LPN PHARMACOLOGY FULL STUDY QUESTIONS WITH GUARANTEED ACCURATE ANSWERS |COMPLETE, Exams of Nursing

Download LPN PHARMACOLOGY FULL STUDY QUESTIONS WITH GUARANTEED ACCURATE ANSWERS |COMPLETE and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

LPN PHARMACOLOGY FULL STUDY QUESTIONS LPN PHARMACOLOGY FULL STUDY QUESTIONS WITH GUARANTEED ACCURATE ANSWERS |COMPLETE ACE Inhibitors - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ inhibit angiotensin II, potent vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles. Used to treat hypertension and heart failure. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Promote the accumulation of acytylcholines, resulting in prolonged cholinergic effects. Adrenergic - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Drug that has the effects of epinephrine Adrenergic Blocking agents - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Inhibits the adrenergic system, preventing stimulation of the adrenergic receptors.

Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Block stimulation of mineralcorticoid receptors by aldosterone, thus reducing high blood pressure by preventing sodium reabsorption. Aminoglycosides - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Gentimicin, Tobramycin, and related antibiotics; particularly effective against gram- negative microorganisms; noted for potentially dangerous toxicity. Analgesics - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Narcotic and nonnarcotic; relieve pain without producing loss of consciousness or reflex activity Androgens - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Stimulate the development of masculine characteristics. Angiotensin ll Receptor Antagonists - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Also known as ARB's (a very potent vasoconstrictor), prevents angiotensin ll from binding to receptor sites in vascular smooth muscle, brain, heart, kidneys, and adrenal glands, thus blocking the blood pressure elevating and sodium retaining effects of angiotensin ll. Anesthetics - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ i.e. Local or General Anesthetics; cause a loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness. Antacids - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Medications which neutralize acids in the stomach and lower excessively high levels of acid that result from eating certain foods.

Antianginals - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Used to prevent or treat attacks of angina pectoris; most common is nitroglycerin. Antianxiety - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Used to prevent anxiety symptoms or disorders; also known as minor tranquilizers or anxiolytics, although the term tranquilizer is avoided today to prevent the misperception that the patient is being tranquilized Antiarrhythmics - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Used to correct cardiac arrhythmias (any heart rate or rhythm other than normal sinus rhythm) Antibiotics - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Used to treat infections caused by pathogenic microbes; term is often used interchangeably with antimicrobial agents. Anticholinergic - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Blocks the action of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. Used to treat intestinal, bladder, and bronchial spasms. Also known as a cholinergic blocking agent, antispasmodics, and parasympathetic agents. Anticoagulants - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ DO NOT DISSOLVE EXISTING BLOOD CLOTS! Do prevent enlargement or extension of blood clots. Anticonvulsants - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Suppress abnormal neuronal activity in the CNS, preventing seizures

Antidepressants - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ drugs that combat depression by affecting the levels or activity of neurotransmitters in the brain Antidiabetics - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Also known as hypoglycemics; include insulin (used to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus) and oral hypoglycemic agents (used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus) Antidiarrheals - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Relieve of control the symptoms of acute or chronic diarrhea Antiemetics - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ These medications prevent or arrest vomiting. Also used to treat vertigo, motion sickness and nausea. Antfungals - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Miconazole, used to treat fungal infections. Antiglaucoma - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Used to reduce intraocular pressure for the treatment of glaucoma. Antigout - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Used in the treatment of active gout attacks or to prevent future attacks.

Antihistamines - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Used to treat allergy symptoms; may also be used to treat motion sickness, insomnia, and other nonallergic reactions. 150lbs converted to Kg? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ 150/2.2 = 68kg infection - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism that multiply and produce toxins that react in a dangerous way and produce illness in the host organism what can happen to normal body bacteria/flora when taking antibiotics?

• ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ *antibiotics can disrupt the normal flora in the body and cause yeast or fungal infections to occur OR (basically the same thing) *when antibiotics are given to kill off the infectious bacteria, the normal flora is also killed off candida is a _________ - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ common yeast infections that often overgrows to cause a fungal infection the common treatment of oral candidiasis (Thrush) - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Nystatin

common treatment for vaginal candidiasis? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ fluconazole is gram-positive or negative more difficult to eliminate? why? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ *gram-negative is harder to eliminate *due to: -being more complex -has an outer capsule that has two cell wall membranes mycosis - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ fungal infection How would we refer to bacteria or organisms that are resistant to multiple antibiotics? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ *superbug OR *multidrug-resistant (MDR) organism advice to clients taking antibiotics while on oral contraceptives - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ use another form of protection since some antibiotics can make BC less effective which classification of antibiotics is not a cell wall synthesis inhibitor? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ tetracyclines

what do the terms penicillinase and beta-lactamases refer to? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ enzymes that some bacteria produce that gives them resistance against penicillin why is it important that the client know to take an aminoglycoside antibiotic drug for the full length of time prescribed? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ to prevent accidental excessive exposure of the drug AND to prevent creating a superbug serious side effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ *nephrotoxicity *ototoxicity -permanent damage to the inner ear What is the purpose of taking antiviral drugs? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ stops the reproduction of the virus adverse effect of antiviral drugs? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the lower back best time to begin an antiviral drug for exposure to the flu? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ as soon as possible

what would be the ideal time frame for beginning drug treatment for the flu? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms a common antiviral drug - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ acyclovir How do sulfonamides work? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ they enter the bacteria and prevent them from making the final form of folic acid, which is needed for bacterial growth and function if a client is hospitalized, they may require higher amounts of nutrition due to what factors? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ *to promote healing *to meet the demands of the body what source of nutrition will promote growth and tissue repair OR maintenance and enzyme production? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ *Proteins -composed of amino acids what lab test can help determine the nutritional needs of a client? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ prealbumin Which vitamins are fat soluble? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ *A *D

*E

*K

what vitamins are excreted in urine and not stored in the body? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ water-soluble vitamins best source of vitamin D - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ sunlight what ingredient can sometimes be found in cold medicine drugs? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ alcohol what types of OTC drugs should be avoided if clients have certain diseases involving the liver, kidneys, or gastric issues like ulcers? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ ibuprofen if a client is taking acetaminophen and also uses cough medications, what do we need to caution clients about regarding these OTC drugs? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ overdose can cause liver failure aching or throbbing pain in one area of the body is referred to as _________ type of pain - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ nociceptive aching deep in the body is referred to as ________ type of pain - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ visceral

sharp shooting or burning pain is referred to as ________ type of pain - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ neuropathic what drug may be prescribed for treatment of muscle spasms? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ cyclobenzaprine what drug might be offered for mild pain? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ acetaminophen what can the nurse do for pain instead of drug therapy? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ massage how do opioids work in the body? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ they bind to opioid receptors as agonists to activate the opioid receptors what term do we use to describe the need for higher doses of opioid meds when the normal dose isn't relieving pain? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ tolerance the common side effect(s) of opioid use besides addiction - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ *constipation *sedation morphine sulfate side effect - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ respiratory depression

potential side effect for muscle relaxants - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ hypotension what term do we use to describe a natural opioid in the body when pain is present? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Endorphins what is the primary factor in determining the client can receive communication? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ determining if they can read or write what step must be taken if a client is unable to communicate? - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ get an interpreter Hand-off communication technique *SBAR - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ *Situation *Background *Assessment *Recommendation What common infection is often caused by an organism re-locating from one area of the body to another?

A. infection on the arm B. lice infection C. urinary tract infection D. encephalitis - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ C. Urinary-tract infection what is the main element in the stomach that protects the body from invasion of microorganisms? A. the acidic environment, a low pH B. the alkaline environment, a high pH C. not eating too much protein D. taking probiotics - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ A. the acidic environment, a low pH An antibiotics action that causes bacterial cell death is called: A. bacteriostatic B. narrow-spectrum C. multidrug resistance D. bactericidal - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ D. Bactericidal the human body has numerous bacteria that are nonpathogens living in most areas of the body. These are known as:

A. host bacteria B. immune system recognition C. normal floras D. translocated bacterial organisms - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ C. normal floras A common organism found in the bowel that can inadvertently cause a urinary tract infection is: A. Staphylococcus Aureus B. Escherichia Coli C. Candidiasis D. A gram-positive cocci - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ B. Escherichia Coli Bacteria that do not need oxygen to survive are called what? A. Aerobic B. Fungi C. Infectious D. Anaerobic - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ D. Anaerobic Penicillin's act by which mechanism?

A. Interfering and destroying the bacterial cell wall B. preventing bacterial proteins from being made C. interfering with bacterial genetic programming D. increasing destruction of bacteria by enhancing urinary excretion - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ A. Interfering and destroying the bacterial cell wall Most antibiotics share a common side effect in which body system? A. the gastrointestinal system B. the cardiovascular system C. the nervous system D. the endocrine system - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ A. the gastrointestinal system ASPIRIN SIDE EFFECTS OF ASA AND WHAT THEY DO FOR THE HEART - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Adverse Effects of Salicylates GI-Most common nausea and vomiting Tinnitus/hearing loss with prolonged use Bleeding potential gingival bleeding

prolonged bleeding from cuts black tarry stools dark urine petechiae Prevents heart attacks-research shows that regular low doses decrease the risk of heart attack in healthy men by inhibiting clot formation Treats heart Attacks-when administered immediately following symptoms, aspirin has been shown to reduce mortality among heart attack patients When you should not take aspirin Alcohol hangover any bleeding condition aspirin allergy iron deficiency anemia stomach or intestinal ulcers If you know you are going to have surgery in 1 week If you are pregnant ANTACIDS

ANTACIDS AND RENAL PATIENTS - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔

Antacids containing Magnesium should be used cautiously in patients with renal failure Antacids can cause sodium retention Give antacids 2 hours AFTER other drugs TYLENOL TYLENOL TOXICITY - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Individuals who have kidney disease who take aspirin or Tylenol products at least twice a week for 2 months were 3X more likely to have earlier kidney failure Detection and Treatment of Acetaminophen Induced Hepatotoxicity Ingestion of 10 or more grams may cause a severe hepatotoxicity 1 to 24 hours after ingestion nausea vomiting diaphoresis malaise pallor 24-48 hours after ingestion: decreased urine output bruises,petechiae

jaundice hypoglycemia renal failure elevated PT,PTT,bilirubin,liver enzymes Taking high doses of over-the-counter acetaminophen could lead to severe liver damage. While the drug is safe for use as stated on the label, avoid misusing or taking several drugs that contain this ingredient. DO not take more than 4,000mg a day OR more than eight 500mg pills) and do not take for longer than 10 consecutive days. Acetaminophen Antidote After stomach is emptied Mucomyst (N-Acetylcysteine) is given: Loading dose 140mg per kg. Of body weight Maintainance dose: 70mg per kg. Of body weight every 4 hours up to 17 doses Now available in injectable form (Acetadote) Acetadote is most effective if given within 8-10 hours of ingestion PAIN

PAIN ASSESMENT - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Key Points about Pain Assessment To treat any person's pain, it must first be identified and then documented for others to see. Adequacy of pain management is directly related to the frequency of assessment. JACHO ( remember what JACHO is ?)standards state that pain assessments be done on all patients.(This is required!!!!) Why Pain Standards are Needed? Pain is under treated Pain has potential harmful effects Inhibits the immune system Can enhance tumor growth Causes increased oxygen demand Causes respiratory dysfunction Causes decreased gastric motility Confusion JCAHO Pain Standards Recognize the right of patients to appropriate assessment and management of their pain. Assess pain in all the patients. Record the results of the assessment in a way that facilitates regular reassessment and follow up.

Educate relevant providers in pain assessment and management. Determine competency in pain assessment and management during the orientation of all new clinical staff. JCAHO Pain Standards Establish policies and procedures that support appropriate prescription or ordering pain medication. Ensure that pain does not interfere with participation in rehabilitation. Educate patient and their families about the importance of effective pain management. Include patients' needs for symptom management in the discharge planning process. Collect data to monitor the appropriateness and effectiveness of pain management. Operational Definition of Pain "Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does." BELIEVE THE PATIENT! Ref: McCaffery and Pasero: Pain: Clinical Manual, 1999). VAS in Assessing Pain VAS means visual analog scale We use these so patients can tell us what level of pain they are experiencing

The most popular is the number scale from 1-10. Look at the next slides to see example NSAID NSAID SIDE EFFECTS - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Adverse Effects: GI-nausea,vomiting,dyspepsia,diarrhea,GI bleeding Headache,tinnitus,drowsiness,weakness,depression Fluid retention,palpitations Hematuria,proteinuria blurred vision hepatic damage NARCOTIC NARCOTIC CONTRAINDICTIONS - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Contraindications to Narcotics/Opioids Increased intracranial pressure Pregnancy Pulmonary disease Cirrhosis Hypothyroidism CNS depressants

DILANTIN

SIDE EFFECTS OF DILANTIN (PHENYTOIN) - ACCURATE

ANSWERS✔✔ Dilantin(Phenytoin) Indication: Generalized Seizures(tonic/clonic),Complex partial Side Effects:Ataxia(staggering gait),diplopia,lethargy,slurred speech,nystagmus,skin rash,gingival hyperplasia,hair overgrowth,possible GI upset. Gingival Hyperplasia Overgrowth of the gingiva (gum tissue) DILANTIN LAB TESTS WHEN TAKING DILANTIN (PHENYTOIN) - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Phenytoin (Dilantin) Toxicity Therapeutic blood level 10-20 dose varies widely between individuals Patients should have a CBC done if they are on this drug long term Dilantin has a narrow therapeutic Index-in other words there is a narrow difference between safe and toxic drug levels TEGRETOL

HOW TO MINIMIZE SIDE EFFECTS OF TEGRETOL - ACCURATE

ANSWERS✔✔ Tegretol(Carbamazepine) Indications:Complex partial ,generalized tonic/clonic,simple partial and depression Side Effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision,lethargy, nausea and vomiting,changes in liver function This drug may cause changes in the WBC's and Platelets DIGOXIN GUIDELINES FOR GIVING DIGOXIN AND SIDE EFFECTS - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ for CHF Digoxin-increases the force of contraction of the heart Interaction Problems Some medications can increase the amount of digoxin your body absorbs. These include the following: Liquid antacids Some cholesterol lowering drugs(Questran in particular) Some antidiarrheals Bulk laxatives Erythromycin Phenytoin Diuretics

Digibind (Digoxin Immune Fab)-the antidote for Dig.toxicity Used only when the patient is experiencing life threatening arrhythmias- not for any minor symptom like nausea.. Can be given by intradermal or IV route If Patient is Dig Toxic your best bet is to stop the drug Administration of Digoxin Do not confuse Digoxin with Digitoxin( another form not really used that much). Read the labels carefully. Check the apical pulse rate prior to administration. DO NOT ADMINISTER if the rate is below 60. Check the serum digoxin level. Normal therapeutic range is 0.8 -2.0. Check Potassium(K) levels 3.5-5.0 Patient must have adequate renal function How Can We Tell Digitalis is Working? Increased urine production Weight loss Decreased edema Decreased jugular vein distension LITHIUM

LITHIUM LEVELS - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Lithium Blood levels must be maintained to avoid side effects; Blood level 1.5 or below-fine tremors,dry mouth,increased urination,nausea Blood level 1.5-2.0 vomiting,diarrhea,muscle weakness,incoordination(ataxia),dizziness, slurred speech,confusion Blood levels 2.2-2.5 persistent nausea and vomiting,blurred vision,muscle twitching, Blood level 2.5-3.0 myoclonic twitching,urinary and fecal incontinence Above 3.0 seizures,dysrhythmias,hypotension,peripheral vascular collapse and death. If patient misses a dose do not have them double up. LITHIUM LITHIUM SIDE EFFECTS - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ VOMITING DIAHRRHEA LACK OF COORDINATION (ATAXIA) SLURRED SPEECH DIZZINESS AND CONFUSION MUSCLE TWITCHING HYPOTENSION, IRREGULAR PULSE, SEIZURES, CARDIAC ARREST ANTILIPIDEMICS

HOW TO MONITOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPY WITH

ANTILIPIDEMICS - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ cholesterol testing, lft LASIX LASIX AND LAB TESTS - ACCURATE ANSWERS✔✔ Furosemide(Lasix) Used in acute pulmonary edema and hypertension IV -give over 1-2 minutes or dilute in saline and give no faster than 4mg./min Can cause otic toxic symptoms/hearing loss tinnitus especially if given too rapid Watch the K Always give in the am (if not the patient will be up all night) Adverse Effects with Loop Diuretics Ototoxicity (transient)-its like a buzzing in the ears) Hyperuricemia Hypotension Cardiac Arrhythmias Hypokalemia Headache Dizziness