Marine Biology Final Exam Review: Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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A shallow water area below the low tide line and extending over the continental shelf. - Correct Answers ✅Neretic zone The bottom of an aquatic ecosystem; consists of sand and sediment and supports its own community of organisms - Correct Answers ✅Benthic zone The broad, flat portion of the deep-ocean basin - Correct Answers ✅Abyssal plain The area of the ocean past the continental shelf, with areas of open water often reaching to very great depths; open ocean - Correct Answers ✅Pelagic The net horizontal distance over which a water particle moves during one tidal cycle of flood, depends on gravity and centrifugal force - Correct Answers ✅Tide excursion Impacts the magnitude of high/low tides; full moons & new moons-spring tides (high), half moons-neap tides (low), cycle of 24 hours and 50 minutes, month-long cycle - Correct Answers ✅Lunar cycle The way Earth's rotation makes winds in the Northern Hemisphere curve to the right and winds in the Southern

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Hemisphere curve to the left (think of missile trajectory); can influence tides, winds, and currents - Correct Answers ✅Coriolis effect Northern hemisphere clockwise, Southern hemisphere counterclockwise - Correct Answers ✅Currents Measured in parts per million, higher @ equator than poles due to melting of ice, impacts what kind of life can exist in certain areas - Correct Answers ✅Salinity Shallower water allows greater light penetration therefore more diverse life (coral reefs), blue/violet the only color that is reflected due to wavelength, deeper=darker - Correct Answers ✅Light penetration in sea water Base of many primary producers, eaten by a lesser but still numerous group of primary consumers, followed by secondary consumers, followed by primary consumers of which there are very few - Correct Answers ✅Food pyramid Plant plankton that photosynthesize and are drifters, very important in food chain (ie. diatoms, - Correct Answers ✅Phytoplankton

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Relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it (cleaner fish & the fish they clean) - Correct Answers ✅Commensalism Where both members of the relationship benefit in some way

• Correct Answers ✅Mutualism The relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage) - Correct Answers ✅Parasitism the act of preying by a predator who kills and eats the prey - Correct Answers ✅Predation each step in a food chain or food web - Correct Answers ✅Trophic level Must eat others to get nutrients - Correct Answers ✅Heterotroph Capable of producing its own food - Correct Answers ✅Autotroph

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An organism that feeds on others for nutrients, a heterotroph

• Correct Answers ✅Consumer Organisms in this kingdom are all prokaryotic cells & blue- green algae called bacteria. - Correct Answers ✅Monera Cells that do not have a nucleus - Correct Answers ✅Prokaryotic Entire organisms composed of one cell - Correct Answers ✅Unicellular Dinoflagellate protists, zooplankton, essential to marine food chain - Correct Answers ✅Dinophyte Highly abundant phytoplankton, essential to marine food chain - Correct Answers ✅Diatom A zone of the ocean where light penetration is effectively zero, and neither vision nor photosynthesis are possible - Correct Answers ✅Aphotic

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Green algae; unicellular. Photosynthetic. Most have flagella @ a point in life. Store food as starch. - Correct Answers ✅Chlorophyta Phylum that includes seed plants that form flowers - Correct Answers ✅Anthophyta Brown algae; found in colder marine ecosystems; kelps are largest (30 meters long) - Correct Answers ✅Phaeophyta Golden algae; most unicellular, some multicellular. Photosynthetic. Golden colored. Covered with tiny scales of silica or calcium carbonate. - Correct Answers ✅Chrysophyta A marine plant that lives partially submerged with its roots underwater and leaves and branches above water - Correct Answers ✅Emergent plant Primitive chlorophyll-containing mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems and roots and leaves - Correct Answers ✅Algae

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Tropical tree with roots that extend both above and beneath water; protect shores & land from tropical storms and erosion

• Correct Answers ✅Mangrove Summer seasonal thermocline - Correct Answers ✅Temperate water An extremely cold continent at the south pole almost entirely below the Antarctic Circle - Correct Answers ✅Antarctica An environmental factor that is not associated with the activities of living organisms (ie. salinity, temperature) - Correct Answers ✅Abiotic factor Means of continuing a species; asexual and sexual - Correct Answers ✅Reproduction One-celled, animal-like protist that can live in water, soil, and living and dead organisms - Correct Answers ✅Protozoan Symmetrical over a single line on the organism - Correct Answers ✅Bilateral symmetry Area within an organism where major organs are held - Correct Answers ✅Body cavity

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Cartilaginous fishes (ie. fish, sharks) - Correct Answers ✅Chondrichthyes The osteichthyan order that contains the cod, tuna, halibut, perch, and other species of bony fishes. - Correct Answers ✅Teleostei Class of bony fish - Correct Answers ✅Osteichthyes Established moratorium taking and importation sea otters,walrus,polar bears, and manatees. - Correct Answers ✅Marine mammal An animal that maintains a controlled internal body temperature using its own heating and cooling mechanisms - Correct Answers ✅Homeotherm Paired openings found behind the mouth of all chordates; in invertebrate chordates, they are used to strain food and water; in some vertebrates they are used for gas exchange and respiration - Correct Answers ✅Gill slits spinal chord - Correct Answers ✅Notochord Giving birth to live young - Correct Answers ✅Viviparity

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External embryonic development by egg, with nutrient uptake via a yolk. - Correct Answers ✅Ovoparity Fertilized eggs are retained within mother to complete development, but all nourishment gained from yolk sac - Correct Answers ✅Ovoviparity Diverse and productive environment named for the coral animals that make up its primary structure, exist thanks to algae living in it, very delicate balance of salinity and temperature in order to exist, limestone skeleton (calcium carbonate) - Correct Answers ✅Coral reef Deeper, generally colder waters with lots to offer an organism

• Correct Answers ✅Nutrient rich Water between 20-40 degrees of equator - Correct Answers ✅Tropical water The production of light by means of a chemical reaction in an organism - Correct Answers ✅Bioluminescence A muddy bottom that is exposed at low tide - Correct Answers ✅Mudflat

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An organism that allows its internal concentration of salts to change in order to match the external concentration of salts in the surrounding water - Correct Answers ✅Osmoconformer A tropical community of mangrove plants and associated organisms. - Correct Answers ✅Mangal A poisonous substance produced during the metabolism and growth of certain microorganisms and some higher plant and animal species. - Correct Answers ✅Toxin A net with a fine mesh that catches plankton. - Correct Answers ✅Plankton net Aids marine creatures in floating. - Correct Answers ✅Swim bladder mass/volume - Correct Answers ✅Density This relative of the sea anemone builds a large limestone cup at the base of its tubelike body. Their empty cups form coral rock. - Correct Answers ✅Coral polyp Eating plants only. - Correct Answers ✅Herbivore

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Terrestrial or aquatic flesh-eating mammal - Correct Answers ✅Carnivore Feeds on dead organisms. - Correct Answers ✅Detritivore An animal that feeds on refuse or dead bodies - Correct Answers ✅Scavanger The branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy associated with temperature - Correct Answers ✅Thermodynamics Reflects the relative abilities of the inhabitants to cope with the changing conditions of tides. - Correct Answers ✅Tidal zonation The relatively shallow (up to 200 meters) seabed surrounding a continent - Correct Answers ✅Continental shelf The deepest part of the ocean floor; made up of rolling hills and flat plains. - Correct Answers ✅Ocean basin

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The process of adapting to something (such as environmental conditions) - Correct Answers ✅Adaptation Periods of explosive reproduction and growth of a particular plankton species. - Correct Answers ✅Plankton bloom When the environment presents variation in a variable, variation in the population will be adaptive - Correct Answers ✅Patchy environments A gradual change in the communities that ecosystems support. - Correct Answers ✅Ecological importance Habitats are environments in which animals live and make a home. Threatened habitats are such environments that are being destroyed, mostly due to human activity. - Correct Answers ✅Threatened habitats The passage of energy through the components of an ecosystem. - Correct Answers ✅Energy flow Ability to float. - Correct Answers ✅Buoyancy An animal without a backbone. - Correct Answers ✅Invertabrate

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Muddiness created by stirring up sediment or having foreign particles suspended. - Correct Answers ✅Turbidity The branch of science dealing with physical and biological aspects of the oceans - Correct Answers ✅Oceanography