Louisiana Arborist Exam-with 100% verified solutions 2024-2025-tutor verified, Exams of Advanced Education

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Louisiana Arborist Exam-with 100% verified solutions

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Discuss the differences between "flush cuts" and proper cuts made to outer portions of branch collar. How do "flush cuts" affect growth? A proper cut leaves the branch bark ridge, branch collar, and swollen collar in tact. It enables the cut to close in a circular fashion. Flush cuts remove it and opens the tree to decay by removing dead wood which branch defense zones form. Explain thinning cut and describe how they will affect the tree. It is removing the branch back to the lateral branch, large enough to assume terminal role. It opens the tree, reduces weight, reduces height, and retains its shape. Discuss Shingo's theory of walling off infections in trees called CODIT (Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees).

1. Trees are highly compartmentalized.
2. If the tree is wounded, it will heal itself by walling itself off from injury. How will pruning a tree at time of transplanting affect tree growth? It decreases root growth. You should avoid pruning except for broken or damaged limbs. Are there advantages of pruning a tree at planting time? No What is the major objective in crown cleaning? It removes dead, diseased, and dying crowded or wealdy attached limbs from the crown. the objective is to correct small growth problems before they get big growth problems.

Name five methods used to apply fertilization to trees. Broadcasting, drill hole, injection, foliar application, and implants Are wound dressings or paint recommended after making pruning cuts? Why? No, studies show it does no good. What is the purpose of crown restoration? Improves structure and appearance of improperly pruned or storm- damaged trees by encouraging new growth. List 3 ways cavities are started in trees. Insects, lightning, and wounds. What is the definition of a tree? A woody perennial with one or several trunks which grow higher than 12- 15 ft in height. List five species of trees to plant under a power line. Crape myrtle, chaste tree, red bud, silver bell, dogwood. If you want to fertilize a tree by broadcasting 4 lbs. of actual nitrogen and want to use 16-4-8 fertilizer, how often would you apply it over 1000 sq. ft. in one year? 1 lb. of Nitrogen / .16 (N in fertilizer) = 6.25 lbs per 1,000 ft. 6.25 lbs of Fertilizer x 4 lbs of N = 25 lbs of Fertilizer annually. 6.25 lbs. of 16-4-8 fertilizer should be applied 4 times a year.

List the most important pieces of safety equipment when using a chainsaw. Safety glasses, earplugs, face shield, hard hat, leg protection, and boots. List the major parts of a tree and their function. Leaves - photosynthesis, transpiration. Trunk/Stems - conduct, support, storage. Roots - anchorage, absorbing, storage, conduction. Flowers - reproduction. Fruit-ripened seed, pistil What is the most critical time after transplanting a tree and why? The 1st year to focus on root establishment. What are the benefits of mulching a young tree? To conserve moisture, reduce competition from weeds and grass, improve soil structure, and aesthetic value. List 3 benefits of mulch.

1. Retains moisture.
2. Reduces weeds.
3. Insulates roots. Why is the use of spurs prohibited on living trees? It causes wounds and damages the tree. What is chlorosis in a tree and how is it treated? The yellowing of leaves can be treated with Manganese.

Why is it recommended to use a block when lowering a heavy limb? To carry the load and reduce injury to a crotch from a climber's line. Describe how to cut down a large limb. Place the rigging point above the work, tie the limb at the butt, then cut and lower the limb to the ground. What other activities can a climbing rope be used for? To secure a climber to the tree for use of 2-hands, to swing, and for rescue. Distinguish between narrow and wide crotch angles. Could either harm the tree? Crotch angles are where branches fork, or where a main limb joins the trunk. Narrow Crotch angles (Tight) are where the angle between two branches is too narrow (less than 45 degrees). they can lead to structure weaknesses and tree failure Wide Crotch angles (Strong) are where the angle between the two branches 45 degrees or more. Describe Xylem and Phloem, and their function. Plants have tissues to transport water, nutrients and minerals. Xylem transports water and mineral salts from the roots up to other parts of the plant.

Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids from the leaves and other parts of the plant. Is a contract required between an LA licensed arborist before tree work is performed? Yes What state and federal licenses are required before an arborist applies pesticides? State commissioned pesticide applicators license. Federal in accordance with all federal regulations, may apply pesticides for the purpose of retarding decay or disease. What is soil pH and does it affect nutrient availability of a tree? The acidity or alkalinity of the soil. Trees may exhibit nutrient deficiency or toxicity symptoms from unbalanced soil pH levels. What is Mistletoe and is it harmful to a tree? Mistletoe is a parasite that grows in the branches of conifers and leeches nutrients away. Is Spanish Moss harmful to a tree? Spanish Moss absorbs water and nutrients, using other plants for support.

What type and how much insurance is an arborist required to have? $25,000 - personal injury; $50,000 property damage. What type of trees lose their leaves? Deciduous In the cross-section of a tree trunk, what tissues are present and what are the functions of each? Xylem (wood cells)- conveys water and dissolved minerals throughout the tree and provides support. Phloem (bast tissues)- transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis, in particular the sugar sucrose, to the rest of the tree. It is the inner-most layer of bark. Cambrium - the layer of plant tissue, between the Xylem and Phloem, responsible for the secondary growth of roots and stems by producing new xylem and phloem cells. When removing a dead limb over 2 in. in diameter, where is the removal cut made? Outside of the collar or around the dead branch stub if it contains live trunk wood. Explain CODIT. When a tree is wounded, cells undergo changes to form "walls" around the wound, slowing or preventing the spread of disease and decay to the rest of the tree.

What is a branch collar? the area where a limb or branch joins the trunk and xylem tissues are interwoven. Name the two parts of a scientific name. Genus and species. Name the spaces between soil particles. Pore spaces, micropores (water), macropores (oxygen). When can spurs be used to climb trees? To perform a rescue, to remove the tree, or with written permission from the owner. Short, shallow, and frequent irrigation is better than long, deep, infrequent irrigation? False List the benefits of mulch. Maintain moisture, control weeds, insulation, aeration, aesthetic value, and reduce soil pathogens.

List 3 natural, organic fertilizers. Bone and blood meal, manure, and sewer sludge. Using 2 lbs. of actual N per 1,000 sq. ft. with a 13-13-13 fertilizer, how much would you need to cover 2,000 sq. ft.? 2 lbs of N / .13 (Fertilizer = 15.4 lbs. of fertilizer 15.4 * 2 = 30.8 lbs. of fertilizer What should you know about a tree before you plant or recommend it to a customer? Size limits, growth rate, hardiness, form, soil pH, adaptability, disease/insect resistance. Fertilizer is always recommended at the time of planting. False Where along the branch, should a pruning cut be made? Outside of the branch collar. What is the purpose of dead wooding? To remove dead, diseased, or dying limbs. This increases air circulation and improves beauty. What are some problems associated with topping or heading back a tree?

1. Removes much of the leaf surface area needed to produce food and the food storage reserves.
2. Leaves large wounds that are slow to heal and becomes entry points for insects and disease organisms.
3. Allows strong sunlight to enter the central parts of the tree, resulting in sunscald, cracks and peeling bark. Are the use of wound dressings beneficial? No Name or describe 3 cabling techniques. Direct, triangular, and box or rotary. What circumstances warrant lightning protection for a tree?
4. Historical trees.
5. Expensive trees.
6. Trees people will seek shelter under. Name the common causes of plant disease. Fungus and bacteria. What is the most serious damage to a tree caused by construction? Compaction.

Construction fences should be placed as far from the trunk as possible. True What is the minimum diameter for a climbing rope? 1/2" diameter. What is ANSI 2-133.1? Safety standards for tree care operations. Sites of rapid cell division in the root tips, and cambiums are called? Meristems Besides primary, what are the meristems located at the end of the shoots called? apical What is the tendency for terminal buds to inhibit the growth of lateral buds called? apical dominance What are the "food factories" of trees? leaves

What is the process that combines carbon dioxide and water in a reaction driven by light to produce sugars? photosynthesis What are products of photosynthesis? oxygen and sugars The green color in leaves is created by the presence of what, which is necessary for photosynthesis to take place? chlorophyll What is the loss of water vapor from leaves called? transpiration The opening and closing of what in leaves allows for gas exchange and transpiration? stomata What controls stomata? Guard Cells, which regulate the intake of CO2 and the release of water vapor. What transports water and dissolved essential minerals within a tree? Xylem

What conducts carbohydrates within a tree? Phloem What is the layer of meristematic cells located between the phloem and the xylem? Cambium What is formed when truck tissue grows around branch tissue? Branch Collar What is formed as the branch and trunk tissues expand against each other in the branch union? Branch Bark Ridge What protects the branch and trunk of a tree from mechanical injury and desiccation? Bark Name the functions of the root system. Absorption Conduction Anchorage Storage

Hormone Production What is the process by which water enters young roots or mycorrhizal roots? Osmosis What is the orientation of growth in response to an external stimulus called? Tropism What are 2 examples of tropism? phototropism and geotropism What does CODIT stand for? Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees What is the term for trees with upright growth and a strong, central leader called? Excurrent growth What are the growth habits called for more rounded trees, which are often broader than they are tall? Decurrent growth habits

What do roots and fungi form, which are a symbiotic relationship, aiding in the uptake of water and minerals? Mycorrhizae What is the process called by which chemical energy, stored as sugar and water, is released? Respiration What are trees that lose their leaves in autumn called? Deciduous What are trees that maintain their leaves for more than one year called? Evergreen Term - uses more energy than it produces. Sink Term - mostly located in the upper 12 inches (30 cm) of soil. Absorbing Roots Term - "stalk" of a leaf. Petiole

Term - cells that cross the phloem and xylem for a radial transport. Ray Term - waxy covering of a leaf. Cuticle Term - small opening in stems for gas exchange. Lenticel Term - between the nodes of a twig. Internode Term - mature, green leaves - sugar producers. Source Term - green pigment. Chlorophyll When cutting through a tree with a chain saw or drilling into a tree, what order would you pass through the following: xylem, bark, phloem, cambium? Bark, Phloem, Cambium, Xylem

If the terminal bud is removed in pruning, a) growth may be stimulated in lateral buds. b) flowering is stimulated to enhance fruit production. c) the branch will die off. d) all of the above. A The growth ring of many trees, a) are visible because of rapid growth of earlywood relative to latewood. b) can be counted to approximate a tree's age. c) can give information about growing conditions in previous years. d) all of the above. D Which layer of cells is responsible for outward trunk growth and increased girth of a tree? Cambium Mycorrhizae are: a) collar-rot fungi. b) elongated underground stems producing sucker sprouts. c) a symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots. d) cells in which photosynthesis takes place. C

What is the classification of plants called? Taxonomy List the levels of plant classification. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Specific Epithet (KPCOFGS) What are vascular plants whose seeds are covered (by an ovary) called? Angiosperms What are vascular plants with "naked seeds" called? Gynosperms What is the group of plants called that grasses, banana and palm trees belong to, which have only one seed leaf? Monocotyledons (monocots) What is the naming of things called? Nomenclature Name five plant characteristics used to identify trees. Form or growth habit, bark texture, leaves, flowers, fruit, seed, buds, leaf scars, scent.

How many buds will a compound leaflet with multiple leaflets have? One In the scientific name Acer saccharum, what does Acer identify and what does saccharum identify? Acer identifies the genus and saccharum identifies the specific epithet. What can species be subdivided into when they have distinct differences in from the general species? varieties and cultivars What is a cultivated variety of plant called? cultivar When two leaves and /or buds are located at the same node on a twig, what is the arrangement called? Opposite Which genus of tree does not have an opposite leaf arrangement? a) Acer (maples) b) Fraximus (ash) c) Quercus (oaks) d) Cornus (dogwoods) C

Which conifers have needles in bundles? a) hemlocks b) firs c) pines d) spruces C Soil can hold water in microspores that the ability of tree roots to absorb the water is restricted. True What is the soil property called that resists changes to pH? Buffering capacity Negatively charged clay particles hold cations near the surface. True Over time, mulching can improve soil structure, reduce compaction, and add organic matter to the soil. True A pH of 5 is how many more time acidic than a pH of 7? 100 times

What is the process called where ions of essential elements wash down through the soil profile and are lost? Leaching What are the positively charges particles called that are formed from essential elements dissolved in soil water? Cations Iron and manganese may be in a chemical form that is unavailable to trees if the pH level is too alkaline. True What kind of buffering capacity do clay soils and soils high in organic matter have? High What is the zone of intense biological activity near the actively elongating roots called? Rhizosphere What is the term for the diversity of organisms living, moving, and interacting in the soil called? The soil food web.

What is water that drains from the macrospores called? Gravitational water What is the term for soil, following drainage? Field capacity Most soil organisms cause disease or decay in tree roots. False Many tree roots exist in a symbiotic relationship with fungi that assist the tree in water and mineral absorption. True Most of the fine, absorbing roots are typically found near the soil surface because: a) roots grow where conditions are favorable. b) roots need UV light to drive respiration. c) the pH of the soil is generally higher near the surface. d) phosphorus and potassium are more available. A Microorganisms tend to congregate in the rhizosphere, in part, because: a) sugar exudates from root tips are a source of food. b) mycorrhizae fix nitrogen and make it available. c) root hairs tend to collect cations essential to microorganism growth.

d) bacteria preferentially feed on the meristem tissue at the root tips. A If a planting hole in a clay soil site is backfilled with sandy soil: a) drainage will be improved, helping the tree to establish. b) nutrients will be more available to the newly established roots within the planting hole. c) water will drain very slowly out of the planting hole. d) the improved texture of the backfill will reduce the chances of girding roots forming later. C When soil is compacted: a) micropores combine to form macropores. b) soil particles are broken up, giving soil a finer texture. c) a high water content will reduce the damaging effects. d) total pore space and the percentage of macropores are reduced. D A characteristic of sandy soils in arid regions is that they: a) tend to become alkaline, and salts build up due to lack of heavy rainfall. b) tend to become acid because basic ions leach out. c) are fine in texture due to high sand content. d) have a high water-holding capacity because rainfall is scare. A

When are the most beneficial times to irrigate plants? Late night or early morning. What is the rate in which water soaks into the soil? Infiltration In most instances, it is preferable to minimize water irrigation directly to the foliage of plants. True What is a measure of the rate of water used by plants and evaporation from the soil known as? Evapotranspiration What is a landscape specifically designed to collect and hold stormwater runoff called? Rain Garden What are materials sprayed on plants to reduce water loss through transpiration? Antitranspirants Name 3 items used to monitor soil wetness or dryness. Soil probes, tensiometers, and electronic moisture sensors

Drought problems can be especially severe following periods of moderate to high soil moisture conditions. True Name 3 tree health problems associated with flooding: Root suffocation/death Soil organisms killed Predisposition to other stress factors Root collar rot Tree prone to toppling Mineral toxicities In sites where poor drainage can be a problem, which of the following will NOT help ensure plant survival? a) careful plant selection and shallow planting. b) improvement of surface drainage by changing the grade, or trenching. c) installation of drainage tiles. d) placing gravel in the bottom of the planting hole and backfilling with sandy soil. D How do trees take up essential elements through their roots? Dissolved in water.

What elements are required by trees in large quantities? Macronutrients What macronutrient is a constituent of chlorophyll and , if deficient, can cause reduced growth and yellowing of foliage? Nitrogen What is the yellowing of leaf veins called, which may be the result of mineral deficiencies? Chlorosis Why is it desirable to use slow-release fertilizers? They release nutrients, usually nitrogen, over an extended period of time. What is listed on the container label that gives the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium? Fertilizer analysis How much actual nitrogen does a 50-lb bag of 20-10-5 fertilizer contain? 10 lbs. What form of fertilizer are manure and sewer sluge? Organic