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ph.D. thesis. (no abstract available) 302. Cook, D.J.; Pama, R.P.; Singh, R.V. 1978. The behaviour of bamboo-reinforced concrete columns subjected to eccentric loads. Magazine of Concrete Research. 30: 145-151. (no abstract available) 303. Cox, F.B.; Geymayer, H.G. 1969. Expedient reinforce- ment for concrete for use in Southeast Asia: Report 1— Preliminary tests of bamboo. Tech. Rep. C-69-3. Vicksburg, MS: United States Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE. 123 p. (no abstract available) 33 304. Cox, F.B.; Geymayer, H.G. 1970. Bamboo reinforced concrete. Misc. Pap. C-70-2. Vicksburg, MS: United States Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE. 15 p. (no abstract available) 305. Datta, K. 1936. Investigations on the use of bamboo as reinforcement in concrete structures. Bauingenieur. 17(3/4): 17-27. [German]. Summary: The design and properties of bamboo-reinforced concrete structures were described. If the reinforcement is installed in the proper manner, increase in strength will result. 306. Datta, K. 1936. Investigation on the use of bamboo in concrete. Der Bauingenieur. 17: 17-27. [German]. (no abstract available) 307. Durrani, A.J. 1975. A study of bamboo as reinforce- ment for slabs on grade. Bangkok, Thailand: Asian Institute of Technology. 56 p. Thesis 801. (no abstract available) 308. Fang, H.Y.; Mehta, H.C. 1978. Sulfur-sand treated bamboo rod for reinforcing structural concrete. In: New uses of Sulfur-II. Advanced Chemical Series 165. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society: 241-254. (no abstract available) 309. Fricke, T. 1982. Bamboo-reinforced concrete rainwater tanks. Washington, DC: AT International. 50 p. (no abstract available) 310. Glenn, H.E. 1950. Bamboo reinforcement of Portland cement concrete structures. Bull. 4. Clemson, SC: Clemson Agricultural College. 171 p. (no abstract available) 311. Gupchup, V.N.; Jayaram, S.; Sukhadwalla, J. 1974. Suitability of bamboo strips as tensile reinforcement in concrete. In: Impact of research on the built environment. Theme 11/3: the impact of research on design. Proceedings of CIB 6th congress on new techniques in concrete and reinforced concrete. 1974 October 3-10; Budapest, Hungary: 464-470. (no abstract available) 312. Hamid, A. 1973. Structural aspects of bamboo rein- forced soil cement. Bangkok, Thailand: Asian Institute of Technology. 105 p. Thesis 523. (no abstract available) 313. Kalita, U.C.; Khazanchi, A.C.; Thyagarajan, G. 1977. Bamboocrete low-cost houses for the masses. Indian Concrete Journal. 51(10): 309-319. (no abstract available) 34 314. Kalita, U.C.; Khazanchi, A.C.; Thyagarajan, G. 1978. Bamboo-Crete wall panels and roofing elements for low-cost housing. In: Proceedings of the international conference on materials of construction for developing countries; 1978 August; Bangkok, Thailand: 21-36. (no abstract available) 315. Kankam, J.A.; Ben-George, M.; Perry, S.H. 1986. Bamboo-reinforced concrete two-way slabs subjected to concentrated loading. Structural Engineering. 64B: 85-92. (no abstract available) 316. Kankam, J.A.; Perry, S.H.; Ben-George, M. 1986. Bamboo-reinforced concrete one-way slabs subjected to line loading. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete. 20: 1-9. (no abstract available) 317. Kowalski, T.G. 1974. Bamboo-reinforced concrete. Indian Concrete Journal. 48: 119-121. (no abstract available) 318. Krishnamurthy, D. 1986. Use of bamboo as a substi- tute for steel in conventional reinforced concrete. In: Use of vegetable plants and fibres as building materials; joint symposium RILEM/CIB/NCCL; Baghdad, Iraq: C71-C78. (no abstract available) 319. Kurian, N.P.; Kalam, A.K.A. 1977. Bamboo- reinforced soil-cement for rural use. Indian Concrete Journal 51(12): 382-389. (no abstract available) 320. Manga, J.B. 1983. The feasibility of bamboo as reinforcement for ferrocement housing walls. Journal of Ferrocement. 13: 345-349. (no abstract available) 321. Mansur, M.A.; Aziz, M.A. 1983. Study of bamboo- mesh reinforced cement composites. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete. 5(3): 165-171. Summary: Cement mortar reinforced with woven bamboo mesh in a similar manner to ferrocement was investigated experimentally. The volume fraction of the bamboo and its surface treatment were the main factors, as was the effect of casting pressure. Results of tension, flexure, and impact are given in the paper. 322. Masani, N.J.; Dhamani, B.C.; Singh, B. 1977. Studies on bamboo concrete composite construction. Delhik, India: Controller of Documents. 39 p. (no abstract available) 323. Mehra, S.R.; Ghosh, R.K.; Chadda, L.R. 1957. Bamboo-reinforced soil-cement as a construction material. New Delhi, India: Central Road Research Institute. 18 p. (no abstract available) 324. Mehra, S.R.; Ghosh, R.K.; Chadda, L.R. 1965. Consideration as material for construction of bamboo- reinforced soil-cement with special reference to its use in pavement. Civil Engineering and Public Works Review. 60: 1457-1461, 1643-1645, 1766-1768. (no abstract available) 325. Mehra, S.R.; Uppal, H.L.; Chadda, L.R. 1951. Some preliminary investigations in the use of bamboo for reinforc- ing concrete. Indian Concrete Journal. 25: 20-21. (no abstract available) 326. Mentzinger, R.J.; Plourde, R.P. 1966. Investigation of treated and untreated bamboo as reinforcing in concrete. Philadelphia, PA: Villanova University. Thesis. (no abstract available) 327. Mokhtari, F.C. 1991. Contribution to the study of composites made with pozzolanic binders and bamboo. France: University of Lyon, National Institute of Applied Science. 162 p. Ph.D. thesis. [French; English summary]. (no abstract available) 328. Nagaraja, R. 1986. Strength and behaviour of concrete elements reinforced with bamboo fibres and strips. In: RILEM symposium FRC86; 3d International symposium on developments in fibre reinforced cement and concrete; 1986 July; Sheffield, England: 1: 13-17. (no abstract available) 329. Narayana, SK.; Rehman, P.M.A. 1962. Bamboo- concrete composite construction. Journal of the Institute of Engineers (India). 42: 426-440. (no abstract available) 330. Pakotiprapha, B. 1976. A study of bamboo pulp and fiber cement paste composites. Bangkok, Thailand: Asian Institute of Technology. 59 p. Dissertation D20. (no abstract available) 331. Pakotiprapha, B.; Pama, R.P.; Lee, S.L. 1979. Study of bamboo pulp and fiber cement composites. International Journal for Housing Science and Its Applications. 3(3): 167-190. Summary: The important characteristics of fiber-reinforced composites resulting from the use of different sizes of fiber reinforcement (i.e., ability of bamboo pulp to improve first crack strength of composite and ability of bamboo fibers to provide post-cracking ductility) were identified. The mini- mum volume fraction of each type of fibers as well as an optimum mix proportion between bamboo pulp and fibers are suggested for various composites to meet the required mechanical properties. Experiments were conducted to verify analytical predictions and tests were made to evaluate the performance of the materials under service conditions based on ASTM requirements for building boards. 332. Pakotiprapha, B.; Pama, R.P.; Lee, S.L. 1983. Analysis of a bamboo fibre-cement paste composite. Journal of Ferrocement. 13: 141-159. (no abstract available) 333. Pakotiprapha, B.; Pama, R.P.; Lee, S.L. 1983. Behavior of a bamboo fibre-cement paste composite. Journal of Ferrocement. 13: 235-248. (no abstract available) 334. Pama, R.P.; Durrani, A.J.; Lee, S.L. 1976. A study of bamboo as reinforcement for concrete pavements. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference of the Road Engineering Association of Asia and Australia; 1976; Bangkok, Thailand: 45-96. (no abstract available) 335. Perry, S.H.; Kankam, J.A.; Ben-George, M. 1986. The scope for bamboo-reinforced concrete. In: Proceedings of the 10th international congress FIP; 1986 February; New Delhi, India: 205-214. (no abstract available) 336. Purushotham, A. 1963. A preliminary note on some experiments using bamboo reinforcement in cement con- crete. Journal of the Timber Dryers and Preservers Associa- tion of India. 9: 3-14. (no abstract available) 337. Ramaswamy, H.S.; Ahuja, B.M.; Krishnamoorthy, S. 1983. Behaviour of concrete reinforced with bamboo, coir, and jute fibres. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete. 5: 3-13. (no abstract available) 338. Rehsi, S.S. 1988. Use of natural fibre concrete in India. In: Swamy, R.N., ed. Natural fibre reinforced cement and concrete. Glasgow, Scotland: Blackie and Son Ltd.: 243-255. Chapter 7. Summary: The use of bamboo, banana, coir, jute, pineapple leaf, and sisal for the reinforcement of concrete in India is described in detail. Physical testing of the materials showed that tensile strength ranges from 9 to 740 kg/mm2, modulus of elasticity ranges from 4 to 510 GPa, and elongation at break ranges from 1.1 to 40 percent. Only coir fiber was found to resist deterioration when subjected to alternate cycles of wetting in saturated lime solution of NaOH and drying. Different measures to render natural fibers resistant to alkali attack were mentioned. 339. Robles-Austriaco, L.; Pama, R.P. 1988. Bamboo reinforcement for cement and concrete. In: Swamy, R.N., ed. Natural fibre reinforced cement and concrete. Glasgow, Scotland: Blackie and Son Ltd.: 92-142. Chapter 3. Summary: A review is given on the utilization of bamboo as reinforcement for cement mortar and concrete. Properties of 35 Fachhochschule Osnabrueck: Bonn, Germany. 92 p. [German]. (no abstract available) 365. Iwai, Y.K. 1982. Study on the formation process of bamboo producing center for building materials, in Kyoto (Japan). Bulletin of the Kyoto University Forests. 54: 67-83. [Japanese; English summary]. (no abstract available) 366. Limaye, V.D. 1943. Bamboo nails, their manufacture and holding power. Indian Forest Resources. No. 3. 12 p. (no abstract available) 367. McClure, F.A. 1948. Bamboos for farm and home. Separate No. 2101. 1948 Yearbook of Agriculture. Washing- ton, DC: United States Department of Agriculture: 735-740. (no abstract available) 368. Ono, K. 1965. Studies on bamboo pulp industry. (1) Bamboo forest resources in Indonesia and Burma. Japan Pulp and Paper. 3(2): 62-69. Summary: This paper presents data on the geographic distribution, types, utilization (including uses other than for pulp), cost of harvesting, and total resources on the bamboo pulp industry. 369. Rangan, S.G.; Ravindaranathan, N. 1982. Wet-end operations with a furnish of 70% hardwoods and 30% bamboo at SPB Seshassayee Paper and Boards Ltd. Indian Pulp and Paper. 19(1): 63-66. Summary: Increasing a paper machine furnish to 70 percent hardwood (with 30 percent bamboo) produced more fines and permitted a reduction in consumption of rosin size. The effectiveness of cationic-wax emulsion size declined, but the use of guar gum improved strength properties. Gentle treatment with double-disk refiners is recommended to achieve maximum fibrillation with minimum power con- sumption. 370. Van der Woude, C.A.A. 1951. New building materials in Indonesia. OSR News (monthly of Organization of Scientific Research for Indonesia). 3: 106-110. (no abstract available) 371. Wang, Z. 1986. Bamboo fibre reinforced composite material unites fibre reinforcement lamination and particulate composite in same process. Assignee: (WANG/) Wang Zefei. Patent, P.N.: CN 85107095, I.D.: 860910. [Chinese]. (no abstract available) Material Used in Natural State 372. Abang Abdullah, A.A. 1983. Utilization of bamboo as a low cost structural material. In: Appropriate building 38 materials for low cost housing, African Region. London, England: E. and F.N. Spon: 177-182. (no abstract available) 373. Bond, P.S. 1913. Some experiments in the use of bamboo for hasty bridge construction. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Prof. Memo. 5: 593-602. (no abstract available) 374. Charters, D. 1976. Model study of bamboo hydraulic structures for erosion abatement. In: Fang, H.Y., ed. New horizons in construction materials. Lehigh Valley, CA: Envo Publishing: 511-523. Vol. 1. (no abstract available) 375. Datye, K.R. 1976. Structural uses of bamboo. In: Fang, H.Y., ed. New horizons in construction materials. Lehigh Valley, CA: Envo Publishing: 499-510. Vol. 1. (no abstract available) 376. Hidalgo, O.; Langlais, G. 1988. Using bamboo as building material in developing countries. Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment (CSTB, France). 313 p. [French]. (no abstract available) 377. Horn, C.L.; Arboyo, A. 1943. New bamboo reventment construction. Military Engineer. 35(212): 284-286. (no abstract available) 378. Huybers, P. 1990. The use of forestry thinnings and bamboo for building structures. In: Vegetable plants and their fibres as building materials: Proceedings of the 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 295-304. Summary: The utilization of bamboo for structural purposes is described. In particular, the use of a special tool that is operated by hand to form tight connections between bamboo structural elements is covered in detail. 379. Janssen, J. 1980. The mechanical properties of bamboo used in construction. In: Proceedings of the workshop on bamboo research in Asia; 1980 May; Singapore: 173-188. (no abstract available) 380. Karamchandani, K.P. 1959. Role of bamboo as a constructional material. In: Proceedings of the symposium on timber and allied products, NBO; 1959 May 18-22, New Delhi, India: 430-435. (no abstract available) 381. Kumpe, G. 1937. Experimental bamboo truss. Military Engineer. 29: 288-289. (no abstract available) 382. Lipangile, T.N. 1990. The use of timber and bamboo as water conduits and storage. In: Vegetable plants and their fibres as building materials: Proceedings of the 2d interna- tional symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 305-313. Summary: This paper gives a brief explanation of the technology used in bamboo utilization for water conduits such as water supply, irrigation, road culverts, sewage disposal, and drainage. 383. McClure, F.A. 1981. Bamboo as a building material. United States Peace Corps, Information Collection and Exchange, R-33. Washington, DC: Department of Housing and Urban Development. Office of International Affairs. 52 p. Summary: This document provides an excellent overview on the utilization of bamboo as a building material. Additional information concerning physical and mechanical properties of bamboo is tabulated and descibed thoroughly. This publication was originally published in 1953 and again in 1963, 1967, 1972, 1979, and 1981. It contains 59 references. 384. Narayanamurti, D.; Mohan, D. 1972. The use of bamboo and reeds in building construction. United Nations Document ST/SOA/113. New York: Department of Eco- nomic and Social Affairs. United Nations Publication Sales No. E.72.IV.3. 95 p. Summary: This document contains an overview of how bamboo and reeds are utilized in building construction, especially in third-world countries. 385. Nitschke, G. 1976. Framing or edging of plastics for furniture-using bamboo rods which can be nailed or adhered to wood substrate or frame. Patent, P.N.: DE 2502048, I.D.: 760722. [German]. Summary: Plastic panels are framed, or box-like bodies, consisting of plastic panels (for use as furniture elements) and are provided with edging by using longitudinally split bamboo rods which may be nailed or adhered to concealed wooden-frame members. The bamboo rods, which are semicircular and have mitered free ends, are attractive and provide good contrast to dark colored plastic panels. 386. Tamolong, F.N.; Lopez, F.R.; Semana, J.A.; Casin, R.F.; Espiloy, Z.B. 1980. Properties and utilization of Philippine erect bamboos. In: Proceedings of a workshop on bamboo research in Asia; 1980 May; Singapore: 189-200. (no abstract available) Summary: This paper contains a bibliography on the use of bamboo, grasses, and reeds in architecture. (Also see references 197, 278, 292, and 927.) Banana [Stem] Panel Board Particleboard 388. Pablo, A.A.; Ella, A.B.; Perez, E.B.; Casal, E.U. 1975. The manufacture of particleboard using mixtures of banana stalk (saba: Musa compreso, Blanco) and Kaatoan bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis, Rich. ex. Walp.) wood particles. Forpride Digest. 4: 36-44. Summary: Particleboards with densities of 0.59 to 0.64 g/cm3 and 0.67 to 0.72 g/cm3 were prepared from banana stalk and wood chips in various proportions, with 10 percent urea- formaldehyde resin as the binder. The physical and mechani- cal properties of the high-density boards were superior to those of the low-density boards. The strength of the boards increased with increase in the proportion of wood chips in the mixture. 389. Pablo, A.A.; Ella, A.B.; Perez, E.B.; Casal, E.U. 1976. Development of particleboard on a pilot-plant and semi-commercial scale using plantation and secondary wood species and agricultural fibrous waste materials (Banana stalk and Kaatoan bangkal). Los Banos: Forest Products Research and Industries Development Commission, Laguna College of Forestry, University of the Philippines. 20 p. (no abstract available) Insulation Board (See reference 149.) Cement/Gypsum/Plaster Board (See reference 149.) Plastic/Plastic-Bonded Board (See references 444, 1025, and 1026.) Unknown Board (See references 3 and 197.) 387. White, A.G. 1990. Bamboo architecture a selected Cement/Clay/Gypsum/Plaster Materials bibliography. Architecture series-Bibliography, A-2344. Monticello, IL: Vance Bibliographies: 5 p. (See references 197 and 338.) 39 Miscellaneous Material Preparation Pulping/Storage Methods 390. Anonymous. 1975. Banana fibre processing. Hamburg, Germany: Atlanta-Industrie- und Unternehmensberatung GmbH. 181 p. Summary: An economic and technical study of the possibili- ties and conditions for extracting and processing banana fibers and their utilization in the pulp, paper, and board industry is reported. (Also see reference 14.) General Information/Reviews 391. Narayanamurti, D.; Jain, N.C.; George, J. 1962. The industrial use for banana stems. The Indian Buyer. 1:9. (no abstract available) Barley Panel Board Particleboard (See references 660 and 1148.) Fiberboard/Hardboard (See references 660 and 858.) Insulation Board (See reference 660.) Cement/Clay/Gypsum/Plaster Materials 392. Acevedo, S.; Alvarez, M.; Navia, E.; Muñoz, R. 1990. Fibre-concrete roofing tiles in Chile. In: Vegetable plants and their fibres as building materials: Proceedings of the 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 199-203. Summary: The process for converting fibrous agricultural residues, such as barley and wheat fiber, into natural fiber concrete roofing tile is explained. A manually powered vibrating table was designed and constructed to produce a uniform mix. The study covered the fiber materials and their characteristics, production technology, properties of natural fiber concrete roofing tiles, and production methods and costs. Molded Masses Refractory Materials (See reference 961.) 40 Miscellaneous General Information/Reviews (See reference 1003.) Beet Panel Board Unknown Board (See reference 784.) Cashew Nut Molded Masses Resins/Binders (See references 57, 274, 282, 440, and 1029.) Cassava/Tapioca [Stalk] Panel Board Particleboard 393. Flaws, L.J.; Palmer, E.R. 1968. Production of particle board from cassava stalk. Rep. G34. London, England: Tropical Products Institute (TPI). Summary: Experiments were carried out using 455.8 kg of 91.44-cm-long and 2.54-cm-diameter cassava stalks. Splinters were produced under controlled conditions, mixed with urea-formaldehyde resin in a rotary mixer, cold pressed, then hot pressed. The standard panel was compared to British Standard 2604 for bending and tensile strengths. Results using 6, 8, and 10 percent resin were tabulated. It was determined that satisfactory board, exceeding the British Standard, can be made with 8 percent resin content, resulting in 0.64 g/cm3 board density. Fiberboard/Hardboard 394. Narayanamurti, D.; Singh, J. 1953. Studies on building boards. V. Utilization of tapioca stems and hoop pine bark. Composite Wood. 1(1): 10-17. Summary: Hardboards were prepared from tapioca stems (Manihot utilissima) and hoop-pine bark, insulating boards from tapioca only. For disintegration, a laboratory-scale Asplund Defibrator was used. Pressing into boards was carried out using standard procedures. The resulting boards compared favorably with similar commercial products. 395. Narayanamurti, D.; Singh, J. 1954. Studies on building boards. VI. Preparation of plastics, boards, etc., from wood waste, barks, etc., by thermal treatment in presence of water and other methods. Composite Wood. 1(4): 89-93. Summary: Experiments are described in which building boards were prepared from coconut coir waste. The coir waste was sprayed and/or mixed with various additives (such as wattle bark tannin plus formaldehyde), cold pressed followed by hot pressing for the required time. The boards obtained had satisfactory modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, impact resistance, and swelling. It was concluded that larger scale trials are warranted due to the encouraging results. 413. Ogawa, H. 1977. Utilization of coir dust for particleboards. Osaka Kogyo Gijutsu Shikensho Kiho. 28(3): 231-233. [Japanese]. Summary: Particleboards having bending strengths greater than 9.8 MPa were prepared from coir dust, >10 percent coir fibers, and 87 percent urea resin. 414. Pablo, A.A.; Lovian, A.F. 1989. Utilization of coconut coir dust, coir fiber, pineapple fiber and wood wastes particles for the production of particleboard. Tokyo, Japan: International seminar on underutilized bioresources in the Tropics; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science: 192-209. (no abstract available) 415. Pablo, A.A.; Suguerra, J.B. 1977. Particleboard from wood species and aggie fibrous waste materials. V. Coconut trunk and wood/coconut trunk particle mixtures. National Science Development Board (NSBD) Journal. 11(2): 34-43. (no abstract available) 416. Pablo, A.A.; Segurra, J.B.; Tamolang, F.N.; Ella, A.B. 1977. Particle board from wood species and fibrous materials. V. Coconut trunk and wood/coconut trunk particle mixtures. Forest Products. 2: 33-43. (no abstract available) 417. Pablo, A.A.; Tamolang, F.N.; Casal, E.U. 1978. Panel particleboard products from coconut palm. National Science Development Board (NSBD) Technology Journal. 3(1): 57-61. (no abstract available) 418. Tamolang, F.N. 1976. The utilization of coconut trunk and other parts for particleboard-making, charcoal produc- tion, briquetting, electrical and telecommunication poles in the Philippines. National Science Development Board (NSBD) Technology Journal. 1(2): 36-48. (no abstract available) 419. Thampan, P.K. 1975. The coconut palm and its products. Karala, India: Green Villa Publishing House. 302 p. Summary: This book covered all major and minor products produced with coconut wood and coir fiber. Included are references concerning the use of coconut timber in the framing of houses, and the use of coconut coir fiber for the production of particleboard. 420. Thampan, P.K. 1981. Handbook on coconut palm. New Delhi, India: Oxford and IBH Publishing Company. 311 p. Summary: The culture and use of coconut palm and coir waste are described, and particleboard made from coir fiber and framing timber made from coconut wood were exam- ined. (Also see references 53, 83, and 493.) Fiberboard/Hardboard 421. Anonymous. 1944. Industrial utilisation of coir. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2: 174. Summary: This paper explains how fiberboards were manufactured by treating beaten coir with shellac and boiled linseed oil. This mixture was exposed to the sun for 4 h to promote oxidation and then pressed for 30 min at 54.4°C. The boards were hard, did not warp, and showed a high chemical resistance to water, cold 10 percent sodium carbonate, and dilute nitric acid. 422. George, J.; Joshi, H.C. 1961. Complete utilization of coconut husk. II. Hardboards from coconut fiber. Indian Pulp and Paper. 15(9): 573-575. Summary: Hardboards with satisfactory strength properties were prepared from unretted coconut husk and coir shearing waste. To improve the felting quality of the pulps, the fibers were subjected to a softening treatment prior to forming into a mat. Boards from unretted fiber had better strength properties than those from coir shearing waste. The some- what high water absorption could be reduced to a sufficiently low level by oil tempering or by using suitable sizing agents. 423. Hadinoto, R.C. 1957. Coconut husk is a new raw material for board production in copra producing countries. Tech. Inf. Circ. 25. South Pacific Commission: l-10. Summary: In Indonesia, during 1951, plans were drawn up to produce hardboard to meet the increasing demand for sheet materials for housing. Coconut husks were chosen as the raw material. In East-Java, a pilot plant with a production capacity of 3,500 t of board annually was erected. The German C.T.C. process was chosen because it appeared to be economical for medium- and small-sized units and was suited for producing a great variety of boards. 424. Kristnabamrung, W.; Takamura, N. 1968. Suitabili- ties of some Thai hardwoods and coconut fiber for manufac- turing hardboards by wet and dry processes. Journal of Japanese Tappi. 22(3): 154-64. [English; Japanese sum- mary]. Summary: This paper reports the following hardwoods were examined for suitability to yield wet-process and/or 43 dry-process hardboards via Asplund Defibrator process: Cocoas nuclear, Sterculia campanulata, Tetramele nudiflora, Anisoptera glabra, Shorea curtisii, Tectona grandis, Dipterocarpus alatus, and Hevea brasiliensis. No heat treatment or oil treatment was applied to the boards. Phenolic resin and paraffin emulsions were added to the fiber furnish in amounts of 0.5 percent for the wet and 4 percent for the dry process. Boards from coca fiber showed outstand- ing flexural stiffness when compared with wet-process hardwood boards. 425. Kristnabamrung, W.; Takamura, N. 1972. Suitabili- ties of some Thai hardwoods and coconut-husk fibre for manufacturing hardboards by wet and dry processes. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science. 5: 101-125. Summary: This paper reports on hardwoods tested, which included Sterculia campanulata, Tetramele nudiflora, Anisoptera glabra, Shorea curtisii, Tectona grandis, Dipterocarpus alatus, and Hevea brasiliensis. Of these, T. nudiflora, S. curtisii, A. glabra, and D. alatus were most suitable, giving both wet- and dry-process hardboards of the quality required by Japanese standards. S. campanulata hardboards were of satisfactory strength but their water resistance was insufficient; H. brasiliensis gave a very low pulp yield; T. grandis was suitable for dry but not wet processing; and coconut-fiber (Cocos nucifera) wet-process hardboards, though not very strong, were extraordinarily flexible. 426. Melgarjo, F.R. 1977. Process for the manufacture of hardboards from coconut husk and the products produced therefrom. Patent, P.N.: Philippine patent document 10468/C/, I.D.: 770428. Patent classification: 161-87, 88. (no abstract available) 427. Menon, S.R.K. 1944. Coconite (fiber board from immature coconuts). Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2: 172-174. Summary: Fiberboards were manufactured from windfall immature coconuts which were shredded, boiled with water, pulped, and mixed with waste paper, rosin, and alum. For preparing the sheets, the usual fiberboard technique was used. Boards were pressed for 20 min at 160°C and 3.9 MPa, and the resulting boards were strong and tough, and dis- played good heat and sound insulating properties. 428. Pama, R.P.; Cook, D.J. 1976. Mechanical and physical properties of coir-fibre boards. In: Fang, H.Y., ed. New horizons in construction materials. Envo Publishing Co.: 391-403. (no abstract available) 429. Prasad, S.V.; Phillai, C.K.S.; Satyanarayana, K.G. 1986. Paper and pulp board from coconut leaves. Research India. 31(2): 93-96. 44 Summary: The process of pulping coconut leaves was quite easy and gave a pulp with average fiber length of 1.75 mm and yield of 30 percent. Hand sheets made from pulp showed a breaking length of 718.51 mm and burst factor of 4.00, which were nearer to those of straw board, packing paper, and other such materials. The use of improved methods of sheetmaking and the addition of bonding resins improved the properties of the paper. 430. Semana, J.A. 1965. Coconut coir fibre board. Hard Fibres Research Series 19. Manilla, Philippines: Forest Products Research and Industry Development Commission. (no abstract available) 431. Semana, J.A. 1975. Coconut coir for fiberboard; Paper 12. Manila, Philippines: Committee on Commodity Prob- lems, Intergovernmental Group on Hard Fibers-Session 8. 10 p. (no abstract available) (Also see references 122, 409, 437, 444, and 860.) Insulation Board 432. Anonymous. 1976. Lightweight sound and heat insulating constructional material-made of resin impreg- nated coconut fibres. Assignee: (SHIG-) Shigeru Mfg. KK. Patent, P.N.: JP 51039780, I.D.: 760402. [Japanese]. Summary: A shape-providing body consisting of entangled coconut fiber is impregnated with thermosetting resin, by means of fins, as a coloring binder. Plate elements of required dimension are obtained by cutting the impregnated body when the resin is semihardened and then heated and pressed to provide desired shape and internal corrugation of the wall member as the binder resin is completely hardened. The architectural wall members have superior noise and heat insulating properties as well as reduced weight at a lower cost. 433. Iyengar, N.V.R.; Anandaswamy, B.; Raju, P.V. 1961. Thermal insulating materials from agricultural wastes: coconut (Cocos nicifera, Linn.) husk and pith. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 20D(7): 276-279. Summary: This paper reports on the possibility of utilizing sun-dried coconut husk and pith obtained by wet retting for the production of thermal insulation boards. Insulation boards prepared from different fractions of husk and pith have been found to possess good thermal-insulating proper- ties. 434. Rao, C.V.N.; Prabhu, P.V.; Venkataraman, R. 1971. Thermal insulation boards from coconut pith. Fish Technol- ogy. 8(2): 185-188. (no abstract available) (Also see references 493 and 494.) Cement/Gypsum/Plaster Board 435. Hussin, M.W.; Zakaria, F. 1990. Prospects for coconut-fibre-reinforced thin cement sheets in the Malaysian construction industry. In: Vegetable plants and their fibres as building materials: Proceedings of the 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 77-86. Summary: This paper reports on the current research and developments on the use of coconut fibers as reinforcement for thin cement sheets as roofing materials. Tests on 500- by 500- by 10-mm flexural plates and on 1,220- by 630- by 10-mm corrugated sheets are reported. The load deflection curves and cracking performance are also reported based on several curing regimes. Additional test results provided are water absorption, water tightness, and bulk density. Perfor- mance characteristics of the thin sheets are shown to be a function of fiber concentration and method of specimen fabrication. 436. Mattone, R. 1990. Comparison between gypsum panels reinforced with vegetable fibres: their behaviour in bending and under impact. In: Vegetable plants and their fibres as building materials: Proceedings of the 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 161-172. Summary: The behavior of thin panels of gypsum reinforced with either coconut or sisal fibers was investigated. Test pieces were produced through a vacuum process to reduce the water:gypsum ratio, increase the compaction, and improve the bond between fibers and the matrix so as to obtain a high-performance composite. Bending tests were performed on test pieces measuring 30 cm by 40 cm, and impact tests were performed on panels sized 80 cm by 80 cm. The behavior of the reinforced panels was compared with that of panels traditionally utilized in the building materials industry. 437. Tropical Products Institute. 1968. Attempts to use coir dust in the preparation of building boards, slabs or hardboard. Rep. G35. London, England: Tropical Products Institute (TPI). Summary: Coir dust of two distinct particle-size distributions were mixed with cement in ratios of from 1:1 to 6:1 cement: coir dust which produced concrete of load bearing qualities only when extra water was added to the coir. The cement fraction was then increased to what was considered uneco- nomical levels before adequate concrete was produced. Non- load bearing panels of 0.64, 0.96, 1.12, and 1.28 g/cm3 densities were also produced, but with some difficulty. Hardboard production required both excessive pressures and resin amounts and appeared not to be feasible. (Also see references 886, 1014, and 1016.) Plastic/Plastic-Bonded Board 438. Anonymous. 1981. Fire-resistant plastic composites. Assignee: Meisei Kagaku Kogyo KK, Kasugai. Patent, P.N.: JP 56118848, I.D.: 810918. [Japanese]. Summary: Fire-resistant plastic molding compositions contain cellulosic materials, such as sawdust, powdered coconut shell, powdered walnut shell, and powdered rice bran, and are fireproofed by treating with ammonium polyphosphate and urea. 439. Casin, R.F.; Generalla, N.C.; Tamolang, F.N. 1977. Preliminary studies on the treatment of coconut lumber with vinyl monomers. Proceedings of the coconut stem utilization seminar; University of the Philippines: 413-419. Summary: Impregnating coconut wood with a mixture of styrene and unsaturated polyester and then heat-curing resulted in a high-density strong composite. The increase in the quality of the inner portion of specimen was higher than that of the outer portion. The treated specimens from the inner portion had higher plastic content than those from the outer portion due to the porosity of the inner portion. 440. Narayanamurti, D.; Ranghunatha Rao, D.M.; Narayana, P.T.R.; Zoolagud, S.S.; Rangaraju, T.S. 1969. Plastic materials from lignocellulosic wastes: utilization of coconut coir pith. Indian Pulp and Paper. 24(1): 57-60. Summary: Coconut coir pith was powdered, molded, and pressed into disks and boards at various temperatures and pressures, and the resultant density, rupture moduli, water absorption, and volume swelling were noted. After 24 h, the moisture absorption and swelling values were good, the pieces were still good after a 4-month aqueous immersion. The boards were slightly stronger when tempered in cashew nut shell oil, except when made at low temperatures. 441. Ohtsuka, M.; Uchihara, S. 1973. Boards from resin- impregnated coconut husk. Assignee: Otsuka Chemical Co. Ltd. Patent, P.N.: JP 48022179, I.D.: 730320. [Japanese]. Summary: Fibers and cork from coconut husk were impreg- nated with vinyl monomers and pressed after polymerizing the monomers to give a board. One kg coconut fibers and 1 kg coconut cork were evacuated and impregnated with 1.6 kg of a mixture of styrene, Me methacrylate, and divinyl benzene. The mixture was heated for 4 h at 65°C to polymer- ize the monomer, and the product was arranged in such a way that the cork was sandwiched between fiber layers and pressed 15 min at 100°C and 2.0 MPa to give a board with a density of 0.80 g/cm3, flexural strength of 73.5 MPa, and compressive strength of 84.3 MPa. 45 addition of a relatively small volume fraction (0.05) of glass enhanced the tensile strength by approximately 100 percent, flexural strength by more than 50 percent, and impact strength by more than 100 percent. Coir-glass intermingled hybrid composites absorbed 4 to 5 times less moisture compared to coir-polyester composite upon immersing in boiling water for 2 h, thereby showing considerably better resistance to weathering. 466. Varma, D.S.; Varma, M.; Varma, I.K. 1986. Coir fibers. 3. Effect of resin treatment on properties of fibers and composites. Industrial Engineering Chemical Products Research and Development. 25(2): 282-289. Summary: This paper describes the treatment of bristle-coir fibers with a diluted solution of unsaturated polyester in MEK. Treatment of bristle-coir fibers with diluted-resin solutions resulted in an increase in weight and denier of the fibers. These results, along with Fourier-transform IR studies, confirmed the deposition of polyester on the fibers. A significant reduction was observed in moisture regain for all the resin-treated fibers. Refractory Materials 467. Murali, T.P.; Prasad, S.V.; Surappa, M.K.; Rohatgi, P.K.; Gopinath, K. 1982. Friction and wear behaviour of aluminum alloy coconut shell char particulate composites. Wear. 80(2): 149-158. Summary: Friction and wear characteristics of A1-11.8 percent Si alloys containing 10 to 25 percent by volume (3 to 8 percent by weight) dispersions of coconut- shell char particles (average size, 125 MU m) were evaluated under dry conditions with a pin-on-disc machine. At the lower sliding speed of 0.56 m/s, the wear rates and friction coefficients of the composites decreased with increasing volume percent of dispersed char particles in the aluminum- alloy matrix. 468. Murali, T.P.; Surappa, M.K.; Rohatgi, P.K. 1982. Preparation and properties of Al-alloy coconut shell char particulate composites. Metallurgical Transactions B (Process Metallurgy). 13B(3): 485-494. Summary: This paper describes the process of dispersing a relatively large volume percentage, up to 40 percent, of shell-char particles in A1-11.8 percent Si alloy melts. The mechanical, tribological, and electric properties of cast- aluminum alloy shell-char composites were measured and reported. Resins/Binders 469. Heinemann, K.H.; Cherubim, M.; Michaiczyk, G. 1979. Hardener for phenol resin size. Assignee: Deutsche Texaco A.G. Patent, P.N.: DE 2821219, I.D.: 791122. [German]. 48 Summary: A mixture of paraformaldehyde, coconut shell meal, and grits from phenolic or urea resin-blended board was used as hardener for phenol-formaldehyde copolymer adhesive in plywood. A mixture of 100 g of 45 percent phenol-formaldehyde copolymer solution and 15 g hardener consisting of 1:1 blend of meal and grit containing 4 percent coconut shell meal was applied to beech veneer, pressed for 10 min at 130°C and 20 bar to give five-ply plywood with 4.6 MPa AW20 tearing resistance, 50-50-50 puncture test. 470. Villaflor, A.A. 1978. Developing potential of tannin extracts from tree barks and coconut coir dusts as replace- ment of synthetic phenolics in wood adhesive for plywood and particleboard in the Philippines. Don Ramon Arevalo memorial professorial chair lecture; Los Banos, Philippines: Laguna College of Forestry, University of the Philippines. 24 p. (no abstract available) Rubbers 471. Arumugam, N.; Selvy, K.; Rao, K.; Rajalingam, P. 1989. Coconut-fiber-reinforced rubber composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 37(9): 2645-2659. Summary: Different formulations of rubber with chopped coconut fiber (treated and untreated) as reinforcing agent were prepared. The reinforced systems were vulcanized at 153°C and the properties of the vulcanizates were studied by stress-strain, shore A hardness, and abrasion loss measure- ments. The bonding between the rubber and fillers improved with the addition of bonding agents. The bonding effect of different bonding agents was compared and the reinforcing property of the treated fiber was compared with that of the untreated one. Aging resistance of the composites was studied. The fracture surfaces were studied by scanning electron microscopy, and the failure mechanism was explained. 472. Bodrei, M.; Roventa, I.; Petru, G.; Meinic, V. 1986. Elastic fiber-rubber composites. Assignee: Intreprinderea de Paruri, Sighetu Marmatiei. Patent, P.N.: RO 88888, I.D.: 860331. [Romanian]. Summary: This patent describes how elastic composites, used for cushions and mattresses, are comprised of 30 to 80 percent natural rubber, SBR, isoprene rubber, or nitrile rubber and 20 to 70 percent Luffa cylindrica fruit mesocarp fibers and optionally curled fibers containing pig hair (4 cm long < 60 percent), cattle or goat hair, sisal fibers, manila fibers, polyamide monofilaments, or PVC monofilaments, coconut fibers, and palm fibers. Miscellaneous General Information/Reviews 473. Czvikovszky, T. 1985. Chemistry and technology of radiation processed composite materials. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 25(4-6): 439-449. Summary: This paper reports on how composite materials of synthetics (based on monomers, oligomers, and thermoplas- tics) and natural polymers (wood and other fibrous cellulo- sics), prepared by radiation processing, offer valuable structural materials with enhanced coupling forces between the components. The applied polymer chemistry of such composites shows several common features with that of radiation grafting. 474. George, J. 1970. Building materials from coconut husk and its byproducts. Coir. 14(2): 19-44. (no abstract available) 475. George, J.; Joshi, H.C. 1962. Complete utilization of coconut husk. Indian Coconut Journal. 12(2): 46-51. (no abstract available) 476. Ghavami, K.; Van Hombeeck, R. 1984. Application of coconut husk as low cost construction material. In: Ghavami, K.; Fang, H.Y., eds. Proceedings of the interna- tional conference on development of low-cost and energy saving construction material. 1984 July; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Envo Publishing Co.: 53-60. (no abstract available) 477. Nayar, N.M. 1983. Coconut research and development. Proceedings of the international symposium on coconut research and development; 1976 December 27-31; Kerala, India. New Delhi, India: Wiley Eastern Limited. 518 p. Summary: This proceedings reports on an international symposium on coconut development and research. The majority of the papers in the proceedings deals with products from coconut other than building materials. Building materials produced from coconut are briefly covered in one presentation. 478. Owolahi, O.; Czvikovszky, T. 1983. Radiation processing of composite materials on the basis of coconut hair and plastics. Proceedings, Tihany symposium radiation chemistry: 5(2): 799-804. Summary: Acceptable mechanical properties were gained through the use of coconut fibers instead of glass fibers in unsaturated polyester-based composites. When coconut fibers were pretreated by y-radiation, the tensile and flexural strengths increased by at least 20 and 45 percent, respec- tively, compared to that of samples containing untreated fibers. Boiling fibers in 20 g/l NaOH increased tensile and flexural strengths of the reinforced polyesters by another 5 percent. Results were shown for 40 to 116 phr coconut fibers in diethylene glycol-ethylene glycol-maleic anhy- dride-phthalic anhydride-sebacic acid polymer. 479. Owolabi, O.; Czvikovszky, T. 1987. Composite materials of radiation-treated coconut fiber and PVC. Proceedings, Tihany symposium radiation chemistry: 6(2): 611-618. Summary: Chopped coconut fibers were applied in compos- ites with plasticized and hard PVC. Thermoplastic process- ing was not affected if the fiber content was not greater than 40 percent by weight and if suitable processing aids were used. Dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) data, as well as tensile and impact strengths of coir composites (of up to 50 percent coir content) have not been found superior to that of the starting thermoplastics. Considering coconut fiber as an inexpensive filler, composites with acceptable tensile and impact strengths could be produced with coir content as high as 30 percent. 480. Owolabi, O.; Czvikovszky, T. 1988. Composite materials of radiation-treated coconut fiber and thermoplas- tics. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 35(3): 573-582. Summary: This paper describes how polypropylene and two different kinds of PVC were compounded with chopped coconut fiber (coir). Pre-irradiation of coir was applied together with some crosslinking additive to achieve chemical bond between thermoplastics and fibrous biopolymer. Dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) data as well as tensile and impact strengths of coir composites (of up to 50 percent coir content) were not found to be superior to that of the starting thermoplastics. Considering coconut fiber as an inexpensive filler, composites with acceptable tensile and impact strengths could be produced with coir content as high as 30 percent. Material Used in Natural State 481. Mosteiro, A.P. 1980. The properties, uses and mainte- nance of coconut palm timber as a building material. Forpride Digest. 9(3/4): 46-55, 67. (no abstract available) 482. Palomar, R.N. 1979. Pressure impregnation of coconut sawn lumber for building construction materials study conducted at PCA, Zamboanga Research Center, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Coconut Studies. 4(4): 15-28. Summary: This paper tells how the absorption of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) by coconut lumber depended on the moisture content and density of the lumber, and decreased with increasing moisture content and density. At moisture contents greater than 25 percent, the lumber of 0.34 to 0.37 g/cm3 density could be treated satisfactorily under pressure. Tests on CCA penetration showed that soft coconut wood has deeper penetration than hardwood. 483. Palomar, R.N. 1980. Pressure impregnation of coconut lumber sawn for building construction lumber. Agricultural Research Branch, Philippine Coconut Authority: 80-94. Summary: This paper reports how the satisfactory penetra- tion of preservative was obtained by pressure-treating lumber 25 or 50 mm thick after drying for at least 30 and 45 days, respectively. A suitable preservative was 2 percent CCA. (Also see references 197, 419, 420, and 925.) 49 Coffee Bean [ Hull, Grounds] Panel Board Particleboard 484. Tropical Products Institute. 1963. Manufacture of particle board from coffee husks. Rep. 18/63. London, England: Tropical Products Institute (TPI). 4 p. Summary: Particleboards 1.27 cm thick were prepared from coffee husks, from a mixture of coffee husks and cotton seeds, and from a mixture of coffee husks and groundnut shells. Urea-formaldehyde resin in varying amounts was used as a binder. The material was formed into a mat and pressed at 140°C for 10 min at pressures ranging from 206.8 kPa to 2.1 MPa. Increased resin content and increased density resulted in improved board strength and water resistance. Boards containing 15 percent resin and having a density of 1.1 g/cm3 exceeded the British Standard minimum strength. Coffee husks mixed with other waste materials gave boards of lower strengths than coffee husks alone. (Also see reference 487.) Unknown Board (See references 3, 197, and 517.) Cement/Clay/Gypsum/Plaster Materials (See reference 197.) Molded Masses Resins/Binders 485. Runton, L.A. 1972. Producing molded articles from coffee bean hulls. Assignee: Industrial de Cascarillas- Ciscana SA. Patent, P.N.: US 3686384, I.D.: 720822. Summary: Waste coffee bean hulls were molded at 232.2°C to 260°C with reduced cellulose oxidation by adding waste rice hulls, colloidal silica, ground glass, or glass fiber waste. The material was found to be suitable for structural materials. 486. Runton, L.A. 1972. Resin-coated molded articles from coffee bean hulls. Assignee: Industrial de Cascarillas- Ciscana SA. Patent, P.N.: US 3687877, I.D.: 720829. Summary: A mixture of ground-coffee bean hulls and rice hulls was coated with phenol-formaldehyde resin, cold molded into a preform, and molded at 143.3°C to 204.4°C and 1,524 to 10,160 kg/in2 to give a product useful for furniture parts. 50 Corn/Maize [Cob, Husk, Stalk] Panel Board Particleboard 487. Chow, P. 1975. Dry formed composite board from selected agricultural fiber residues. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); world consulta- tion on wood based panels; 1975 February; New Delhi, India. 8 p. Summary: Dry-process medium density interior-type experimental boards were made from both pressurized Bauer treated and hammer-milled corncobs and cornstalks includ- ing husks and leaves, hammer-milled kenaf stalks, peanut hulls, spent instant coffee grounds, sunflower seed hulls, scotch pine needles, leaves from oaks, maple shavings, and commercial oak flakes made from a Pallmann flaker. The properties of boards made from pressurized Bauer treated corn crop residues were better than those made from hammer-milled corn crop residues and exceeded the require- ments for commercial particleboard. Hardwood leaves were unsuitable for board production. Needle board and coffee ground board can be used as vertically installed interior paneling. In general, each type of residue material had its own physical and chemical characteristics. 488. Durso, D.F. 1949. Building panels from agricultural residues. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, School of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry. Unpublished thesis. Summary: This thesis describes how the methods for the production of building panels from corn plant residues were investigated. Corn cobs ground to 20 mesh and mixed with 20 percent resin were molded, at moderate pressure, into very hard, smooth materials, which were easily sanded and polished. Reduction in particle size from 20 to 40 mesh gave a 10 percent increase in tensile strength of the panels. Hardboard materials were fabricated with shredded corn- stalks and 10 percent resin content. Shredding was per- formed by a Wiley hammermill operating without a screen. Insulation panels were fabricated with whole corn stalks using 20 percent resin and a press pressure of 344.7 kPa. 489. Hazen, T.E. 1950. Utilization of whole vegetable stalks bonded with adhesives for building boards and structural panels. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, School of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering. Unpublished thesis. Summary: Shredded corn stalks were bonded to form boards with as low as 10 percent resin content at press pressures of 2.4 MPa; the resulting boards were hard and dense and could be sawn and sanded. Corn cobs ground to 20 mesh were mixed with 20 percent resin and molded at moderate press pressures. With an increase in resin content, improvement combinations and proportions with a phenol-formaldehyde Summary: Maizewood’s board mill at Dubuque, Iowa, has binder and pressed at 180°C and a pressure of 5.5 MPa for been modernized. Since 1929, the mill has made insulative 15 to 20 min. Most boards obtained showed thermal and board from cornstalks. Now it uses any type of fibrous electrical insulation properties comparable to those of material, including straw, flax shives, hemp, wood, and commercially produced boards. waste paper. The process and equipment were described. 507. Hartford, C.E. 1930. Making boards from cornstalks at Dubuque (Iowa). Paper Trade Journal. 91(18): 80-82. 513. Rao, Ramachandra, K. 1965. Utilization of corn-cobs for manufacture of plywood. Indian Forester. 91(6): 405. Summary: The manufacturing process used at the Dubuque mill for converting cornstalks into insulation board is described. Shredded stalks are cooked under pressure for 2 h, yielding a pulp which is then sized, formed into a mat, pressed, and dried. Summary: Insulating-type building boards, made from corncobs by cutting the cobs in transverse sections of required thickness and forming into slabs covered on both sides with a veneer, are lighter and cheaper than ordinary plywood. 508. Hartford, C.E. 1930. The production of insulating board from cornstalks. Industrial and Engineering Chemis- try. 22(12): 1280-1284. Summary: The manufacture of “Maizewood” insulation board from cornstalks and the properties of the product is described in detail. A considerable bibliography of various proposed processes for the utilization of corn waste is included. 509. Lathrop, E.C. 1948. Industrial utilization of corn crop residues. Chemurgic Digest. 7(6): 20-26. Summary: This article covers the history of cornstalk use in the production of insulation board. Due to high collection cost and the fact that leaves are of no value, manufacture of the insulation boards has been abandoned. 510. Naffziger, T.R. 1934. I. Some factors affecting the production of insulation board. II. The development of the commercial production of refrigeration board and press- board. Ames, IA: Iowa State College Journal of Science: 9(1): 183-185. Summary: The properties of commercial boards were tested, and experiments were made with different fireproofing, moldproofing, and sizing agents. The grade of refrigeration board obtained from the pith of cornstalks was better than that obtained from the whole stalk. 514. Sweeny, O.R.; Arnold, L.K. 1937. Studies on the manufacture of insulating board. Bull. 136. Ames, IA: Iowa Engineering Experiment Station. 75 p. Summary: Strong insulating board was produced from cornstalk pulp cooked in water at atmospheric pressure for 3 h. Adding repulped newsprint (up to about 20 percent) improved the strength of the board. The optimal forming consistency and sizing conditions were determined. High- density boards were made by cold pressing followed by drying, or drying under pressure. Surface coatings increased the strength and reduced the air permeability of the board. Drying tests were conducted varying the temperature, humidity, pulp composition, and type of drying equipment. 515. Sweeny, O.R.; Arnold, L.K. 1948. Moisture relations in the manufacture and use of cornstalk insulating board. Bull. 163. Ames, IA: Iowa Engineering Experiment Station. 35 p. Summary: The moisture effects in drying and application of cornstalk and other insulating boards were studied. It was found that boards having high initial moisture content absorbed less water upon immersion than dry boards, although the final moisture content total was greater in the former. 511. Plagge, H.J.; Arnold, L.K.; Whittemore, E.R. 1933. The surface treatment of acoustic tile. Paper Trade Journal. 96(6): 27-29. 516. Sweeny, O.R.; Emley, W.E. 1930. Manufacture of insulating board from cornstalks. Misc. Pub. 112. United States National Bureau of Standards. 27 p. Summary: The effect of several types and degrees of surface treatment on sound absorption coefficient of cornstalk fiberboard was examined. Acoustic tile had a specific absorption coefficient characteristic of the fiber mass. It can be designed by a proper balance of bevel, number, width, and depth of grooves to have any specific absorption coefficient over a wide range. Summary: Shredded stalks, in some cases after digesting with water either with or without the addition of chemicals, were pulped by means of a Hollander beater, and a swing- hammermill or a rod mill. After refining and washing, the pulp was fed on to a modified Oliver filter and the mat pressed in three sets of heavy rolls. The resulting board properties are similar to those of commercial boards, but the boards will not withstand frequent or continuous immersion 512. Porter, R.W. 1950. Modernization at Maizewood’s insulating board mill. The Paper Industry. 32(3): 270-274. in water. (Also see references 159, 493, 494, 681, and 1064.) 53 Unknown Board 517. Chow, P. 1976. The use of crop (corn, peanut, sun- flower, coffee) residues for board-making. Environmental Conservation. 3(1): 59-62. Summary: Experimental boards were made from corncobs, cornstalks, peanut hulls, sunflower seed hulls, and spent coffee grounds. Most of the residues alone, and mixtures of either a wood waste and a crop residue or two different crop residues, produced composite boards that had properties comparable with or better than those of boards made from conventional wood materials. Boards made from only sunflower-seed hulls or spent coffee grounds had weak bending properties; therefore, vertical use of these boards was recommended. 518. Colov, V.; Genov, I.; Todorov, T.; Karagozov, T. 1979. Boards made from maize stalks. Drevo. 34(5): 134-135. [Slovakian; Russian and English summaries]. (no abstract available) 519. Hinde, J.J. 1930. Wall board. Patent, P.N.: US 1755781, I.D.: 300422. Summary: The hard-fibrous material of the external casing of pithy plants, such as cornstalks, is alternately layered with layers of the internal pithy structure of the plant to yield wall board. 520. Kirkpatrick, S.D. 1928. Cornstalks as chemical raw materials. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. 35: 401-403. Summary: This paper describes experiments of production of wallboard and pulp from cornstalks. 521. Lewis, R.L. 1955. Structural properties of cornstalk building panels. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, School of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineer- ing. Unpublished thesis. Summary: Standard test methods were applied to the testing of corn stalk (cutin free) panel boards. Thirteen groups of boards were produced with variables being veneer, stalk arrangement, stalk variety, and adhesive. All panels were 121.92 by 243.84 by 6.35 cm. Press pressure was 103.4 kPa or less at temperatures of 90°C to 130°C at surface center of the board. Beams of 81.28 cm and columns of 12.70, 27.94, 31.75, 63.50, 127.00, and 160.02 cm were tested for modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and ultimate stress as dependent variables. It was found that structural properties were a function of the core density and moisture content of the specimens. Veneers (of plywood and aluminum) did not increase the load carrying capacity of the specimens relative to nonveneered counterparts. Modulus of elasticity increased with the addition of veneer. The effect of stalk arrangement was significant; the strength being in proportion to the amount of material running parallel to the applied load. 54 522. Midwest Research Institute. 1961. Industrial utiliza- tion opportunities for corn products. Midwest Research Institute Project 2398-Ec. Final report. Nebraska Agricul- tural Products Research Fund Committee: 54-56. Summary: The volume of corn grown in Nebraska and potential uses for corn and its residues are discussed in detail. Included in the study is a brief overview of the use of corn residues for wallboard and paper. 523. Samek, J. 1960. Review of the most important proper- ties of new wood products. Drevo. 15(5): 143-145. [Slovakian]. Summary: The mechanical and physical properties of wood products introduced on the Czechoslovakian market are tabulated in this paper. In some of the products, agricultural residues (corn cob, straw) are used. Likus is a board made of a mixture of wood waste and agricultural residues; solomit is a reinforced board made from rape straw. 524. Sweeny, O.R. 1931. Production of synthetic lumber from cornstalks. Patent, P.N.: US 1803737, I.D.: 310505. Summary: Unshredded cornstalks are cooked in water of pH 7 under 206.8 kPa of pressure for 3 h, allowed to remain in the water for a further 4 to 24 h, macerated in a rod mill to produce fibers several centimeters in length, and washed on a sieve. The pulp is then formed into boards by pressure using typical methods. 525. Winslow, R.L. 1951. Structural panels from corn stalks. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, School of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry. Unpublished thesis. Summary: The optimization of bonding was studied in the production of panels made from corn stalks. It was found that to utilize whole stalks for panel production, the micro- scopic waxy surface layer had to be removed to improve bonding effectiveness. To remove the waxy layer, the stalks were either sandblasted or carbonized by burning quickly in a very hot flame. Sandblasting and carbonizing stalks yielded panels which failed in bending before bond failure occurred when panels were loaded to ultimate load. (Also see references 3, 190, and 491.) Cement/Clay/Gypsum/ Plaster Materials (See references 622 and 674.) Molded Masses Resins/Binders 526. Bornstein, L.F. 1971. Soft plywood. Patent, P.N.: US 3586576, I.D.: unknown. Summary: This patent explains how corncobs and wheat flour are used in the production of a new type of plywood. 527. Demko, P.R.; Washabaugh, F.J.; Williams, R.H. 1977. Corrugating adhesive compositions containing thermoplastic polymer, thermosetting resin, and starch. Assignee: National Starch and Chemical Corp. Patent, P.N.: US 4018959, I.D.: 770419. Summary: Water-resistant adhesives for corrugated boards are prepared from a mixture of vinyl acetate resin, a urea- formaldehyde copolymer resin, a starch (a waxy maize), water, and a metal salt catalyst. 528. Emerson, R.W. 1956. Molding compositions from lignocellulose condensates. Patent, P.N.: US 2765569, I.D.: unknown. Summary: The reaction of cornstalks and flour with furfural and urea for the production of molding compositions is explained. 529. Kikuchi, K.; Miyake, K.; Suzuke, O. 1975. Adhesives for corrugated boards. Assignee: Honen Oil Co. Ltd. Patent, P.N.: JP 50034576, I.D.: 751110. [Japanese]. Summary: Manufacture of stable adhesives for corrugated boards involved pasting of starch with 0.1 to 1 percent NaOH and 20 to 35 percent water or of corn or wheat flour with 0.1 to 1 percent NaOH, < 1 percent NaHSO3, and 20 to 35 percent water. After preparation, the adhesive had a viscosity of 342 cP, changing only to 314 cP after pumping, and adhesive strength (corrugated board) of 3.0 MPa. 530. Rudy, N.J. 1985. Integrally bonded compositions of cellulosics and byproducts thereof directly from wet sawdust and the like. Patent, P.N.: US 4496718, I.D.: 850129. Summary: Integrally bonded board was manufactured by hot-compressing wet sawdust containing an oxidizing reagent, such as NaClO, Cl, Br, or cyranuric acid, and optionally a carbohydrate, such as corn starch, wheat flour, sucrose, or soy protein. Miscellaneous General Information/Reviews 531. Anonymous. 1943. Industrial uses of corncobs. Chemurgic Digest. 2(7): 49, 52-53. Summary: This paper reviews the possibilities of industrial utilization of corncobs. 532. Aronovsky, S.I. 1951. Using residues to conserve resources. 1950-1951 Yearbook of agriculture. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture. Yearbook Separate 2283. (no abstract available) 533. Lathrop, E.C. 1947. Corncobs enter industry. 1943- 1947 Yearbook of agriculture. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture. Yearbook Separate 1974. (no abstract available) 534. USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory. 1953. Corncobs–Their composition, availability, agricul- tural and industrial uses. AICC-177. USDA, Northern Regional Research Laboratory. (no abstract available) 535. U.S. Senate. 1957. Report to the Congress from the Commission on increased industrial use of agricultural products. Doc. 45. United States Senate, 85th Congress. (no abstract available) Cotton [Seed Hull/Husk, Stalk] Panel Board Particleboard 536. Gurjar, R.M. 1993. Effect of different binders on properties of particle board from cotton seed hulls with emphasis on water repellency. Bioresource Technology. 43(2): 177-178. Summary: Boards were prepared from cotton seed hulls with urea- and phenol-formaldehyde resin binders in different amounts. The optimum binder and percent usage was found to be 5 percent phenol formaldehyde. 537. Mahdavi, E. 1970. Economic and technical aspects of harvesting cotton stalks for the production of particle board. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Doc. (UNIDO) ID/WG.83/11. United Nations Industrial Develop- ment Organization (UNIDO) Expert Working Group meeting on the production of panels from agricultural residues; 1970 December 14-18; Vienna, Austria. 7 p. Summary: Cotton stalks are used for the production of particleboard at a plant near Gorgan, Iran. A brief description is given of the harvesting method used to collect and store cotton stalk, and of the manufacturing process of particle- board at the plant. Since boards made from cotton stalks show a dark brown color and moderate strength, at least 50 percent of the stalks are substituted for poplar chips to improve appearance and physical properties. 538. Maurer, Z.O.; Babakhanov, G.A.; Shipilevskaya, S.B.; Tulyaganov, B.K. 1987. Modification of urea- formaldehyde resin by halo-containing compounds and its effect on properties of particleboard manufactured from cotton stems. Povysh. Kachestva Kompozits. Polimer. Mater. s Primeneniem Otkhodov Pr-va za Schet Fiz. i Khim. ikh Aktivatsii: Tashkent: 4-8. [Russian]. (no abstract available) 539. Pandey, S.N.; Mehta, S.A.K. 1980. Particle boards from cotton stalks. Research and Industry. 25(6): 67-70. Summary: This paper discusses a process that uses cotton plant stalk and other agricultural wastes in various 55 51 percent moisture in the compact. The beginning slurry contains Ca(OH)2, perlite, asbestos, scrap cotton, and water. (Also see references 197 and 912.) Miscellaneous Material Preparation Pulping/Storage Methods (See reference 548.) General Information/Reviews 558. Anonymous. 1975. Cotton stalks, a new building material. Algodon Mexico. 83: 56-57. [Spanish]. (no abstract available) 559. Guha, S.R.D.; Singh, M.M.; Sharma, Y.K.; Kumar, K.; Bhola, P.O. 1979. Utilization of cotton stem and cotton waste. Indian Forester. 105(1): 57-67. (no abstract available) Flax, Linseed [Shives, Straw] Panel Board Particleboard 560. Deppe, H.J.; Stashevski, A.M. 1974. Manufacture and testing of protected phenol-resin bonded flax particle boards. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 32: 411-413. [German]. Summary: A method was developed to prepare phenolic resin-bonded flax particleboards with or without wood preservatives protecting against Coniophora puteana or Poria vaillantii. The physical and mechanical properties of the boards were determined. Mold fungus decreased the strength of nonprotected boards by more than 50 percent. Wood preservative, Xyligen 25°F, did not affect the crosslinking of alkali-hardening phenolic resin. 561. Dvorkin, L.I.; Pikovskii, LA.; Kovtun, A.M. 1988. Materials from flax shives. Stroitel'nye Materialy. 9: 16. [Russian]. Summary: The use of flax shives in the manufacture of Arbolite and binderless particleboards was discussed. 562. Eisner, K.; Kolejàk, M. 1958. Building board from flax and hemp fibers. Drevo. 13(12): 356-360. [Polish]. Summary: Experimental boards were prepared from flax and 9 percent urea-formaldehyde resin binder. The mixture with 6 percent moisture content was pressed at 160°C for 6 min. The density of the boards was 0.60 to 0.65 g/cm3; boards of lesser density (around 0.16 g/cm3) can be produced. Hemp fibers required only 7.5 percent binder. Although flax and hemp boards resulted in higher swelling when exposed to water, they are more economical to produce. 58 563. Fahmy, Y.A.; Fadl, N.A. 1979. Acetylation in particle board making. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry. 20(4): 397-403. Summary: Liquid-phase acetylation of flax straw in a mixture of Ac2O, AcOH, and HClO4, decreased the water resistance, swelling thickness, and bending strength of the resulting particleboard relative to that of nonacetylated boards. 564. Fadl, N.A.; Sefain, M.Z. 1977. Coating of finished flax particle boards with insoluble gelatin. Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology. 27(8): 389-392. Summary: Coating finished flax particleboards with gelatin alone did not improve the resistance of boards to hot water, whereas coating with gelatin and hexamine using high temperature produced an insoluble gelatin film on the flax particles, which improved water resistance of the coated boards. Particleboards coated with 5 percent gelatin and a high concentration of hexamine (10 percent), improved water resistance to about 50 percent higher than that of uncoated samples. Higher amounts of gelatin (7.5 and 10 percent) gave a smaller improvement. Changes in thickness and density of the coated samples were also investigated. 56.5. Heller, L. 1978. Production defects in laminated and nonlaminated particle boards made from flax shives. Drevo. 33(4): 105-108. [Slovakian]. (no abstract available) 566. Klauditz, W.; Ulbricht, H.J.; Kratz, W. 1958. Production and properties of lightweight wood-shaving boards. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 16(12): 459-466. [German]. Summary: Particleboards having densities of 0.3 to 0.5 g/cm3 were prepared from softwoods, hardwoods, and flax straw. About 6.9 percent urea-formaldehyde resin was added as a binder. The boards showed strength properties that made them suitable for various commercial applications. 567. Lawniczak, M.; Nowak, K. 1962. The influence of hydrophobing impregnating agents on moisture-caused dimensional changes in wood-particle and flax-chaff boards. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 20(2): 68-72. [German]. Summary: Wood-particle and flax-chaff boards were treated with two different paraffin-based commercial water-proofing agents in amounts of 0.5 percent. By this means, the 24-h thickness swelling in water could be reduced by around 56 percent in particleboard and 85 percent in flax-chaff boards. After 140 days of storage in moist air, water-proofed flax-chaff boards had swollen 60 percent less than untreated boards. 568. Lawniczak, M.; Nowak, K.; Raczkowski, J. 1962. Properties and uses of flax and hemp waste boards. Drevo. 17(1): 5-8. [Slovakian]. Summary: Chaff or waste from processing flax and hemp constitutes up to 50 percent of the weight of these materials. In Poland, a large amount of the chaff is used for manufac- turing particleboards by the Linex-Verkor process. Results of tests to determine the mechanical and physical properties of commercial products of various densities were reported. The swelling and water-vapor sorption of chaff boards were lower than those of three-layer wood particleboards. The mechanical properties (bending and tensile strengths, hardness, and nail resistance) were comparable to those of wood particleboard of the same density. 569. Lawniczak, M.; Nowak, K.; Zielinski, S. 1961. Mechanical and technological properties of flaxboard. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 19(7): 232-239. [German]. Summary: Flaxboards have mechanical and technological properties equal to those of wood particleboards of the same density. However, since no water repelling agents are used in the manufacture of flaxboard, the water absorption and linear thickness swelling of boards having a density of 0.60 and 0.65 g/cm3 are greater than those of wood particleboard. The most important use of flaxboard is in the manufacture of furniture. Because of particularly high heat insulation capacities and sound absorptivity, flaxboards are increas- ingly used in the construction industry. 570. Lawniczak, M.; Raczkowski, J. 1962. The physical and mechanical properties of boards from flax waste. Derevoobrabatyrayushchaya Promyshlennost. 11(10): 27-28. [Russian]. Summary: Building boards made from flax shives were produced in Poland in two density ranges, 0.50 to 0.70 g/cm3 and 0.30 to 0.40 g/cm3, the latter used as insulation paneling. After thorough cleaning, the shives were formed into boards using thermosetting urea-formaldehyde resin as the binder. The water absorption of flaxboard is lower than that of wood particleboard and is further reduced by adding a recently developed water-proofing agent. The modulus of elasticity and bending strength are comparable to those of wood particleboard of the same density; however, the special advantages of flaxboards are their high thermal and sound- insulating properties. 571. Lawniczak, M.; Raczkowski, J. 1963. Particle boards made from flax and hemp shives. Drvna Industrija. 14(9/10): 139-146. [Croatian]. Summary: This paper describes the process used at the Vitasicama mill in Poland for producing particleboard from flax and hemp waste. Dust and fibers, about 25 percent of the raw material, are removed pneumatically before mixing the shives with urea-formaldehyde resin and a water-proofing agent. The mixture, having a moisture content of 12 percent, is formed into a mat and pressed at 140°C to 150°C. Pressing time depends on the thickness and density of the board. Boards with densities of 0.50 to 0.70 g/cm3 are produced for use in structural applications and furniture. Small quantities of lighter boards (density of 0.30 to 0.40 g/cm3) are also produced, yielding a suitable insulation material. The physical and mechanical properties of the hemp boards compared well with those of boards made from wood. 572. Lawniczak, M.; Raczkowski, J. 1964. The effect of gamma radiation on lignocellulose particle/urea-formalde- hyde binder compositions. Holztechnologie. 5(Special issue): 39-42. [German]. Summary: Studies that involved the subjection of flax particleboard to Co60γ-radiation showed that board static- bending strength, impact-bending strength, and hardness decreased with increasing radiation dose. Board hygroscop- icity and thickness swelling were not affected significantly by the radiation. The effects of y-radiation on flax particle- board were similar to those of y-radiation on wood particle- board and wood. 573. Mestdagh, M.; Demeulemeester, M. 1970. The manufacture of phenolic-resin-bonded flax-particle board for the construction industry. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 28(6): 209-214. [German]. Summary: The structure, chemical composition, and me- chanical resistance of flax shives and flaxboards are dis- cussed and compared with corresponding properties of wood particleboards. No significant differences preventing the production of flaxboards with phenolic resins was observed. 574. Nice, R.; Cremaschi, J. 1961. Quebracho tannin- formaldehyde adhesive for particle board. Revista Sociedal Quimica Mexico. 5(3): 98-103. [Spanish]. Summary: Manufacturing of particleboard from poplar wood and flax fibers using quebracho tannin formaldehyde adhesive as a binder resulted in board with properties approximating or superior to those of similar boards using urea-formaldehyde resin adhesives. The cost of the tannin formaldehyde adhesive is less than half of that of urea- formaldehyde resin adhesives. 575. Nowak, K.; Paprzycki, O. 1961. Testing of glue lines in bonding flaxboard with wood and other wood-based materials. Przemysl Drzewny. No. 8 [Polish]. Summary: In Poland, flaxboard is commonly used in furniture manufacturing, as flooring underlayment, and as roof sheathing material. For evaluating the adhesive bonding characteristics of flaxboard, shearing strength, and water resistance of glued joints including the following combina- tions were determined: flaxboard/flaxboard, flaxboard/pine wood, flaxboard/hard fiberboard. Protein glues, urea- formaldehyde resin, or phenol-formaldehyde resin were used as binder. The samples were tested untreated, after exposure to high air humidity for 30 days, and/or after submersion in water for 24 h. By far, the lowest strength was obtained with the flaxboard/hard fiberboard combination; other samples did not show much difference. Phenol-formaldehyde resin gave 59 bonds of particularly high water resistance followed by urea- formaldehyde resin and casein glue. 576. Skory, H. 1969. Method of improving some physical properties of flaxboard. Przemysl Drzewny. 20(1): 12-13. [Polish]. Summary: The possibility of improving the water resistance of flaxboard by incorporating a special paraffin emulsion into the fibrous material was investigated. It was found that both water absorption and swelling in water decreased considerably with increasing paraffin content in the boards. Optimum values were obtained with boards containing 0.7 percent of the water proofing agent. Further increasing the paraffin content resulted in products of lower strength. 577. Swiderski, J. 1960. Technology for flaxboard manufac- ture. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 18(7): 242-250. [German]. Summary: This paper provides a well illustrated description of the technology of flaxboard manufacture in terms of facilities and operations of a recently constructed mill in Poland. Compared with the manufacture of wood particleboards, the processing of flax shives requires no chipping, uses less drying power, and uses no press forms. Flaxboard production requires closer moisture control, twice as much performing pressure, and a more rugged hot press design relative to wood particleboard production. 578. Takats, P. 1978. Possibilities of joint utilization of flax shive and poplar cuttings for chipboard manufacturing. Faipar. 28(5): 145-146. [Hungarian]. (no abstract available) 579. Tomàsek, L. 1962. Flax shive particle boards. Drev. Vyber. 15(6): 49-54. [Slovakian]. (no abstract available) 580. Verbestel, J.B.; Kornblum, G. 1957. Particle boards from flax. Part I. Utilization of agricultural by-products. Part II. Industrial experience in the use of flax straw for the manufacture of particle boards. FAO/ECE/BOARD CONS/ Paper 4.16. Fiberboard and Particleboard. Report of an International consultation on insulation board, hardboard, and particleboard; Geneva, Switzerland. Summary: Part I of this paper dealt with the availability and utilization of agricultural byproducts, especially of flax straw. Part 2 reviewed the industrial experience in the manufacture of flaxboards gained over more than 20 years. 581. Wood Technology Research Institute. 1964. Possible uses of flaxboards in the furniture industry. Final Rep. 04 30 01 h/AE-3-101/FK. Dresden, Germany: Wood Technology Research Institute. 80 p. [German]. Summary: This was an extensive study on the physical properties of flaxboards, their workability, and utilization in 60 the furniture industry. The following items were investi- gated: hygroscopicity of the boards at different humidities, water absorption and thickness swelling after submersion in water, surface quality and coating, glued joints and loose joints, and suitability of the panels. Recommendations were given concerning the optimum utilization of flaxboard. (Also see references 33, 34, 44, 53, 59, 70, 83, 660, 787, and 1148.) Fiberboard/Hardboard 582. Barthel, R. 1961. Utilization of by-product flax shives for fiber boards. Faserforschung und Textiltechnik. 12(11): 534-547. [German]. Summary: Flax shives constitute about 37 percent of the harvested yield of the flax plant. Experiments demonstrated that fiberboards with satisfactory properties comparable to those of wood particleboards and fiberboards can be made from this agricultural waste. The manufacturing process included sorting and cleaning of the flax chaff, pressure- steaming, defibration in a disk mill, sheeting of the processed shives by a wet process, and molding in a hot press with or without the addition of phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesive into fiberboards ranging in density from less than 0.25 to 1.0 g/cm3. 583. Bularca, M. 1985. Research on the utilization of acacia wood, willow wood, and some lignocellulosic materials (vine shoots and flax boon) as raw material for the produc- tion of wood fiber boards-wet process. Industria. Lemnului. 36(4): 193-200. [Romanian]. Summary: Wood from fast-growing trees (acacia and willow) and other lignocellulosic materials (vine shoots and flax boon) were studied to determine their feasibility as raw materials for the manufacture of fiberboard. Tests were conducted to determine the physical and chemical character- istics of these raw materials, followed by pilot plant tests to determine tests for optimum grinding, defibering, and refining parameters for producing wood fiberboards with mechanical and physical characteristics that meet standard requirements. 584. Lüdtke, M. 1939. The utilization of the waste products from flax and hemp retting. Melliand Textilberichte. 20(4): 253-256. [German]. Summary: Possibilities for using waste products from flax and hemp retting are discussed. None of the industrial applications considered is practical, including the manufac- ture of insulation board and fiberboard. 585. Morze, Z.; Kinastowski, S.; Lecka, J.; Kozlowski, R. 1982. Impregnated decorative paper for finishing the surface of flax fiberboards. Prace Instytutu Krajowych Wlokien Naturalnych. 27: 273-281. [Polish]. Industries. [Polish]. (no abstract available) 607. Frackowiak, A.; Lawniczak, M. 1961. The effect of the waterproofing impregnating agent GSE-10 on some properties of flax waste boards. Przemysl Drzewny. 12(11): 8-9. [Polish]. Summary: A new waterproofing agent developed at the Institute of Wood Technology in Poznan reduced the hygroscopicity of flax waste boards by 30 percent and swelling by 40 percent, and increased bending strength greatly. 608. Heller, L. 1976. Laboratory quality control of chemi- cals, semiproducts, and laminated flaxboards. Drevo. 31(9): 277-278. [Slovakian]. (no abstract available) 609. Horikoshi, K. 1990. Nonflammable building boards from wooden materials and cement. Patent, P.N.: JP 02034544, I.D.: 900205. [Japanese]. Summary: Wooden materials selected from excelsior, wood chips, pulp, bamboo, and flax are dipped in a solution containing alkali metal silicate, colloidal SiO2, and/or SiO2 gel, coated with a binder and a combustion inhibitor, cast or press molded, and hardened to obtain nonflammable building boards. 610. Inyutin, V.I.; Baranov, Y.D.; Matvetsov, V.I. 1983. Composition for producing structural products. Assignee: Belorussian Institute of Railroad Transport Engineering. Patent, P.N.: SU 1021667, I.D.: 830607. [Belorussian]. Summary: Building materials with high compressive and bending strengths are prepared from 17.5 to 22.5 percent by weight phenol-formaldehyde resol resin, 7.5 to 12.5 percent by weight epoxy diam resin, 22.5 to 27.5 percent by weight wastes from flax or cotton fabrics, and 37.5 to 52.5 percent by weight phosphogypsum hemihydrate. 611. Matejak, M. 1980. Sorption properties of flax and hemp shive boards. Holzforschung und Holzverwertung. 32(3): 67-69. [German; English summary]. Summary: Sorption isotherms were determined for flax and hemp boards made with urea-formaldehyde resin immedi- ately after manufacture and after five climatic cycles. Increases in hygroscopicity during adsorption and a partial decrease during desorption were observed. There was an increase in the internal surface of the boards as a result of flaws developing in the cell walls with changes in humidity, with a consequent increase in deposition of moisture. 612. Nowak, K.; Paprzycki, O.; Czechowski, W. 1962. Effect of density on some physical and mechanical properties of flaxboard. Przemysl Wlokienniczy. 5. [Polish]. (no abstract available) 613. Saunderson, H.H. 1944. The industrial utilization of plant and animal products: Province of Manitoba. Report prepared for the Post-War Reconstruction Committee of the Government of Manitoba. Manitoba: University of Manitoba. 60 p. Summary: The use of flax straw and other straws for the production of panel boards is briefly discussed. 614. Sinek, J. 1961. Linex boards from flax waste. Tech. Nov. 9(48): 5. [Slovakian]. Summary: A plant for manufacturing building boards from flax waste is under construction in Vesela, Czechoslovakia. The manufacturing process is described and the applications of the Linex boards in construction are discussed and illustrated. 615. Sizova, E.M.; Iakovenko, T.N. 1977. Pressing boards from (fiber flax) shive on rapidly hardening resins. Len i konoplia. 10: 36-37. [Russian]. (no abstract available) 616. Truc, R. 1972. Some experience with the use of laminated flaxboards for furniture. Drevo. 27(5): 131-133, 141. [Slovakian]. (no abstract available) 617. Verbestel, J.B. 1957. Structural board. Patent, P.N.: US 2798019, I.D.: 570702. Summary: A high strength, dimensionally stable, fungus resistant building board is formed by a dry process from fiber-free flax shives bonded with resin, such as phenol formaldehyde, and consolidated under heat and pressure. (Also see references 3, 190, 400, 401, 591, 594, 665, and 796.) Cement/Clay/Gypsum/ Plaster Materials 618. Bukus, K. 1978. Solidifying compositions for building industry. Patent, P.N.: HU 14627, I.D.: 780328. [Hungarian]. Summary: Clays containing CaO (pH > 8) were heated at 100°C to 900°C ground, homogenized with fillers, such as coal-dust ash, cinder, black ground-flax straw, sawdust, or ground reed, optionally cement, and aqueous Ca(OH)2 to pH of 11. Final building composition is a plastic mass of pH 11. 619. Coutts, R.S.P. 1983. Flax fibres as a reinforcement in cement mortars. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete. 5: 257-262. (no abstract available) 63 620. Kober, H. 1983. Reinforcing fibres for mineral building material comprising flax stems opened and impreg- nated with lime water. Assignee: (KOBE/) Kober H. Patent, P.N.: US 4369201, I.D.: 830118. Summary: Flax-stem fibers are cut to length and opened along the capillaries, then dried, impregnated with a suspen- sion of lime in water, dried again, then saturated with a solution of soluble glass containing formaldehyde. Fibers are used as reinforcement of pipes, boards, and profiles with angle moldings. The fibers are used as a replacement for asbestos. The lime mineralizes the fibers so that they have the same physical properties of asbestos without the toxicity, and they are especially resistant to industrial gases, fungi, insect attack, and putrefaction, Additionally, fibers have a high resistance to fire. 621. Krasnov, A.M.; Popov, V.N.; Kropotova, E.V.; Bezgina, O.S. 1991. Raw mixtures for manufacture of arbolite. Assignee: Mari Polytechnic Institute. Patent, P.N.: SU 1618737, I.D.: 910107. [Russian]. Summary: Flax waste is used as an additional component to increase construction capability of a material prepared with Portland cement, gypsum, and water. 622. Sestak, S.; Sestak, K. 1990. Manufacture of multicom- ponent building material. Patent, P.N.: CS 264914, I.D.: 900613. [Slovakian]. Summary: A material is manufactured by mixing sawdust with 60 to 65 percent by weight of the total amount with the required amount of water, optionally adding 10 to 30 percent by weight (based on weight of water) slaked lime or syn- thetic latex, adding fly ash while continuously mixing, additionally adding cement after mixing for more than 30 s, and adding the remainder of the water after mixing 10 s. Sawdust may be replaced by other fibrous materials such as chaff, flax powder, crushed hay, crushed cornstalks, and powdered reed. The material can be used for the manufacture of prefabricated elements, monoliths, or as mortar for plastering, bricklaying, or spraying. 623. Yanoshkin, V.F.; Berdichevskii, R.E. 1990. Gypsum blocks for exterior and interior walls. Stroitel'nye Materialy Konstruktsii. 5: 21. [Russian]. Summary: Blocks suitable for construction of load-bearing walls of buildings are manufactured from a <0.80 g/cm3 gypsum binder, <0.12 g/cm3 aggregates (sawdust, flax shives, or rice husks), and 0.30 g/cm3 of plasticizer. (Also see reference 210.) Molded Masses Refractory Materials 624. Anonymous. 1982. Refractory heat-resistant boards. Assignee: Shinagawa Refractories Co. Ltd. Patent, P.N.: JP 57022191, I.D.: 820205. [Japanese]. 64 Summary: Refractory aggregates are mixed with organic fiber and a suitable amount of aqueous H2SO4 solution, molded, and dried. The mixture contains 65 parts MgO, 35 parts SiO2, 1 part glass fiber, 2 parts flax yarn, 2 parts wood fiber, and 25 parts 5 percent aqueous H2SO4 solution, resulting in heat-resistant boards having a bending strength of 2.9 MPa. 625. Nikolaev, N.E.; Agishina, L.N.; Lokosov, V.G. 1988. Moulding composition for producing refractory panels- containing aluminum-chromium phosphate binder, urea, sulphuric acid as fireproofing component, and flax, hemp or wood processing waste. Assignee: (WOOD=) Wood Process Ind. Patent, P.N.: SU 1388406, I.D.: 880415. [Russian]. Summary: The use of sulfuric acid as a fireproofing compo- nent, and flax, hemp, or wood processing waste as filler in the mixture for producing refractory panels, increases the efficiency of the preparation. The mixture contains (in percent by weight): 5 to 13 percent Al-Cr phosphate binder, 4 to 8 percent urea, 2 to 4 percent sulfuric acid, and 75 to 89 percent wastes. The panels are made by hot pressing. Resins/Binders 626. Kepes, J., Nemeth, L.; Kolozsi, A.; Balazs, I. 1985. Phenolic resin moldings. Assignee: Lenfono es Szovoipari Vallalat and Vllamosszigetelo es Muanyaggyar. Patent, P.N.: HU 37159, I.D.: 851128. [Hungarian]. Summary: Moldings used especially for electrical insulators are prepared from phenolic resins and reinforcements. A 50:50 mixture of Bakelite and flax tow was air dried for 2 days at 90°C to 100°C, then molded under high pressure to give electrical insulators. Miscellaneous Economics (See references 34 and 59.) Loose Insulation (See reference 221.) General Information/Reviews 627. Hadnagy, J. 1964. Examination of some problems in flaxboard production technology. Faipar Kutatasok. Vol. 2. Budapest, Hungary. p. 77. [Hungarian]. (no abstract available) Foliage [Needles, Leaves] Panel Board Particleboard 628. Chow, P. 1973. New uses found for discarded Christ- mas trees. Illinois Research. 15(3): 18. Summary: Scotch pine Christmas trees were processed through a wood chipper and hammermilled using a 1.27-cm screen. Boards were comprised of wood, bark, and branches (80 percent by weight) and needles (20 percent by weight). Urea-formaldehyde resin and wax were added prior to pressing. Boards (0.635 cm) with an average density of 0.79 g/cm3 resulted after pressing exhibiting modulus of rupture of 6.6 MPa, modulus of elasticity of 1.59 GPa, and internal bond of 813.6 kPa. After 24 h of water soaking, thickness swell was 10 percent. 629. Chow, P.; Fox, H.W. 1973. Recycling used Christmas trees into decorative panels. American Christmas Tree Journal. 17(1): 15-18. Summary: Boards of 0.635 and 0.9525 cm thickness were produced using discarded Christmas trees. Boards were comprised of wood, bark, and branches (80 percent by weight) and needles (20 percent by weight). Boards of 0.635 cm thickness had an average density of 0.80 g/cm3, a modulus of rupture of 6.8 MPa, a modulus of elasticity of 1.65 GPa, and an internal bond of 834.3 kPa. Boards of 0.9525 cm thickness had an average density of 0.78 g/cm3, a modulus of rupture of 6.5 MPa, a modulus of elasticity of 1.52 GPa, and an internal bond of 792.9 kPa. 630. Howard, E.T. 1974. Needleboards-an exploratory study. Forest Products Journal. 24(5): 50-51. Summary: Medium-density hot-pressed boards were pre- pared from slash pine needles that had been either flattened, benzene-soaked, flattened and benzene-soaked, mercerized, or given no treatment. None of the boards had satisfactory properties for conventional uses. Mercerization improved bending strength and internal bond of the boards, but stiffness and dimensional stability were poor. All other boards were found to be poorly bonded. Insulation Board (See reference 8.) Molded Masses Resins/Binders 631. Chow, S. 1977. Foliage as adhesive extender: a progress report. In: Proceedings of the 11th Washington State University symposium on particleboard; 1990 March; Pullman, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University: 89-98. Summary: Tree foliage (from Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western redcedar, white spruce, lodgepole pine, Scots pine, and red alder), dried and pulverized, is useful as an extender and filler for wood adhesives. The tree foliage exhibited good adhesive properties and could also act as a replacement for the phenolic adhesive; both liquid and powdered phenol- formaldehyde resins gave similar encouraging results. However, further work in durability of the foliage using resin needs to be done. Grasses Panel Board Particleboard 632. Kordsacbia, O.; Baum, N.; Patt, R. 1992. Elephant grass-a potential raw material for the pulp and paper industry. Papier. 46(6): 257-264. [German]. Summary: Due to the high yield per hectare obtainable under the climatic conditions in Germany, elephant grass (Miscanthus sinensis) is regarded as a future raw material for the pulp and paper industry. To present the actual state of knowledge, information about this raw material is summa- rized and results of the authors’ studies on cooking of elephant grass and pulp bleaching are given. The material can be delignified rather easily using the alkaline sulfite process with the addition of anthraquinone. Pulps with good strengths were obtained in high yields and can be chlorine free bleached to high brightness without impairing the pulp strength. The results are compared to those achieved with poplars from short rotation plantations. The special problems associated with processing annual plants were discussed. 633. Narayanamurti, D.; Singh, K. 1963. Boards from Phragmites karka. Indian Pulp and Paper. 17(7): 437. Summary: The manufacture of thermodyne disks, chip boards, and fiberboards from Phragmites karka material and the properties of the products were described. The chip boards (10 percent urea-formaldehyde resin) had a density of 0.565 to 0.741 g/cm3 and a tensile strength of 7.2 to 9.8 MPa. High strength fiberboards were produced from Ca(OH)2- cooked pulps, while boards with good moisture resistance were produced with NaOH cooking. Linseed oil tempering improved both properties considerably, more so than just simple oven tempering. Fiberboard/Hardboard 634. Narayanamurti, D.; Singh, K. 1962. Note on hard- boards from Kans grass (Saccharum spontaneum). Indian Pulp and Paper. 17(5): 301. Summary: Hardboards of satisfactory properties were made experimentally from Kans grass by pulping the grass with caustic soda (0.05 and 0.5 percent), lime (0.1 and 0.3 percent), or water, all mixed with the grass in a 1:20 ratio and boiled for 2 h. The 0.3 percent lime treatment produced the best board with a modulus or rupture of 53.2 MPa, but gave the lowest pulp yield (45 percent). 635. Singh, M.M.; Rana, R.S.; Sekhar, A.C. 1964. Pressed boards from Ulla grass (Themida arundinacia). Indian Pulp and Paper. 19(7): 443, 445-447. Summary: Ulla grass was processed (chopped, screened, soaked, and steamed), defibered in an Asplund defibrator, washed, and pressed into fiberboard at 3.4 MPa for 5 min. 65 stream of hot gas. Particleboards made from the pretreated materials showed lower water absorption and lower thick- ness swelling after soaking in water or after exposure to super-saturated water vapor for 10 days than did boards obtained from untreated materials. Both types of boards exhibited similar strength properties. (Also see references 33, 34, 53, 59, 83, and 571.) Fiberboard/Hardboard (See reference 498.) Insulation Board (See references 512 and 571.) Unknown Board (See references 3, 190, 401, and 665.) Cement/Clay/Gypsum/ Plaster Materials (See references 210, 400, 611, and 912.) Molded Masses Refractory Materials (See reference 625.) Miscellaneous Economics (See references 34 and 59.) General Information/Reviews 651. Anonymous. 1962. The hemp plant--cultivation, retting, mechanized preparation, and uses of hemp; prospects for hemp culture. Ciba Review. 5: 2-32. Summary: The article covers all areas of the hemp plant, its fibrous production, and its uses. Jute [Stalk] Panel Board Particleboard 652. Banerjee, S.P.; Saha, P.K. 1964. Particle board from jute stick. Contribution to the annual report of the Techno- logical Research Laboratories for 1962-1963. Calcutta, India: Indian Central Jute Committee. 4 p. Summary: This article describes the manufacture and properties of particleboards from jute sticks. 68 653. Bhaduri, S.K.; Day, A.; Mondal, S.B.; Sen, S.K. 1992. Degraded gum from ramie in binder composition for jute-stick particle board. Bioresource Technology. 40(1): 87-89. Summary: Degraded gum, obtained from the waste liquor after degumming of decorticated ramie with hot dilute alkali, can replace one-third of the urea-formaldehyde resin required for making jute-stick particleboard. 654. Pandey, S.N.; Das, R.N.; Day, A. 1990. Particle board from jute stick and its lamination-a new process. Research and Industry. 35(4): 227-229. Summary: Production of particleboards from jute stick waste left after extraction of fiber was investigated. The surface lamination of the board with unsaturated polyester resin and effect of the lamination on the physical properties of the board were also studied. (Also see references 33, 34, 53, 57, 59, 83, and 660.) Fiberboard/Hardboard 655. Anonymous. 1962. Hardboard from jute stick. Far Eastern Economic Review. 36(8): 434. Summary: India has begun producing hard paperboard from jute sticks at two Calcutta paper mills. The board is claimed to be a superior quality product of high bursting strength and folding endurance, suitable for making box boards. The manufacture of building board from jute sticks has not yet been considered. (Also see references 114, 660, and 670.) Insulation Board (See references 506 and 660.) Cement/Gypsum/Plaster Board (See references 886, 1014, and 1016.) Plastic/Plastic-Bonded Board 656. Narayanamurti, D.; Singh, J. 1962. Plastic boards from jute sticks. Board Manufacture. 5: 199. (no abstract available) Roofing Board 657. Saha, P.L.; Basak, K.K. 1964. Asphalted roofing material from jute stick. Jute Bulletin. 27(1): 8-9. Summary: A board made from about 52 percent jute stick pulp, 44 percent wastepaper, and 4 percent hosiery cuttings was recently developed by the Technical Research Laborato- ries of the Indian Central Jute Committee at Calcutta, India. The quality of the board, either untreated or after dipping in hot asphalt, compared favorably with similar imported boards. Board can be used as a roofing material after proper surfacing. (Also see references 1014 and 1016.) Unknown Board 658. Narayanamurti, D.; Kohli, R.C. 1961. Boards from jute sticks. Board Manufacture. 4: 122-123. (no abstract available) (Also see references 3 and 665.) Cement/Clay/Gypsum/ Plaster Materials (See references 210, 337, 338, 886, and 912.) Miscellaneous Economics (See references 34 and 59.) General Information/Reviews 659. Tapadar, D.C. 1964. Utilization of jute sticks for the manufacture of paper and board. IPPTA Souvenir:: 137-141. Summary: India’s jute stick supply is reviewed. The data cover the chemical composition and fiber dimensions. Suitable pulping processes and pulp characteristics are covered. Kenaf [Stalk] Panel Board Particleboard 660. Atchison, J.E.; Collins, T.T. 1976. Historical develop- ment of the composition panelboard industry including use of non-wood plant fibers. In: TAPPI nonwood plant fiber pulping progress report 7. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press: 29-48. Summary: The report reviews the origin and development of various sectors of the composition panelboard industry including insulation board, hardboard, particleboard, medium-density fiberboard or fiber-type particleboard, thin panelboard, and combinations of standard particles with fiberized materials. Nonwood materials covered include kenaf stalks, flax shives, jute stalks, bagasse, rice husks and straw, wheat straw, rye straw, oat straw, and barley straw. 661. Chow, P.; Bagby, M.O.; Youngquist, J.A. 1992. Furniture panels made from kenaf stalks, wood waste, and selected crop fiber residues. In: Proceedings of the 4th annual International Kenaf Association conference; 1992 February 5-7; Biloxi, MS. p. 28. Summary: This study was conducted in two parts. Part one determined the effect of density levels (0.64 to 0.72 g/cm3), resin type (urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde), and resin content on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from kenaf (Hisbiscus cannabinus) stalks. Board specimens were tested for modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity in bending, internal bond, tensile stress parallel to grain, screw holding power, and linear expansion properties. The aim of part two was to produce furniture panel boards made from a mixture of kenaf stalk and plant fiber residue (wood wastes, cornstalks, corncobs, and sunflower seed hulls). Only the urea-formaldehyde resin (7 percent) was used in this study. The melamine laminate face and back were used as overlays on board specimens. Test results indicated that good particleboard and laminated furniture panel could be made from both kenaf stalks and a mixture of kenaf stalk and crop residue. (Also see references 73, 83, and 487.) Fiberboard/Hardboard 662. Bagby, M.O.; Clark, T.F. 1976. Kenaf for hardboards. TAPPI C.A. Rep. 67. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press: 9-13. Summary: Frost-killed kenaf was evaluated as a hardboard raw material, and trial results demonstrated its use to be technically feasible. Boards with densities of 0.78 to 1.15 g/cm3 had tensile strengths ranging from 20.5 to 76.9 MPa. The boards compared favorably with wood (loblolly pine) derived hardboards having densities of 1.02 g/cm3 and tensile strengths of 35.0 MPa. 663. Ngatijo, B.; Priyadi, T.; Sujono, R. 1990. Manufac- ture of ceiling boards on a small industrial scale using kenaf pulp as fibrous material. Berita Selulosa. 26(3): 63-69. [Indonesian]. Summary: Ceiling board was prepared on a pilot-plant scale using kenaf as the fibrous material. Kenaf was pulped by the cold soda process with total alkali varying from 0 to 15 percent. The pulps obtained were used to make ceiling board of several compositions. The amount of total alkali and the composition of the ceiling board raw materials affected the physical properties of the board. The bending strength of a ceiling board having composition of 50 percent cement, 42 percent lime, and 8 percent pulp originating from a cooking process with 10 and 15 percent NaOH was similar to that of a board made of staple components. As the cement and lime contents were changed to 60 and 32 percent, respectively, the bending strength became greater than that of staple boards. 664. Youngquist, J.A.; Rowell, R.M.; Ross, N.; Chow, P. 1991. Dry-process hardboard made from pressurized refiner processed kenaf stalks. In: Proceedings of the 3d annual International Kenaf Association conference; 1991 February 28-March 2; Tulsa, OK. p. 25. Summary: The physical and mechanical properties of 3.1-mm-thick, dry-process acetylated kenaf hardboards were 69 studied for the effects of fiber type (hammermilled versus pressurized refiner processed), resin content (two levels), and wax content (two levels). Modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, tensile stress parallel to the grain, thickness swell- ing, and water absorption of the hardboard specimens were determined. Test results indicated that all independent variables, which included fiber type, resin content, and wax content, significantly affected most properties of these dry- process hardboards made from kenaf stalks. (Also see reference 660.) Insulation Board (See reference 660.) Cement/Gypsum/Plaster Board (See reference 663.) Unknown Board 665. Niedermaier, F.P. 1976. Technology, engineering and machinery for manufacturing panelboard from non-wood materials. In: TAPPI nonwood plant fiber pulping progress report 7. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press: 49-66. Summary: This paper presents an excellent review of nonwood fiber usage in the panelboard industry and covers processing, engineering considerations, and machine requirements for a wide range of fibrous materials. Nonwood materials covered include kenaf stalks, flax shives, hemp shives, jute stalks, sisal stalks, theil stalks, ramie stalks, bagasse, cotton stalks, bamboo stalks, reed, palm leaves and stalks, rice husks, and vine stalks. (Also see reference 3.) Miscellaneous Material Preparation/Pulping/Storage Methods (See reference 73.) General Information/Reviews 666. Chow, P.; Youngquist, J.A. 1993. Selected literature review on the utilization of kenaf (1950-1992). In: Proceed- ings of the 1993 international kenaf conference; 1993 March 3-5; Fresno, CA: 91-96. Summary: This paper is a literature review of 56 citations (35 with summaries) on using kenaf. 667. Clark, T.F.; Cunningham, R.L.; Lindenfeiser, L.A.; Wolff, I.A.; Cummins, D.G. 1970. Search for new fiber crops. XVI. Kenaf storage. In: TAPPI C.A. Rep. 34. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press: 107-132. Summary: This paper describes methods of storing and preserving kenaf which allow year-round operation of a pulp or board mill. 668. Youngquist, J.A.; English, B.E.; Spelter, H.; Chow, P. 1993. Agricultural fibers in composition panels. In: Proceedings of the 27th international particleboard/ composite materials symposium; 1993 March 30-April 1; Pullman, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University: 43 p. Summary: A review was provided concerning the use of kenaf, bagasse, straw, cornstalks, corncobs, rice husks, and sunflower stalks and seed hulls in panel board production. (Also see reference 659.) Megass Cement/Clay/Gypsum/Plaster Materials 669. Hess, A.A.; Buttice, M.L. 1990. Composite materials from vegetable fibres as agglomerated irregular micro- reinforcement and Portland cement used in pieces for low- cost housing. In: Vegetable plants and their fibres as building materials: Proceedings of the 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Re- search Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 69-76. Summary: This paper presents the results of a study on the physical and mechanical behavior of micro-concrete contain- ing vegetable fibers as irregular reinforcement. The fiber studied was megass (the husk from Sacharus officinarum) . Megass is used for making paper, cattle feed, or fuel. Specimens were produced and tested for flexural, compres- sion, and indirect tension properties. It was found that nonstructural boards could be produced with Portland cement and megass mixtures that could be used as partitions and walls. Mustard [Stalk] Panel Board Fiberboard/Hardboard 670. Narayanamurti, D.; Kohli, R.C. 1961. Hardboards from mustard stalks. Indian Pulp and Paper. 16(6): 379. Summary: Hardboards were made from mustard stalks using lime or caustic soda as the cooking medium. The strength properties of the boards were inferior to those of boards made from jute sticks, and their moisture absorption was rather high. However, some of the boards were satisfactory. Lime-cooked material produced better boards. Unknown Board (See references 3 and 784.) 70 Peanut [Hull, Shell] Panel Board Particleboard 684. Anonymous. 1944. Low-cost products from the lowly peanut hull. Modem Industry. 8(6): 48, 137. Summary: This article reports that building boards and other products can be made from peanut hulls by crushing them and binding the particles together with latex or other adhe- sives. The boards have considerable strength and stiffness. 685. Anonymous. 1975. High strength building panels based on crushed peanut shells-bonded with urea-formaldehyde adhesive. Assignee: (THEB/) J Thebaut. Patent, P.N.: FR 2235793, I.D.: 750307. [French]. Summary: Strong self-supporting building and facing panels were made by coating crushed peanut shells with a binder, such as urea-formaldehyde resin, and a catalyst and curing the mass under heat and pressure into a panel. The resulting panels are free from layers and sites for internal rupture, and may be used as ceiling and wall paneling. 686. Chen. C.M. 1980. Alkali extracts from peanut shells and pecan cores-used in preparation of phenolic resin binders for plywood and particle boards. Assignee: (CHEN/) Chen, C. M. Patent, P.N.: US 4201699, I.D.: 800506. Summary: Extracts are obtained by treatment with alkali to yield an aqueous solution or suspension containing >2 percent by weight protein, based on extracted organic materials. Extraction is with aqueous alkali at 20°C to 400°C. Phenolaldehyde resins are made from reaction of 1 part (based on dry weight) of the extract, with 0.1 to 1.6 parts aldehyde in an aqueous alkali system at 30°C up to reflux temperature until viscosity of 250 to 1500 cP at 25°C is achieved and are used as a partial or complete replacement for phenol in preparation of binders for manufacture of plywood, particleboards, and the like. 687. Chen, C.M. 1982. Bonding particleboards with the fast curing phenolic-agricultural residue extract copolymer resins. Holzforschung. 36(3): 109-116. Summary: Fast-curing phenolic copolymer resins made of agricultural residue extracts were investigated in bonding homogeneous particleboard, oriented strandboard, and composite panels made of flakeboard cores with veneer faces. In bonding 1.6-cm homogeneous southern pine particleboards, copolymer resins of peanut hull or pecan pith extracts gave internal bond strengths of 1.4 MPa and a modulus of rupture in excess of 15.2 MPa with 5 min press times at 182°C. The resorcinol-catalyzed commercial control resins needed press times longer than 6 min to achieve similar qualities. For 1.3-cm three-layer oriented strandboards, these two copolymer resins reached a 392.2 kPa internal bond with a press time of 3 min at 180°C in comparison to a 294.2 kPa internal bond with a 4 min press time for a commercial phenol formaldehyde control resin. 688. Pablo, A.A.; Perez, E.B.; Ella, A.B. 1975. Develop- ment of particleboard on a pilot-plant and semi-commercial scale using plantation and secondary wood species and agricultural fibrous waste materials, 10: mixtures of peanut shells and wood particles. Los Banos, Philippines: Forest Products Research and Industries Development Commission, Laguna College of Forestry, University of the Philippines. 17 p. (no abstract available) (Also see reference 487.) Fiberboard/Hardboard (See references 857, 862, and 863.) Plastic/Plastic-Bonded Board 689. Maldas, D.; Kokta, B.V.; Nizio, J.D. 1992. Perfor- mance of surface-modified nutshell flour in HDPE compos- ites. International Journal of Polymeric Materials. 17(1/2): 1-16. Summary: Nutshells of mesh sizes 100, 200, and 325 were modified by polymer grafting with 1 to 3 percent by weight maleic anhydride, 1 percent by weight of filler dicumyl peroxide, and 5 percent by weight of filler HDPE. The mechanical properties of both compression-molded and injection-molded composites containing HDPE and modified and unmodified nutshells were studied. The mechanical properties of modified nutshell-filled composites were generally higher than those of unmodified ones. Strength and modulus of modified nutshell-filled composites improved even compared to those composites made with unfilled polymer. Experimental results, as well as cost analysis, indicated that surface-modified nutshells are a potential reinforcing filler for thermoplastic composites. 690. Raj, R.G.; Kokta, B.V.; Nizio, J.D. 1992. Studies on mechanical properties of polyethylene-organic fiber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 45(1): 91-101. Summary: Composites were made from polyethylene and organic fibers from peanut-shell and peanut-hull flour using a compression-molding technique. Studies of variation in molding temperature (140°C to 180°C), fiber concentration (0 to 40 percent by weight), and fiber mesh size (100,200, and 325) were correlated to the mechanical properties of the composites. In untreated nutshell composites, tensile strength decreased steadily as the concentration of the fiber increased, due to poor bonding between the untreated fiber and the polymer. Polyisocyanate was used as the adhesive system, and its affect on the mechanical properties of the composites was studied. The adhesive made a significant improvement in the tensile strength of the board but had no effect on the modulus of the composite. 73 Unknown Board (See references 3, 182, and 517.) Molded Masses Plastics 691. Lightsey, G.R.; Mann, L.; Short, P.H. 1978. Evalua- tion of polypropylene/peanut-hull-flour composites. Plastics and Rubber: Materials and Applications. 3(2): 69-73. Summary: Samples of peanut-hull flour from two commer- cial sources were tested as a filler in polypropylene. Infrared spectra of the peanut-hull flour surface indicated a primarily lignin-type, nonpolar surface. Composites of peanut-hull flour and polypropylene at up to 35 percent loading by weight of filler were injection-molded into test specimens and tested. Tensile strength was reduced at a loading level greater than 15 percent. Flexure strength is essentially unchanged at filler loading levels up to 25 percent while the flexure modulus is increased up to 35 percent at a high loading. The compatibility of peanut-hull flour with polypro- pylene is believed to result from the nonpolar, lignin-type filler surface. Resins/Binders 692. Chen, C.M. 1980. Organic phenol extract compositions of peanut hull agricultural residues and method. Patent; P.N. US 4200723, I.D.: 800429. Summary: Aldehyde condensation products with alkali extracts of peanut hulls and pecan pith are useful as bonding agents for plywood or particleboard. Thus, 160 g powdered peanut hull and 1,600 g of 5 percent aqueous NaOH were heated for 17 h at 90°C to 95°C and then filtered. The process was repeated several times, and the extracts were combined for resin preparation. 693. Chen, CM. 1980. Phenol-aldehyde resin composition containing peanut hull extract and aldehyde. Assignee: Chen, C. M. Patent, P.N.: US 4201700, I.D.: 800506. Summary: Phenolic-resin compositions consisting of the condensation product of an aldehyde with alkali extracts of peanut hull and pecan pith were useful in adhesive composi- tions for plywood and particleboard. Thus, 160 g powdered peanut hull and 1,600 g of 5 percent aqueous NaOH were heated for 17 h at 90°C to 95°C and then filtered. The process was repeated several times, and the extracts were combined for resin preparation. 694. Chen, CM. 1981. Gluability of copolmer resins having higher replacement of phenol by agricultural residue extracts. Industrial Engineering Chemical Products Research and Development. 20(4): 704-708. Summary: Phenolic resins with greater than 50 percent by weight of the standard phenol replaced by the NaOH extracts 74 of peanut hulls and pecan nut piths were evaluated by gluing southern pine plywood and three-layer oriented strandboards. Evaluation of southern yellow pine gluelines indicated that the copolymer resins retained their fast curing characteristics even though 60 percent by weight of the standard phenol had been replaced by the extracts. In bonding the oriented strandboards, three copolymer resins with 60, 80, and 100 percent by weight of their standard phenol replaced by the peanut hull extracts were evaluated. The copolymer resin with 60 percent by weight of phenol replacement exhibited superior bonding qualities compared with commercial resin. The resins with 80 and 100 percent by weight phenol replacement were possibly precured during the redrying process after the strands were coated with resins due to the excessive moisture content in the mat. (Also see reference 686, 687, and 993.) Miscellaneous Loose Insulation 695. Kaiser, W.L. 1986. Manufacturing insulation from peanut hulls by grinding and screening then using coarse for blown insulation and fine for panels. Assignee: (KAIS/) Kaiser, W. L. Patent, P.N.: US 4572815, I.D.: 860225. Summary: Peanut hulls are ground to produce a minimum of fines by screening through a coarse screen of about 4 mesh/ 2.54 cm, regrinding the retained material, screening passing material with a medium screen of 8 mesh/2.54 cm, and using the retained material-which is about 50 percent of the initial amount-for blown insulation in building walls. Binder is added to material retained on the fine screen and the mixture used to form panels. Material passing the fine screen is mixed with binder and used to form a second grade of panel. Suggested binder is sodium silicate. Pecan Molded Masses Resins/Binders (See references 686, 687, 692, 693, and 694.) Pineapple [Leaf] Panel Board Plastic/Plastic-Bonded Board (See references 1025 and 1026.) Unknown Board (See reference 3.) Cement/Clay/Gypsum/Plaster Materials (See reference 338.) Molded Masses Rubbers 696. Bhattacharyya, T.B.; Biswas, A.K.; Chatterjee, J.; Pramanick, D. 1986. Short pineapple leaf reinforced rubber composites. Plastics and Rubber Processing and Applica- tions. 6(2): 119-125. Summary: Pineapple leaf fibers influence on natural rubber was studied with respect to fiber-rubber adhesion, anisotropy in physical properties, processing characteristics, aging resistance, and comparative changes in physical properties and processing characteristics between HAF black, rein- forced rubber compound and pineapple-leaf fiber-reinforced rubber composites. The replacement of carbon black partly in pineapple leaf fiber decreased optimum cure time, tensile strength, and elongation at break, and increased shore A hardness significantly. Carbon-black pineapple leaf fiber reinforced rubber composites would be suitable where high hardness, low elongation, moderate tensile strength, and moderate flex resistance are required. Plant/Vegetable Fiber [Unidentified] Panel Board Particleboard 697. Chittenden, A.E. 1970. Historical outline of past research on the production of boards from agricultural wastes and future trends. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Doc. (UNIDO) ID/WG.83/2 and Corr. 1. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Expert Working Group meeting on the production of panels from agricultural residues; 1970 December 14-18; Vienna, Austria. 28 p. Summary: This paper discussed the possibilities for using agricultural wastes as a raw material for the manufacture of fiberboards, particleboards, and similar products. A checklist of agricultural waste materials tested for board making, a table of the number and production capacity of plants using agricultural wastes for board production, and a bibliography including 128 references are appended. 698. Chow, P. 1975. Fibreboard sandwich panels from fibrous plant residues-made by one step pressing and heating stage. Patent, P.N.: US 3927235, I.D.: 751216. Summary: Sandwich particleboard panels are comprised of an inner core layer formed in a one-stage heating and pressing step from a mat consisting of at least 50 percent exo-s-plant fibers of predominately smaller than 30-mesh Tyler screen size, total fiber dry weight basis; moisture content of 6 to 18 percent, total weight basis; and two face layers enclosing the inner core, containing as a major ingredient s-plant fibers bonded with an adhesive. Scrap fibrous plant material is used to replace expensive softwoods in the production of particleboards. 699. FAO. 1958. Fibreboard and particle board. Report of an international consultation on insulation board, hardboard, and particleboard; 1957 January 21-February 4; Geneva, Switzerland. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United Nations (FAO). 190 p. Summary: The FAO report discussed product description, nomenclature, and definitions, raw materials (including nonwood fibrous raw materials), processes and equipment, economic aspects of production and marketing, application, and uses, and research needs. A survey of testing methods and a list of mills and trade associations are appended. 700. Kuczewski de Poray, M. 1979. Fermentation treatment of wood and agricultural wastes for manufacture of particle boards, etc. Patent, P.N.: FR 2421039, I.D.: 791026. [French]. Summary: Agricultural wastes or wood chips are partially fermented in an apparatus where the growth of micro- organisms is controlled by air circulation that maintains the optimum temperature for growth to give particulate products that are crosslinkable by a binder for the manufacture of particleboards and similar products. Fiberboard/Hardboard 701. Lasmarias, V.B. 1985. Process of producing water- resistant laminated hardboard. NSTA Technology Journal 10(3): 84-85. Summary: The process involves pulping chips of wood or agricultural fibrous material in a defibrator in 892.3 to 931.6 kPa steam and refining the resulting pulp in a disk refiner to a freeness of 22 to 26 s. The refined pulp is then formed into sheets in a mold and cold pressed to approxi- mately 65 percent moisture content. The overlay is prepared by mixing air-dried wood/agricultural waste and PVC formulation in a weight ratio of approximately 60:40 to 40:60. Approximately 60 g of the overlay are spread on top of the cold-pressed sheet, which is backed by a fire screen and a stainless steel caul plate at the bottom and on top of the overlay. The overlaid sheet is then hot pressed at 100°C to 200°C and a plate pressure of 70, 10, and 6.9 MPa for 9 to 12 min, cold pressed at 490.3 kPa for 3 min, and subjected to a curing period of 2 to 3 days to effect complete polymeriza- tion. 702. Lepeut, M. 1970. The dry process for the production of fibreboards. ID/WG.83/6. United Nations Industrial Devel- opment Organization (UNIDO) Expert Working Group meeting on the production of panels from agricultural residues; 1970 December 14-18; Vienna, Austria. 12 p. [French]. Summary: The advantages of the dry process for the produc- tion of fiberboard as to the wet process are outlined. Al- though experience is limited with raw materials other than wood, there should be no difficulties with agricultural wastes. 75 729. Walters, C.S. 1971. Wood scientists make boards from plant residues, Urbana, IL: Illinois Research: 13(1): 11. (no abstract available) (Also see references 749, 757, 758, 778, and 780.) Cement/Clay/Gypsum/Plaster Materials 730. Agopyan, V.; Cincotto, M.A.; Derolle, A. 1989. Durability of vegetable fibre reinforced materials. In: CIB Congress 11, quality for building users throughout the world. Theme II, Vol. I. Paris, France: 353-363. (no abstract available) 731. Ali, A.A.A. 1982. Utilization of agricultural wastes as aggregates for low-cost construction materials. In: Proceed- ings of a seminar on the technology, utilization, and manage- ment of agricultural wastes; 1982 September 15-17; Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia: 127-142. Summary: Preliminary investigation into using agricultural wastes as aggregates for special concrete, otherwise termed light-weight concrete, produced positive results. It is envisaged that special concrete can find applications in low- cost housing and farm structures. 732. Aziz, M.A.; Paramasivam, P.; Lee, S.L. 1981. Prospects for natural fibre reinforced concretes in construc- tion. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete. 3: 123-132. (no abstract available) 733. Aziz, M.A.; Paramasivam, P.; Lee, S.L. 1984. Concrete reinforced with natural fibres. In: Swamy, R.N., ed. New reinforced concretes. Glasgow, Scotland: Blackie and Son Ltd.: 106-140. (no abstract available) 734. Bergström, S.G.; Gram, H.E. 1984. Durability of alkali-sensitive fibres in concrete. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete. 6(2): 75-80. (no abstract available) 735. Canovas, M.E.; Kawiche, G.M.; Selva, N.H. 1990. Possible ways of preventing deterioration of vegetable fibres in cement mortars. In: Proceedings of the 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 120-129. Summary: The study of the intensive revision of the structure of vegetable fiber used in mortars to reduce brittleness with age is described. The study examined the use of impregnants as possible means to block water penetration in the fiber and their reactions with alkalis. Experimental results are also given. 78 736. Castro, J.; Naaman, A.E. 1981. Cement mortar reinforced with natural fibres. ACI Journal. 78: 69-78. (no abstract available) 737. Cook, D.J. 1980. Concrete and cement composites reinforced with natural fibres. In: Proceedings of symposium Concrete International: CI-80 Fibrous concrete; Lancaster, England: 99-114. (no abstract available) 738. Dove, L.P. 1945. Building materials from Portland cement and vegetable fiber. Corvallis, OR: Forest Research Laboratory, College of Forestry, Oregon State University: 24 p. (no abstract available) 739. Gram, H.E. 1983. Durability of natural fibres in concrete. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, S-100444. CBI FO 1.83. Stockholm, Sweden. 255 p. (no abstract available) 740. Gram, H.E.; Persson, H.; Skarendahl, A. 1984. Natural fibre concrete. SAREC Report R2: 1984. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries. 139 p. (no abstract available) 741. Guimaraes, S.S. 1984. Experimental mixing and moulding with vegetable fibre reinforced cement composites. In: Ghavami, K.; Fang, H.Y., eds. Proceedings of the international conference on development of low-cost and energy saving construction materials; 1984 July; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 37-51. (no abstract available) 742. Guimaraes, S.S. 1987. Some experiments in vegetable fibre-cement composites. In: Building materials for low- income housing in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok, Thailand: SCAP/RILEM/CIB: 167-175. (no abstract available) 743. Guthrie, B.M.; Torley, R.B. 1983. Composite materi- als made from plant fibers bonded with Portland cement and method of producing same. Assignee: Permawood Interna- tional Corp. Utility, P.N.: US 4406703, I.D.: 830927. Summary: This patent describes a method of producing composite building materials from a mixture of plant fibers bonded with Portland cement. Plant fibers, cement, and soluble silicates in certain proportions are mixed and heated under pressure for a short period to get a physically stable product that can be cured under atmospheric conditions to full strength. The plant fibers may initially be pretreated with an aqueous solution containing dichromate or permanganate ion prior to adding the cement to negate the adverse effects of set-inhibiting water-soluble compounds in the fiber. Other chemicals may be added to modify the reaction and improve the product. 744. Krishnamoorthy, S.; Ramaswamy, H.S. 1982. Fibre reinforced concrete with organic fibres. In: Proceedings of the national seminar on building materials-their science and technology; 1982 April 15-16; New Delhi, India: 2A(15): l-5. (no abstract available) 745. La Tegola, A.; Ombres, L. 1990. Limit state of crack widths in concrete structural elements reinforced with vegetable fibres. In: Proceedings of the 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 108-119. Summary: A study of the behavior of concrete reinforced with vegetable fibers is described. Using vegetable fibers in concrete increased the concrete ductility. The presence of a residual resistance to traction even after cracking is shown. This study focused on the contribution of vegetable fibers in ordinary concrete in evaluating the limit state of crack widths. 746. Parameswaran, V.S. 1991. Fibre-reinforced con- crete-a versatile construction material. Building and Environment. 26(3): 301-305. Summary: Efforts are being made to achieve a breakthrough in construction technology. By optimizing the building material, labor, and time of the cost while improving prefabrication, composites, building systems, and manage- ment, the study aims to enhance the strength and perfor- mance of building components using various types of fibers, both organic and inorganic. Using naturally available fibers and industrial wastes may contribute to optimizing building materials. 747. Sarja, A. 1986. Structural concrete with wooden or other vegetable fibres. In: Use of vegetable plants and fibres as building materials. Joint symposium RILEM/CIB/NCCL; Baghdad, Iraq: C117-C126. (no abstract available) 748. Singh, S.M. 1985. Alkali resistance of some vegetable fibres and their adhesion with Portland cement. Research and Industry. 30(2): 121-126. (no abstract available) 749. Sobral, H.S. 1990. Vegetable plants and their fibres as building materials. In: Proceedings of the 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. 374 p. Summary: This proceedings of a symposium on the utiliza- tion of plant fibers for building materials is in book form. It covers products such as cement, concrete, building panels, roofing sheets, break walls, and water conduits. 750. Swamy, R.N., ed. 1988. Natural fibre reinforced cement and concrete. In: Concrete technology and design series. Glasgow, Scotland: Blackie and Son Ltd. 288 p. Vol. 5. Summary: Using natural fiber for producing reinforced cement and concrete is described. The book chapters were written by various researchers. Each chapter is followed by extensive references. 751. Tezuka, Y.; Marques, J.C.; Crepaidi, A.; Dantas, F.A.S. 1984. Behaviour of natural fibers reinforced concrete. In: Ghavami, K.; Fang, H.Y., eds. Proceedings of the international conference on development of low-cost and energy saving construction materials; 1984 July; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 61-69. (no abstract available) 752. Velparri, V.; Ramachandram, B.C.; Bhaskaram, T.A.; Pai, B.C.; Balasubramani, N. 1980. Alkali resistance of fibres in cement. Journal of Materials Science. 15: 1579-1584. (no abstract available) 753. Yamamoto, T.; Suzuki, T. 1990. Building materials and their manufacture. Assignee: Tohoku Electric Power Co. Inc., Shimizu Construction Co. Ltd. Patent, P.N.: JP 02055253, I.D.: 900223. [Japanese]. Summary: Plants, plant fibers, coal ash, sand, and cement, gypsum, or lime are mixed with water and stirred for a predetermined period of time to produce building materials. These materials are lightweight, resistant to heat and corrosion, and may be used as aggregates. Molded Masses Plastics 754. Kropfhammer, G. 1974. Elements of construction from domestic, agricultural or forestry wastes. Patent, P.N.: BE 806455, I.D.: 740215. Summary: Domestic, agricultural, or forestry wastes are disintegrated by treating with excess CaO to obtain fillers used for producing construction materials. The fillers are particularly suitable for combining with epoxy resins but can also be used with hydraulic cements; unsaturated polyesters; phenolic, amino, or acrylic resins; vinyl polymers; or bitumens. Refractory Materials 755. Moret, C.; Panhelleux, G. 1991. Vegetable fiber- containing cellular refractory composites. Assignee: Aris S.A. Patent, P.N.: FR 2649095, I.D.: 9100104. [French]. Summary: Composites consisting of a foam and a binder consist of a vegetable component and a mineral binder. The composites are strong, fire and moisture resistant, have a low 79 density, and are especially suitable for replacing wood chipboard for shelving use in exhibitions. Resins/Binders (See reference 754.) Rubbers 756. Shimomura, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Inagaki, K. 1991. Spinning polyolefin-plant fiber mixtures for reinforcing fibers for building materials. Assignee: Ube Nitto Kasei Co. Ltd. Patent, P.N.: JP 03224713, I.D.: 911003. [Japanese]. Summary: High-density fibers with high bending strength are prepared by spinning compositions comprised of 100 parts polyolefin-plant fiber mixtures and 1 to 3.5 parts silicone rubber at a die temperature of 80°C to 140°C. Final fiber density was 1.16 g/cm3 with a bending strength of 63.2 MPa. Miscellaneous Economics 757. De Longeaux, M. 1970. Problems of marketing and promotion related to the introduction of panels from agricul- tural wastes into the markets of developed countries. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Document (UNIDO) ID/WG.83/3. United Nations Industrial Develop- ment Organization (UNIDO) Expert Working Group meeting on the production of panels from agricultural residues; 1970 December 14-18; Vienna, Austria. 29 p, [French]. Summary: The problem of introducing panels from agricul- tural residues into the market is to overcome the resistance of the consumer to the new product. Boards made from wood are considered superior to those made from annual plants. Therefore, the products should be excluded from the very beginning. This paper emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive market study and enumerates the main measures to be taken in developing countries to promote the utilization of locally produced panels, such as training salesmen, broadening local building codes and government specifications, and establishing demonstration centers. 758. UNIDO. 1972. Production of panels from agricultural residues. United Nations Industrial Development Organiza- tion (UNIDO) report of the Expert Working Group meeting; 1970 December 14-18; Vienna, Austria. New York: United Nations. 37 p. Summary: The final report of the Expert Working Group meeting outlined the economic and technical aspects of producing panels from agricultural wastes. The report formulated the measures the developing countries must take to make full use of potential raw materials. 80 Material Preparation/Pulping/ Storage Methods 759. Atchison, J.E. 1963. Progress in preparation and pulping of agricultural residues. Indian Pulp and Paper. 17(12): 681-689 and 18(2): 159-171. Summary: The collection, storage, and preservation of bulky agricultural residues are discussed. Also discussed are new mills in operation or under construction that use agricultural fibers, and the expanded use of pulp produced from agricul- tural fibers. 760. Lathrop, E.C.; Naffzier, T.R.; Mahon, H.I. 1955. Methods for separating pith-bearing plants into fiber and pith. Bull. ARS-71-4. United States Department of Agriculture. Summary: Several practical and economical methods for effecting separation into fiber and pith have been developed from a study of depithing methods made at the Northern Research and Development Division, Peoria, Illinois. General Information/Reviews 761. Anonymous. 1987. Building materials for low-income housing. In: Proceedings of a symposium held at the United Nations Building; 1987 January 20-26; Bangkok, Thailand. London, England: E. and F.N. Spon Ltd. 357 p. Summary: The use of vegetable sources as raw material for building materials was discussed. In the proceedings, each paper was abstracted and references were included. 762. Chand, N.; Sood, S.; Rohatgi, P.K.; Satyanarayana, K.G. 1984. Resources, structure, properties, and uses of natural fibers of Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 43(9): 489-499. Summary: This report is a review, with 64 references, of the structure and properties of natural fibers used for composites. 763. Chand, N.; Verma, K.K.; Saxena, M.; Khazanchi, A.C.; Rohatgi, P.K. 1984. Materials science of plant based materials of Madhya Pradesh. In: Proceedings of the interna- tional conference on low-cost housing for developing countries; 1984 November 12-17. Roorkee, India: Central Building Research Institute: 191-201. (no abstract available) 764. Gallegos Vargas, H. 1986. Use of vegetable fibers as building materials in Peru. In: Proceedings of the symposium on the use of vegetable plants and fibres as building materi- als; 1986 October; Baghdad, Iraq: A25-A34. (no abstract available) 765. Jetzer, R. 1977. Conversion of refuse into fibrous material. Assignee: Jetzer Engineering AG. Patent, P.N.: US 3989499, I.D.: unknown. 786. Kilanowski, W. 1970. Economic and technical aspects of the processing of rape straw into particle boards. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Document (UNIDO) ID/WG.83/13. United Nations Industrial Develop- ment Organization (UNIDG) Expert Working Group meeting on the production of panels from agricultural residues; 1970 December 14-18; Vienna, Austria. 16 p. (no abstract available) 787, Wnuk, M. 1965. Properties of rape straw board produced in Poland. Holztechnologie. 6(1): 64-67. [German]. Summary: Rape straw was substituted for flax on an experi- mental basis in a commercial particleboard manufacturing line in Poland. Boards with a density below 0.60 g/cm3 showed high thickness swelling and water absorption and were unsuitable for use in furniture. Boards with a density above 0.60 g/cm3 had a bending strength lower than corre- sponding flax shive boards. Other properties of the boards, such as thermal conductivity, fungal resistance, screw holding capability, and workability were satisfactory. Disadvantages of using rape straw included higher resin consumption, lack of abundance of raw material, and difficulty of storing rape straw without decay occurring. {Also see reference 44.) Fiberboard/Hardboard 788. Büttner, M. 1965. Danger of decay of materials of wood and annual plants by fungi. Holztechnologie: 6(2): 123-127. [German]. Summary: Studies of the decay of rape straw fiberboards, European hardwood fiberboards, and various pine wood particleboards by fungi showed that, in general, all of the materials were susceptible to fungi attack. The importance of effective preservative treatments for particleboards and fiberboards is emphasized. 789. Lampert, H. 1959. Modification of the properties of hard fiberboards through unidimensional shaping. Zellstoff und Papier. 8(10): 378-380. [German]. Summary: The strength properties of low quality hardboards made from rape straw can be improved by appropriate aftertreatment with water, heat, and pressure. Rape straw fiberboards were stored in 17°C water for 1 to 230 min; the treatment increased the moisture content to 9 to 24 percent. Fiberboards were then pressed at 195°C and 3.9 MPa for 12 min. Bending strength increased by about 25 percent, whereas board thickness decreased from 4.5 to 3.5 mm. Best results were obtained at 15 percent moisture content. 790. Lampert, H. 1960. Manufacture of fiberboards from rape straw. Holztechnologie. 1(1): 15-22. [German]. Summary: A detailed description was given of the manufac- ture of fiberboard from rape straw, including handling, cleaning, and chopping of the raw material, pulping by the Asplund defibrator process at 175°C to 180°C, refining to 11°SR to 14°SR, and hot pressing at 180°C to 195°C and a final pressure of 3.9 MPa for 18 min. The effects of some operating variables on thickness swelling and bending strength were investigated. In addition, the morphological and chemical characteristics of rape straw and the changes of chemical composition during storage are reported. Insulation Board 791. Kontek, W.; Lawniczak, I. 1959. The utilization of rape. straw in the manufacture of insulation board. Przemysl Drzewny. 10: 16-18. [Polish]. Summary: Preliminary experiments showed that the quality of insulation boards made from sawdust, shavings, and reed was improved by adding rape straw. Board containing rape fibers had lower water absorption and reduced swelling. 792. Lis, T. 1978. Insulation boards from rape straw. Budownictwo Rolnicze. 30(11): 27-28: [German]. (no abstract available) 793. Nieborowski, H. 1976. Insulation boards made out of rape straw. Budownictwo Rolnicze. 28(8/9): 44. (no abstract available) (Also see reference 871.) Unknown Board 794. Saechtling, H. 1948. New procedures for the manufac- ture of building boards from cheap wood waste. Holzforschung. 2(1): 21-24. [German]. Summary: The development of adhesive properties from beating or grinding of wood waste was described, thus eliminating the need to add large amounts of binders. Other materials, such as rape straw, flax chaff, and heather, can be used provided that the procedure is adapted to the require- ments of each special material. Physical-property data of the boards were given. (Also see reference 3.) Cement/Clay/Gypsum/Plaster Materials (See reference 911.) Miscellaneous Economics (See reference 786.) Raspberry Panel Board Fiberboard/Hardboard (See reference 498.) 83 Red Onion Panel Board Particleboard (See reference 492.) Reed [Stalk] Panel Board Particleboard 795. Al-Sudani, O.A.; Daoud, D.S.; Michael, S. 1988. Properties of particleboard from reed-type mixtures. Journal of Petroleum Research. 7(1): 197-208. Summary: Particleboards were prepared with a target density of 0.64 g/cm3 and 16-mm thickness from 5 mixtures of reed and cattail, using 8 percent urea-formaldehyde resin as the binder system. All mechanical and physical properties were highly influenced by the percentage of reed used. For example, as the reed content increased, the mechanical properties increased significantly, whereas the physical properties (thickness swell and water absorption) signifi- cantly decreased. At <50 percent reed content in the mixture, most properties of the panels met or exceeded the specifica- tions. 796. Badanoiu, G.; Oradeanu, T. 1958. Utilization of reed residues for particle-board manufacture with synthetic binders. Celuloza Hirtie. 7(3): 103-107. [Romanian]. Summary: Comminuted reed wastes, remaining after acid treatment for production of furfural, were neutralized, dried to 6 to 10 percent moisture content, and mixed with 6 to 10 percent urea-formaldehyde resin binder and 6 percent paraffin sizing. The material was then pressed into boards at 140°C to 150°C and 980.6 kPa to 1.5 MPa for 10 to 20 min. The resulting particleboards had a density of 0.674 g/cm3 and are comparable to wood particleboards in, their properties. Data on the consumption of water, heat, and electric energy were given. 797. Narayanamurti, D.; Singh, K. 1963. Utilization of dust from reeds of Ochlandra travancorica, Indian Pulp and Paper. 17(8): 487, 489. Summary: Reed rejects from 20-mesh screen were used for the experimental manufacture of particleboard, fiberboard, sawdust board, and thermodyne disks. The particleboards were bonded with phenol-formaldehyde resin at 150°C and a pressure of 2.7 MPa for 12 min. For the production of fiberboards, the raw material was cooked with lime or NaOH, fiberized, and pressed at 5.1 MPa and 160°C for 25 min. The sawdust boards were prepared from a mixture of reed dust and activators (shellac). Most of the boards had satisfactory strength properties. (Also see references 44 and 53.) Fiberboard/Hardboard 798. Federowicz, G. 1958. Fiberboards from reed. Przeglad Papierniczy. 14(4): 125-126. [Polish]. (no abstract available) (Also see references 797 and 858.) insulation Board 799. Ambroziak, L. 1968. Insulating boards from reeds and polystyrene foam. Assignee: Biuro Dokumentacji Technicznej Przemyslu Terenowego. Patent, P.N.: PL 55425, I.D.: 680620. [Polish]. Summary: A loosely tied reed mat is placed between two layers of granulated expanded polystyrene in a mold. The mold is placed in an autoclave at 100°C to 109°C where the polystyrene expands and is bound to the reed. Before being included in polystyrene, the reed may be impregnated with soluble chemicals to provide necessary resistance to fire, fungi, and bacteria. The ready-made boards are painted with a fireproof agent. 800. Huminski, K.; Werba, K. 1956. Light panels and their manufacture. Patent, P.N.: PL 39112, I.D.: 560410. [Polish]. Summary: Light panels or tiles used in construction as heat and sound-insulating material are made from stems and leaves of reed. The manufacturing method consists of packing straightened stems and leaves into alternating crosswise and lengthwise layers, impregnating the material with a binder, and hot pressing into multiply sheets of various hardness and thickness. 801. Kolesnikov, E.A. 1963. Properties and utilization of powdered reed wastes. Khim. Pererabotka Drevesiny Sb. 30: 5-6. [Russian]. Summary: Morphological and chemical analysis was made of powdered reed waste obtained from a reed-processing board mill. The waste consisted of 7.4 percent fibers, 46.2 percent fine particles (0.1 to 2.5 mm), and 46.4 percent dust. The material was used for manufacturing insulation boards containing no binder. The experimental boards were of standard quality. (Also see references 149, 1103, and 1104.) Cement/Gypsum/Plaster Board (See references 149 and 885.) Plastic/Plastic-Bonded Board 802. Sauer, C.; Kern, M.; Burger, R.; Reguigne, G. 1987. Construction material for buildings has reed stems encased in plastics material to form matrix. Assignee: (TOUR-) Tourisme et Hotelle. Patent, P.N.: US 4690874, I.D.: 870901. 84 Summary: Reeds are processed by scoring them; the reeds are then placed in a rotary drum where the stems roll over one another, which rids them of their leaves, while the siliceous particle of the leaves score the naturally varnished epidermis of the stems. The reed stems are then enclosed in a plastic matrix. The matrix can be of polyurethane or polyes- ter to prevent relative movement of the reed stems. Roofing Board 803. Anonymous. 1976. Reed thatch roofing panels--of chipboard with reed thatch cemented on with polyester adhesive. Assignee: (HARM/) Harm H. Patent, P.N.: DE 2525777, I.D.: 761223. [German]. Summary: Reed thatch is cemented onto a panel, instead of being stitched directly onto roof battens. Panels are standard size, handled easily, and suitable for rafter intervals of 80 cm; chipboard is a suitable panel material. Waterproofing is provided by the polyester, or similar plastic, used as the adhesive. The reed thatch is between 5 and 10 cm thick. Pressure causes the edges to spill over the panel edge, so as to give the completed roof a homogeneous cohesive struc- ture. Unknown Board 804. Mudrik, V.I. 1960. Reed processing plants. Bumazh. Prom. 35(8): 6-10. [Russian]. Summary: Reed-processing plants are under construction in regions of the former USSR-where reed is abundant. The plant at Astrakhan will produce large amounts of semi- chemical pulp, board, corrugating medium, and 5 million m2 of building board. A description is given of mechanized harvesting and transportation of reed, pulping processes, and board manufacture. (Also see references 3, 190, 197, 289, 665, and 769.) Cement/Clay/Gypsum/Plaster Materials 805. Zhu, B.; Zhu, S.; Zhu, B. 1991. Decorative construc- tion material--contains cement, sandy gravel, sawdust, reed, coloring agent and additive. Assignee: (ZHUS/) Zhu Shaohua. Patent, P.N.: CN 1048210, I.D.: 910102. [Chinese]. (no abstract available) (Also see references 197, 622, 808, and 911.) Molded Masses Refractory Materials (See reference 963.) Miscellaneous Material Preparation/Pulping/ Storage Methods (See reference 263.) Material Used in Natural State 806. Al-Mohamadi, N.M. 1990. Effect of reed reinforce- ment on the behaviour of a trial embankment. In: Vegetable plants and their fibres as building materials: Proceedings of 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 214-223. Summary: This paper investigates using bundled reeds as reinforcement along marshy areas of Iraqi highways. The field and analytical study showed that reed bundles were effective in reducing lateral strain by 14 percent. Finite element analysis showed that using reed reinforcement is equivalent to increasing the soil stiffness by 15 percent. 807. Al-Refeai, T.O. 1990. Reed fibers as reinforcement for dune sand. In: Vegetable plants and their fibres as building materials: Proceedings of 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Re- search Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador; Bahia, Brazil: 224-236. Summary: A series of triaxial tests were performed to investigate the behavior of fiber-reinforced sand. Reed and glass fiber were chosen to observe the influence of variables associated with the fiber, namely, diameter, surface charac- teristics, aspect ratio, concentration, and stiffness, on the behavior of the fiber-reinforced sand. Results indicated that incorporation of the fibers could significantly increase the ultimate strength and stiffness of the sand. Strength increase was found proportional to the fiber concentration up to some limiting content. Increasing the aspect ratio, confining stress, and volume ratio, rougher surface, and not stiffer fibers, were the more effective in increasing strength of the sand. 808. Kadir, M.R.A. 1990. Use of vegetable plants in housing construction in Northern Iraq. In: Vegetable plants and their fibres as building materials: Proceedings of the 2d international symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM); 1990 September 17-21; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 314-318. Summary: The report describes the use of vegetable plants, such as reeds, for producing roofing material and bricks in northern Iraq. Suggestions are given for improvement of the materials. 809. Samarai, M.A.; Al-Taey, M.J.; Sharma, R.C. 1986. Use and technique of reed for low cost housing in the marshes of Iraq. In: Use of vegetable plants and fibres as 85 were molded into 1.6-cm-thick sheets having an internal bond strength of 517.1 kPa and a modulus of rupture of 12.4 MPa according to ASTM D 1037-64 testing standards. 829. Vasishth, R.C.; Chandramouli, P. 1975. New panel boards from rice husks and other agricultural by-products. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Document (FAO) FAO/WCWBP/75 Doc. 30. Background paper to world consultation on wood based panels. New Delhi, India. 11 p. (no abstract available) 830. Viswanathan, T.; Smith, M.; Palmer, H. 1987. Rice hull-reinforced building boards using formaldehyde-free adhesive resins derived from whey. Journal of Elastomers and Plastics. 19(2): 99-108. Summary: This paper reports on the feasibility of producing rice hull-reinforced particleboards using resins derived from whey permeate. Results indicated that low-quality boards may be prepared using unground rice hulls, but may be improved by grinding the rice hulls and/or adding saw dust to the formulation. The proposed use of whey permeate favors replacing formaldehyde-based resins used in the forest products building board industry, in addition to conserving nonrenewable energy sources in the form of petroleum and natural gas. (Also see references 53, 493, 494, 660, and 877.) Fiberboard/Hardboard 831. Bains, B.S.; Chawla, J.S. 1977. Studies on fire retardant compositions for fiber and paper board. Holzforschung und Holzverwertung. 29(6): 126-130. [German; English summary]. Summary: Tests for flame penetration and flammability for hardboards made from chemimechanical pulp of pine needles, rice and poppy straw, and paperboard impregnated or coated with flame retardants indicated that treated materials are more fire resistant than untreated ones. The NaCl as a hygroscopic material was an effective fire retar- dant at high concentrations only. Borax and (NH4)2HPO4 produced twice the char in the ignition period of tested materials, but the time of flame and char penetration de- pended on the nature of the material and the efficiency of the fire retardants used. 832. Fadl; N.A.; El-Kalyoubi, S.F.; Rakha, M. 1987. Effect of pressing pressure of the first stage on the properties of rice-straw hardboard. Research and Industry. 32(2): 107-111. Summary: In hardboard manufacture, the wet-process pressing method is most commonly used. A three-phase pressing cycle is normally employed. The effect of variation in the pressing pressure during the first phase of the pressing cycle on the properties of rice-straw hardboard was studied. 88 The specific pressure used in this stage is a very important factor that influences the properties of the finished hard- board. Appreciable improvement in the properties of the fiberboard was noticed when pressing pressure was in- creased. A specific pressure of about 5.9 MPa is sufficient to impart desirable properties to the finished board. 833. Fadl, N.A.; El-Meadawy, S.A.; El-Awady, N.; Rakha, M. 1982. Effect of radiation and monomers on the properties of rice straw hardboard. Indian Pulp and Paper. 37(1): 2-7. Summary: Bending strength of Me methavrylate-impreg- nated hardboard from rice straw pulp increased approxi- mately 24 percent with increasing y-radiation dose at 0 to 4.8 Mrad. Water absorption and swelling were scarcely affected. 834. Fadl, N.A.; El-Shinnawy, N-A.; Heikal, S.O.; Mousa, N.A. 1979. Hardboard from cooked and blended rice straw and bagasse. Indian Pulp and Paper. 34(3): 19-21. Summary: Mixing bagasse and rice straw (soda or Asphund process) pulps improved bending strength, water absorption, and thickness swelling of resulting hardboards. The improve- ments became more pronounced as the ratio of bagasse pulp was increased. Soda pulp blends gave greater increases in these properties than did Asplund water pulp blends. Rice straw/bagasse blends were better than rice straw/cotton stalk blends. 835. Fadl, N.A.; El-Shinnawy, N.A.; Rakha, M. 1985. Effect of ammonia and thermal treatment on rice straw hardboard. Research and Industry. 30(2): 127-133. Summary: Absorbed nitrogen content increased with increased time of ammonia treatment of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) from rice straw, and was higher in NH4OH treatment than NH, treatment. Hardboard made of NH3- modified TMP showed a remarkable improvement in bending strength, which increased with increasing treatment time-and reached a maximum after 2 days treatment. Since elimination of SiO2 from TMP was higher in the case of NH4OH treatment, boards made from NH4OH-treated TMP had higher strength than boards made from NH,-treated TMP. The NH4OH-treated samples showed remarkable increase in water absorption. The absorption increased progressively with increased treatment time in the absence of thermal treatment of board. With thermal treatment the water absorption decreased after 4 days. Samples of NH3-treated TMP showed slight change in thickness swelling, especially without thermal treatment. 836. Fadl, N.A.; Nada, A.A.M.A.; Rakha, M. 1984. Effect of defibration degree and hardening on the properties of rice- straw hardboard. Research and Industry. 29(4): 288-292. Summary: The degree of defibration plays a significant role in improving the physical and mechanical properties of rice- straw hardboards. Hardboard properties are improved with decreasing coarse fiber content. The optimum coarse fiber decreased the bending strength but-improved the water ratio which imparted desired properties to the board, ranged absorption and thickness swell of the hardboard. Simulta- between 11 and 22 percent. Properties improved when neous addition of phenol-formaldehyde copolymer also defribration was combined with thermal treatment and resin. decreased the effect of rosin. 837. Fadl, N.A.; Rakha, M. 1980. Effect of fire-retardant 841. Fadl, N.A.; Rakha M. 1983. Effects of various materials on properties of rice straw hardboard. Indian Pulp synthetic resins on hardboard from rice straw. Zellstoff and Paper. 35(3): 15-19. Papier. 32(3): 121-124. [German]. Summary: Hardboard samples were prepared without resin Summary: Untreated hardboard from rice straw was impreg- from rice-straw pulp. Fire-retardant materials (20, percent nated with various resins, which improved all properties solutions) used in the study were ammonium phosphate, measured. Phenol-formaldehyde resin gave the least im- provement and is not recommended since it darkens the60 percent borax/40 percent boric acid, 50 percent borax/ board. Novolac, an intermediate product of phenol-formalde-35 percent boric acid/15 percent ammonium phosphate and zinc amine. All fire retardants improved the water resistance hyde manufacture, was the best impregnant, improving of the boards while reducing their bending strength. Ammo- strength and moisture resistance. Melamine-formaldehyde nium phosphate was the best fire retardant tested in terms of resin improved the latter better than did Novolac, but gave shortening flame duration (to 0 at 3.7 percent concentration) less strength improvement. Urea-formaldehyde resin yielded and afterglow of the board (to 0 at 5.0 percent concentra- moderate improvement of moisture resistance and very slight tion). improvement of bending stiffness. 838. Fadl, N.A.; Rakha, M. 1983. Effect of addition of 842. Fadl, N.A.; Rakha, M. 1984. Effect of cooking linseed oil and heat treatment on properties of rice straw temperature and hardening on properties of rice straw hardboards manufactured by Asplund process. Cellulose hardboard with and without resin. Acta Polymeica: 34(3): 169-170. Chemistry and Technology. 18(4): 431-435. Summary: Adding emulsified linseed oil to rice-straw pulp Summary: Cooking temperature (experimentally varied from room temperature to 250°C) was found to be the most improved water resistance of the finished hardboard. Without thermal treatment, this improvement increases with oil important factor governing the quality of hardboards content, but with loss of board strength. However, a subse- produced from rice straw by the Asplund process (autoclav- ing for 20 s, followed by stone refining to a coarse fiber quent thermal treatment improves strength and water content of approximately 20 percent). Temperature should be high enough to soften the middle lamella and permit easy 839. Fadl, N.A; Rakha, M. 1983. Effect of precipitated fiber separation. The best cooking conditions for Egyptian wax emulsion and thermal treatment on rice-straw hard- rice straw were 185°C to 195°C for 20 s. Heat treatment of board. Research and Industry. 28(4): 258-263. the finished board is recommended to impart improved physical: and mechanical properties. Summary: Rice-straw pulp (92 percent dry solids, 14 percent ash, 12 percent silica; and 21 percent pentosans) was 843. Fadl, N.A.; Rakha, M. 1990. Effect of defibration and prepared by steaming rice straw at 200°C for 20 s, followed hardening on the properties of rice straw hardboards. Four P by mechanical defibration. The pulp was treated with News (Pulp, Paper, Printing, and Packaging). 2(4): 4-7. paraffin wax emulsion (containing 10 percent oleic acid and Summary: Rice straw, the main lignocellulosic raw material saponifed with ammonia solution) in the presence or in Egypt, used in industry mostly for fiberboard making, absence of 3 percent phenol-formaldehyde resin binder. produces fiberboard of inferior quality to that made from Sulfuric acid or alum was used to precipitate the emulsion on wood. This is due to the high percentage of nonfibrous the fibers. Hardboards were prepared in a small pilot press. materials and technical difficulties in processing. This study Water resistance and bending strength of the boards were investigated the effect of the degree of defibration (ratio of improved by adding 2 percent alum-precipitated wax coarse to fine) of the pulp on the properties of the finished emulsion in the absence of phenol-formaldehyde resin. hardboard before and after hardening and pressed with and Thermal treatment also improved the water absorption, without resin. Details of the experiment included the probably by reducing hygroscopic materials. preparation of the pulp, determination of coarse materials, 840. Fadl, N.A,; Rakha, M. 1983. Effect of rosin addition preparation of hardboard hand sheets, thermal treatment and thermal treatment on rice straw hardboard. Acta (hardening), and physical and mechanical properties. Polymerica. 34(2): 123-124. 844. Fadl, N.A.; Sefain, M.Z. 1984. Hardboard from retted rice straw and cotton stalks. Research and Industry. 29(2): Summary: The effect of rosin addition and thermal treatment 95-99. at 150°C on bending strength, water absorption, and thick- ness swell of hardboard from thermomechanical pulp of rice Summary: Chemical analysis of rice-straw and cotton stalks, straw was studied. The rosin addition and thermal treatment after retting for different periods, showed that retting had a 89 negligible effect. However, retted-rice straw contains a higher silica and lower lignin content than that of retted- cotton stalks. The effect of retting on bending strength, water resistance, and thickness swelling of hardboard prepared from rice straw and cotton stalks was studied. Retting opera-tion improves bending strength and water resistance of rice-straw boards; it decreases bending strength of cotton-stalk board. 845. Fadl, N.A.; Sefain, M.Z.; Rakha, M. 1977. Effect of blending waste paper with some indigenous agricultural residues on the properties of hardboard. Indian Pulp and Paper. 32(1): 11-13. Summary: Blending rice-straw and cotton-stalk pulps with waste-paper pulp improved bending strength, water resis- tance, and density of the resulting hardboard. Blending bagasse pulp with waste-newspaper pulp decreased bending strength and water resistance. The addition of a phenol- formaldehyde copolymer to the waste pulp blends improved strength and water absorbency characteristics of the hard- board produced. 846. Fadl, N.A.; Sefain, M.Z.; Rakha, M. 1977. Effect of thermal treatment on Egyptian rice straw hardboard. Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology. 27(2): 93-98. Summary: Bending strength fell with an increase in heating time and temperature for hardboard samples containing 51.5 percent resin. Hardboards containing 3 percent resin showed initial improvement in bending strength after heating at 140°C 160°C, and 180°C. Heating all samples at 200°C reduced bending strength. Water resistance was improved by heating. 847. Kluge, Z.E.; Lielpeteri, U.Y.A.; Ziendinsh, I.O. 1979. Hot pressed rice straw panels production-includes treating straw with steam prior to being modified with ammonia and pressed. Assignee: Kluge, Z.E., Lielpeteri, U.Y.A., Ziendinsh, I.O. Patent, P.N.: SU 656868, I.D.: 790418 [Russian]. Summary: A method for producing panels from vegetable raw materials which can be press-formed, by modifying the raw materials with ammonia, shaping, and hot pressing, is discussed. The physical and mechanical properties are in- proved and the production technology is simplified by treating the raw material with steam prior to modification with the ammonia. The treatment temperature is 140°C to 250°C. 848. Kluge, Z.E.; Tsekulina, L.V.; Savel'eva: T.G. 1978. Manufacture of hardboards from rice straw. Tekhnol. Modif. Drev.: 55-63. [Russian]. Summary: The experimental production of rice-straw hardboards was carried out by a two-stage process. The first stage, which increases the thermosetting properties of the straw, involved heat treatment with superheated steam at 167°C for 90 min, drying at 60°C, and the addition of 5 percent ammonia. The second stage, carried out under varying conditions to determine the optimum, included 90 pressing at 160°C to 180°C and 7 MPa for 2 to 4 min/mm of board thickness. Straw moisture content was 6 to 12 percent. Density, static bending strength, and 24 h water absorption and swelling of the boards were determined. Results are presented in the form of regression coefficients and dis- cussed. The optimum conditions (checked under pilot-plant conditions) included a straw moisture content of 9 to 10 percent, a pressing temperature of 180°C, and a pressing time of 2 min/mm of board thickness. Manufactured boards had a density of 1.15 g/cm3, static bending strength of 22.8 MPa, 2-h water absorption of 13 percent, and swelling of 7.4 percent. 849. Korshunova, N.I.; Perekhozhikh, G.I. 1977. Infrared spectroscopy of rice straw used as a raw material for the manufacture of fiber boards. Tekhnol. Drev. Plit. Plast. 4: 114-121. [Russian]. Summary: Molded rice-straw fiberboards have a consider- ably lower content of OH, MeO, and CO groups than untreated rice straw, as evidenced by the attenuation of IR peaks at 2,800 to 3,600, 1,100, 1,160, 1,250, and 1,375 cm-1. The attenuation of peaks at 800, 1,250, and 1,425 cm-1 is attributed to demethylation of lignin during molding of rice- straw fiberboards. 850. Madan, R.N. 1981. Production of strawboard pulps from agricultural residues. Holzforschung und Holzverwertung. 33(3): 50-51. [German; English sum- mary]. Summary: Rice and wheat straws and bagasse were each pulped with caustic soda, lime, soda ash, or combinations thereof. Yields were satisfactory and the strength of boards made from the pulps exceeded Indian specifications. 851. Mobarak, F.; Nada, A.A.M.A.; Fahmy, Y. 1975. Fibreboard from exotic raw materials. 1. Hardboard from rice straw pulps. Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotech- nology. 25(9): 653-658. Summary: Mechanical and semichemical pulping methods were investigated to determine the suitability of making rice- straw hardboard. It was found that adding a relatively high amount of resin (2 to 3 percent) was essential if hardboard was to be made from mechanically prepared rice-straw pulps. Mild chemical treatment of the mechanical straw pulp by sodium hydroxide at optimum conditions reduced the amount of resin needed to improve bending strength and water resistance of the board considerably. Treatment with calcium hydroxide or sulphuric acid was, generally, less successful. 852. Rakha, M.; Fadl, N.A.; Shukry, N. 1985. Blending rice straw pulp with some Egyptian flora. Research and Industry. 30(2): 102-106. Summary: Blending rice-straw thermomechanical pulp (TMP) with TMP from Helianthus tuberosus (sunflower) or Conyza descroides gave hardboard with improved bending 869. Gamza, L.B.; Korol’kov, A.P. 1983. Fibrous thermally insulating plates based on organophosphate. Proizvod. Primen. Fosfatnykh Mater. Stroit: 17-30. [Russian]. Summary: Low-toxicity thermal insulating panels for industrial building roofs were made of mineral wool and organophosphate binder consisting of urea resin and sodium polyphosphate curing agent. The bulk density of the panels was 0.20 to 0.21 g/cm3, thermal conductivity 0.052 W/m-k, compressive strength 0.118 to 0.125 MPa, moisture content 0.3 percent, water absorption capacity 12.6 to 18 percent, and binder content 8.3 to 9 percent. The replacement of mineral wool by self-binding NaOH-treated rice straw is discussed. 870. Guha, S.R.D.; Mathur, G.M.; Gupta, V.K.; Sekhar, A.C. 1964. Insulating board from rice straw. Indian Pulp and Paper. 19(10): 633, 635. Summary: Insulating boards were produced on a laboratory scale from. rice straw by the Asplund process. Test results indicated that boards with satisfactory properties can be manufactured from this raw material. 871. Juhasz, K.; Polhammer, E.; Horvath, I.; Nacsa, J. 1986. Building elements. Assignee: 23 Sz. Allami Epitoipari Vallalat. Patent, P.N.: GB 2175294, I.D.: 861126. Summary: Low cost, heat-insulating building panels are manufactured from vegetable matter (such as rice husk or straw, rape, and/or sugarcane) having a waxy surface, siliceous binding materials, and sufficient water to cause setting of the resulting mixture. Patent provides detailed processing and preparation material. 872. Mariani, E. 1963. Insulating materials. Assignee: Societa Novabric. Document type: Patent, P.N.: IT 652049, I.D.: 630125. [Italian]. Summary: Thermal and acoustic insulating material was prepared from the hydrolyzed husks of cereals, preferably rice, and clay by roasting the aqueous paste in a rotating furnace at 850°C to 1,100°C in the presence of 1 to 2 percent sodium or potassium nitrate, and then grinding in a hamm- ermill to <10-mm diameter. The product was used either as an additive to mortar or as raw material for prefabricated panels. 873. Razzaque, M.A. 1969. Manufacture of insulation-type boards from Golpata and rice-stalk. Forest-Dale News. 2(1): 50-57. Summary: The lamina and pith of the leaf stalk of Nip fruticans were suitable for board manufacture of any type. Only the outer layer of the leaf stalk yielded pulps suitable for making good quality boards of intermediate density. 874. Salas, J.; Veras, J. 1986. Insulating panels with rice husk. International Journal for Housing Science and Its Applications. 10(1): 1-12. Summary: The report presents quantitative results of tests carried out on 7.5- by 15.0-cm cylindrical test pieces and full-sized panels with a cement and rice husk, produced by appropriate technologies. The results are summarized and analyzed with a view to providing a possible alternative for substituting other insulating materials, which are generally imported, in developing countries. 875. Senno, N. 1980. Heat-insulating boards. Patent, P.N.: JP 55067555, I.D.: 800521. [Japanese]. Summary: Calcium hydroxide is reacted with polyvinyl, mixed with rice hull or other plant fibers, molded, and hardened. 876. Shukla, B.D. 1983. Engineering properties of rice husk boards. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. 14(3): 52-58. Summary: Three successful processes for the production of rice husk boards were developed and described. Four types of rice husk boards, namely insulation board, binderless board, sodium silicate bonded board, and resin bonded board, were investigated. Different engineering properties of the rice husk boards were tested and compared with the recommendations of the Indian Standard Institution, British Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, and other published literature. A 5,080-kg per day capacity plant for the production of resin bonded rice husk board was also designed for India, and the cost of production was estimated. 877. Shukla, B.D.; Ojha, T.P.; Gupta, C.P. 1985. Measure- ment of properties of rice husk boards. Agricultural Mecha- nization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. 16(2): 53-60. Summary: Tests indicate that husk boards, depending on their density and strength, can be used like insulation boards, particleboards, and hardboards. Procedures and apparatus for the measurement of physical and mechanical properties of rice husk boards are described. Air permeability, thermal conductivity, and specific heat measurement procedures are described. 878. Shukla, B.D.; Ojha, T.P.; Gupta, C.P. 1985. Measure- ment of properties of rice husk boards: Part II, Thermal properties. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. 16(2): 53-60. Summary: The procedures and development of apparatus for measuring the air permeability, thermal conductivity, and specific heat of rice husk boards are described. The results are compared with the recommendation of the Indian Standard Institute and other published literature. The suitability of rice husk boards for insulation purposes was studied. 879. Takashima, M. 1975. Heat-insulating board for covering the top surface of a feeder head. Assignee: Aikoh Co. Ltd. Patent, P.N.: US 3923526, I.D.: 751202. Summary: Insulating board was made from 18 percent flake graphite, 6 percent aluminum, 12 percent FeO, 33 percent 93 aluminum ash, 7 percent cellulosic material from paper, 5 percent slag wool, 10 percent carbonized rice husks, 3 percent KNO3, and 6 percent phenol-formaldehyde resin. The average yield of ingots cast with this material formula- tion was improved 1.4 percent over conventional boards. (Also see references 493, 494, 660, and 1154.) Cement/Gypsum/Plaster Board 880. Anonymous. 1983. Lightweight building materials with high strength and heat resistance. Assignee: Nichias Corp. Patent, P.N.: JP 58140361, I.D.: 830820. [Japanese]. Summary: A slurry containing burnt rice hulls, bentonite binder, and inorganic fibers is molded, dried, and optionally fired. The resulting lightweight material has a density of 0.57 g/cm3, bending strength of 392.2 kPa, and low shrinkage. 881. Kanetake, K. 1986. Wallboards from rice hulls. Patent, P.N.: JP 61236640, I.D.: 861021. [Japanese]. Summary: Rice hulls are mixed with cement, chamotte, and heat-resistant fiber, and then aerated, molded, and hardened. 882. Kisoiti, H. 1939. Artificial slates. Patent, P.N.: JP 128357, I.D.: 390118. [Japanese]. Summary: Hemp cloth is immersed in a gelatin solution at low temperature and dried. A paste of MgO, MgCO3, ground rock, rice hull, MgCl2, gelatin solution, and a small amount of organic acids with or without pigments is coated on both sides of base material and pressed. The material may be treated with sodium silicate and formalin solution and dried. 883. Kojima, H. 1986. Nonflammable building materials. Patent, P.N.: JP 61242937, I.D.: 861029. [Japanese]. Summary: Nonflammable building materials are produced from rice hull ash, water glass, or cement, and, optionally, lightweight aggregates by kneading with water, press- molding, and hardening. Resulting boards have a high weathering resistance and high strength. 884. Nishi, T. 1925. Wall-board compositions. Patent, P.N.: GB 239437, I.D.: 250217. Summary: Rice husks are used with plaster, cement, and lime as fillers. 885. Perl, J. 1950. Composition and production of building units. Patent, P.N.: US 2504579, I.D.: 500418. Summary: Building blocks, sheets, and boards are prepared by combining cellulosic materials, which include wood fiber, sawdust, straw, reeds, rice husk, or nut shells with a hydrau- lic binder such as Portland cement. These products are durable, stone-like, lightweight, high in insulative value, excellent in volume stability, and capable of being cut with saws. The durability in volume stability is attributed to a preliminary treatment with ammonia or NH4OH instead of the conventional NaOH, which results in a regenerated cellulose that expands and contracts with wetting and drying. 886. Rai, M. 1978. Low cost building materials using industrial and agricultural wastes. International Journal for Housing Science and Its Applications. 2(3): 213-221. Summary: Cement and cementitious materials, reactive pozzolanas, composite boards, roofing sheets, flooring tiles, and water- and weatherproof coatings made of industrial wastes and agricultural wastes such as rice husks, coconut husks, jute sticks, and groundnut shells have been made at the Central Building Research Institute in India. The pro- cesses have been licensed to various industries. 887. Roffael, V.E.; Sattler, H. 1991. Studies on the interac- tion between lignocellulosics straw pulps and cement- bonded fiberboard. Holzforschung. 45(6): 445-454. [German]. Summary: The interaction between kraft rice straw pulps and cement was studied in cement-bonded fiberboards. Results indicate that the presence of alkali-soluble carbohydrates greatly reduced the physical and mechanical properties of the boards. Cement degraded the pulp as the boards aged, leading to a continuous increase in the amount of soluble carbohydrates. 888. Salas, J.; Alvarez, M.; Veras, J. 1988. Rice husk concrete for light weight panels. Batiment International/ Building Research and Practice. 21(l): 45-49. [French; English summary]. Summary: A project by the Eduardo Torroja Institute in Madrid has focused on the mechanical performance of lightweight panels based on concrete made with rice husks treated with lime. The 6-cm-thick components measure 90 by 60 cm and are hand-formed in accord with methods that are suitable for developing countries. The results from flexure and axial compression on a short series of tests of these components are described. 889. Shukla, KS.; Jain, V.K.; Pant, R.C.; Kumar, S. 1984. Suitability of lignocellulosic materials for the manu- facture of cement bonded wood-wood boards. Journal of the Timber Development Association of India. 30(3): 16-23. Summary: The suitability of lignocellulosic materials was determined for the production of cement-bonded wood- flour boards. Of the lignocellulosic materials, rice husk cement mixes developed adequate strength. 890. Simatupang, M.H. 1988. Cement-bonded particleboards and their manufacture. Patent, P.N.: DE 3711496, I.D.: 881013. (German]. Summary: Particleboards (preferably containing wood chips), a hydraulically hardened, Portland cement-containing binder, and additives (optional) contain rice husk ashes. 94 Abstract gives detailed information on the composition and production of the particleboard. The rice husk ashes act as a hardener for the adhesive system employed in board production. 891. Yen, T. 1978. Study on the rice hull cementboard. K’o Hsueh Fa Ghan Yueh K’an (National Science Council Monthly, ROC). 6(10): 928-938. [Chinese; English sum- mary]. Summary: Coarse grain (raw material) and tine grain (2.0-mm) rice hulls were utilized in the manufacture of cementboard. Test results showed that rice hull is suitable for use in the production of the board. To increase the strength of the cementboard, it was recommended that using the optimal mortar content, consolidation method, or water cement ratio should be used. Increasing the mortar content was the most effective method to achieve higher strength properties. (Also see references 176, 930, and 1016.) Plastic/Plastic-Bonded Board 892. Honda, Y. 1950. Water-resistant pressed board. Patent, P.N.: JP 2118, I.D.: 500719. [Japanese]. Summary: Cork or rice hulls with a polyvinyl acetate emulsion are heat-pressed and then treated with formalde- hyde gas at 80 to 90 percent humidity. 893. Isobe, K. 1975. Boards from rice hulls. Assignee: Shimoyama, Taizo. Patent, P.N. JP 75138070, I.D.: 751104. [Japanese]. Summary: Mixtures of rice hulls and powdered polyethylene are hot-pressed to give boards having a bulk density of 0.20 to 0.75. Rice hulls (500 g) containing 12 percent water, 100 g of 1 percent aqueous sodium lauryl sulfate, and 100 g of 200-mesh polyethylene were pressed for 3 min at 140°C and 29.4 kPa to give a 25mm board having a density of 0.25 g/cm3. 894. Jain, N.C.; Gupta, R.C.; Bajaj, S.C. 1964. Plastic board from paddy husk. Research and Industry. 9(3): 67-69. Summary: Thermal hydrolysis of rice husk in the presence of various chemicals and under different cooking conditions and duration of cooking resulted in boards with superior strength when treatment included cresol, followed by PhOH and PhOH + Na2S2O3 · 5H2O. PhNH2 gave boards with the lowest water absorption. A cooking period of 30 min at 195°C gave boards of optimum strength and minimum water absorption. Replacing 20 to 30 percent of the rice husk with jute sticks and adding 10 percent PhOH and/or PhOH + Na2S2O3 · 5H2O (based on the weight of the rice husks and jute sticks) gave boards of higher strength (35 percent) and satisfactory properties. 895. Mitchell, M.R.; Varnell, W.R. 1971. Building material made of a mixture of polyester resin and rice hulls. Assignee: Concrete Development Corp. Utility, P.N.: US 3554941, I.D.: 710112. Summary: A mixture of rice hulls and polyester resin, which preferably includes fine organic particles in the 0.001 to 20 µm range to increase the strength of the product, is used to produce a building material. The rice hulls, which may be either whole or ground, or a mixture of both, are thoroughly coated with resin or polyester resin cement, and bonded together to make a solid product that is strong, durable, inexpensive, lightweight, acid-resistant, and a good electri- cal, thermal, and sound insulator. The product is ideal for molding articles such as drain boards, wall tiles, shingles, corrugated sheets, siding, roofing, deck panels, silo doors, and frames. 896. Ohtsuka, M.; Uchihara, S. 1970. Straw and chaff molding. Assignee: Otsuka Chemical Drugs Co. Ltd. Patent, P.N.: JP 48022346., I.D.: 700528. [Japanese]. Summary: Vinyl monomer-impregnated chaff and rice straw layers were molded to give laminates useful as construction materials. One-thousand parts air-dried chaff (15 percent water content) were impregnated for 7 min at 200-mm Hg with a mixture of styrene, unsaturated polyester, azobisiso- butyronitrile, and polyethylene glycol. One-hundred parts air-dried rice straw were similarly impregnated and the two compositions were heated for 4 h at 65°C at 196.1 kPa. Layers of resinified chaff and rice straw 4 mm thick were heat pressed together for 15 min at 180°C at 1.5 MPa to give a molding having a density of 0.70 g/cm3. Roofing Board (See reference 1016.) Unknown Board 897. Anonymous. 1975. Conglomerate of rice skin and synthetic resin-production method and use in manufacture of panels and other materials. Assignee: (CIDA/) Cidade J. Patent, P.N.: PT 62226, I.D.: 750331. (no abstract available) 898. Anonymous. 1981. Composition containing rice hull, for use as construction material–containing fibrous mate- rial, starch and/or amino and phenol resins. Assignee: (OKUR) Okura Industrial KK. Patent, P.N.: JP 81013622, I.D.: 810330. [Japanese]. Summary: A composition containing rice hull is produced by adding adequate fibrous material to rice hull, wet starch, and amino or phenol resins. The rice hull mixture is then molded by heating at 160°C under a pressure of 98.1 kPa for 10 min to give a 20-mm board. 95