Marriage and family therapists (MFTs), Exams of Psychology

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Marriage and Family Therapy

Family therapists believe most life difficulties stem from: - family problems Family therapy is particularly effective with: - adult obesity AND couple distress Before 1940, mental health treatment focused on: - individuals The systems theory developed by Ludwig Von Bertanlanffy had less reliance on ____ and more emphasis on ____. - linear causality: circular causality The only woman pioneer in the early days of family therapy was: - Virginia Satir A type of questioning developed by the Milan Associates, emphasized asking questions that highlighted differences among family members. This type of questioning is called: - circular questioning The following family therapy pioneer utilized touch and nurturing of family members, emphasizing self-esteem, compassion, and affective congruence: - Virginia Satir There are currently two associations accrediting marriage and family therapy training programs: - CACREP & AAMFT Family therapy focuses on the ___ rather than the ___, which creates new and unique ways of resolving problems. - interpersonal: intrapersonal Family therapy tends to be ___ than individual counseling. - briefer In the 1970s, feminists began to question whether or not some concepts of family therapy were oppressive to women. True or false? - True The purpose of mystification is to simultaneously send two seemingly contradictory messages, leading to confusion. True or false? - False The first family therapy license was granted in Michigan in 1963. True or False? - False, California.

John Bell was known for his unconventional, spontaneous, sometimes outrageous appearing approaches, designed to help families achieve freedom and growth. True or false? - False, Whitaker. The most popular family therapy approaches in the 1970s were experiential family therapy, structural family therapy and strategic family therapy. True or false? - True The Supreme Court of the United States ruled in 2013 that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. True or false? - True Basic Family Therapy Skills Project - a project that begin in 1987 which focuses on determining, defining, and testing the skills essential for beginning family therapists to master for effective therapy practice brief therapy - an approach to working with families that has to do more with clarity about what needs to be changed rather than time. A central principle of brief therapy is that one evaluates which solutions have so far been attempted and then tries new and different solutions to the family's problem, often the opposite of what has already been attempted circular questioning - a Milan technique of asking questions that focus attention on family connections and highlight differences among family members. Every question is framed so that it addresses differences in perception about events or relationships by various family members. dual therapy - the name for conjoint couple therapy devised by Carl Whitaker family life education - the study of family life including developmental and situational factors that affect or change the life of families internal family systems - model of Richard Schwartz which considers both individual intrapsychic dynamics and family systems interpersonal - relationships between persons intrapersonal - thoughts, feelings, processes in a person mystification - the actions taken by some families to mask what is going on between family members, usually in the form of giving conflicting and contradictory explanations of events

National Mental Health Act of 1946 - legislation that authorized funds for research, demonstration, training and assistance to states in order to find most effective methods for all things mental health New Epistemology - the idea that the general systems approach of Bateson (cybernetics) must be incorporated in its truest sense into family therapy with an emphasis on "second order cybernetics". Stresses the impact of the family therapist's inclusion and participation in family systems ontology - a view or perception of the world psychoeducation - strategy that involves educational methods such as reading books, attending workshops, listening to audiovisual material and interactive discussion reflecting team approach - an approach where clinical observers come out from behind a one-way observing room to discuss with the therapist and the client couple/family their impressions schism - division of family into two antagonistic and competing groups second-order cybernetics - the cybernetics of cybernetics. stresses the impact of the family therapist's inclusion and participation in family systems skew - a dysfunctional marriage in which one partner dominates the other social constructionism - a philosophy that states experiences are a function of how one thinks about the and the language one uses within a specific culture. all knowledge is time and culture bound. combats the idea that there is objective knowledge and absolute truth. narrative nad solution-focused therapy are based on this idea. systems theory - theory that describes the interconnected elements of a system in which a change in one element affects all of the other elements therapeutic conversations model - a postmodern approach where the family therapist relates to the couple or family in a more egalitarian partnership undifferentiated family ego mass - an emotional "stuck togetherness" or fusion with a family by Bowen Families may respond to change by using negative feedback loops, which are loops that : - promote a return to the status quo

Families may respond to change by using positive feedback loops, which are loops that: - promote a change The family life cycle is useful in studying famlies from a ___ perspective. - developmental The three time dimensions referred to as the "life course" are: - individual, social, historical, Erik Erikson, a pioneer in human growth and development, developed an eight stage model of individual development. The last three stages focus on: - interpersonal development Family subsytems include all the following except: Parents Siblings Boys/Men Spouses - Boys/Men A key task of Stage 1, Leaving Home, of Carter and McGoldrick's life cycle model is: - separation from family of origin In Stage 5, launching children and moving on, families typically seek family therapy due to: - frustration/anger over the marriage and/or career ambitions During the New Couple stage, a major task for the couple is: - developing effective communication and problem solving skills Circular causality differs from linear causality, which is: - family member's actions move in one direction only A relatively recent development in couples who have adolescents and their aging parents to take care of and who feel they are squeezed psychologically and physically. This is called: - Sandwich generation Although at first they seem very different, the individual and family life cycle models share an emphasis on: - growth and development Definitions of what family is have remained pretty much the same over generations and across cultures. True or false? - False An inability to work through interpersonal issues, such as developing adequate or optimal communication patterns, is one of many issues that may prompt new couples to seek family therapy. True or false? -

True Life cycle stages are independent of one another and do not require some level of success before proceeding to the next step. True or false? - False "The more a parent protects a shy child, the shyer the child becomes." This fact is an example of the concept of circular causality. True or false? - True In general, singles are the second happiest demographic group (married couples being the happiest). True or false? - True boomerang children - adult children who, after being out on their own for awhile, return to live with their parents because of financial problems, unemployment, or an inability or reluctance to grow up Circular Causality - the idea that actions are part of a causal chain, each influencing and being influenced by the other. cohabitation effect - the phenomenon of lower marital quality, more negative communication, less dedication, and higher rates of divorce for couples who cohabitated before marriage courage - the ability to take calculated risks without knowing the exact consequences cybernetics - a type of systemic interrelatedness governed by rules, sequences, and feedback. The term was introduced as a concept to family therapy by Bateson. development - predictable physical, mental, and social changes over life that occur in relationship to environment empty nest - a term that describes couples who have launched their children and are without childrearing responsibilities family of origin - the family a person was born or adopted into homeostasis - tendency to resist change and keep things as they are, in a state of equilibrium idealistic distortion - viewing one's marriage and spouse to be better than they actually are linear causality -

one cause equals one effect; the line of reasoning is direct negative feedback loops - behaviors that reduce deviation within a system and bring the system back to tis former homeostatic state organism - form of life composed by mutually dependent parts and processes standing in mutual interaction planful competence - when adolescents have a reasonably realistic understanding of their intellectual abilities, social skills, and personal emotional responses in interrelationship with others. positive feedback loops - behaviors that amplify deviation within a system and take the system further away from homeostasis sandwich generation - Group of people who are caring for both their parents and their children. Squeezed psychologically and physically senescence - A gradual physical decline that is related to aging and during which the body becomes less strong and efficient. Begins after overall growth stops. singlehood - being single solid self - a Bowenian term for developing a sense of one's own identity where beliefs and convictions are not simply adaptive to others. subsystems - smaller units of the system as a whole, usually composed of members in a family who because of age or function are logically grouped together, such as parents. They exist to carry out various family tasks. Studies reveal that healthy and functional families in virtually all cultures are able to: - adapt to change, set appropriate boundaries, express confidence in themselves and their children Members of healthy families often use humor, soothing comments, or changes of subject to steer difficult family conversations in positive directions. This process of redirection difficult conversations is known as: - repair Horizontal stressors are - related to current events Symmetrical interaction is based on: -

similarity of behavior and competition Cohesion, or emotional bonding, can be measured on four levels from low to high: - disengaged, separated, connected, enmeshed In the ABCX Model, the C is: - the meaning or significance of the event for the family There are two levels of change, first-order and second-order. First-order change is characterized by: - superficial change Centrifugal families are more ___ than centripetal families. - Disengaged The Double ABCX Model differs from the ABCX Model in some significant ways including: - incorporation of metachange factors Useful family characteristics for coping with stress include all of the following except: Lack of physical violence Identification of family member who caused problem Solution oriented rather than blame oriented Open and clear Communication - Identification of family member who caused problem The three least prevalent types of families in American culture are nuclear, single parent, and blended. True or false? - False A high degree of religious/spiritual orientation is a characteristic of healthy families. True or false? - True Although healthy families do not always produce healthy individuals, being in a healthy family environment is an advantage. True or false? - True Vertical stressors are related to current events, are developmental and continually unfolding. True or false? - False Research on families is important because it helps identify healthy family characteristics, not just pathology. True or false? - True All healthy families have deficits and all dysfunctional families have strengths. True or false? - True

ABCX Model of a crisis - in this model A represents the stressor that happens to the family, B is the resources at the family's disposal, C is the meaning or interpretation the family attaches to the experience, X is the combined effect os these factors. expresses how the same type of event may be handled differently by different families boundaries - the physical and psychological factors that separate people from one another and organize them centrifugal - literally, directed away from a center. describes how people move away from their family centripetal - literally, directed toward a center. describes tendency to move toward family closeness check mark diagram - in the ABCX model of crisis, the process that a family goes through in adjusting to situations, it initially tumbles down like a slope and then reestablishes itself like the upslope of a check mark complementary relationship - relationships based on family member roles or characteristics that are specifically different from each other (e.g., dominant versus submissive, logical versus emotional). If a member fails to fulfill his or her role, such as be a decision maker or a nurturer, other members of the family are adversely affected. conflictual triangles - two individuals arguing over and interacting in regard to a third person instead of attending to their relationship developmental stressors - stressful events that are predictable and sequential, such as aging. DINK - dual income no kids double ABCX model - a model for dealing with crises that builds on the ABCX model but focuses on family resolutions over time rather than in regard to a single happening. dual-career families - families in which both marital partners are engaged in work that is developmental in sequence and to which they have a high commitment family adaptibility - the ability of a family to be flexible and change family cohesion - emotional bonding within a family

family development in environmental fit - a concept that states that some environments are conducive to helping families develop and resolve crises, and others are not. first-order change - process whereby a family that is unable to adjust to new circumstances often repetitiously tries the same solutions or intensifies nonproductive behaviors thus assuring that the basic organization of the family does not change happenstance - an unpredictable event, a chance circumstance. health - an interactive process associated with positive relationships and outcomes horizontal stressors - stressful events related to the present, some of which are developmental, such as life cycle transitions, and others of which are unpredictable, such as accidents. intergenerational coalitions - members from different generations, such as a mother and daughter, colluding as a team. life cycle transitions - predictable movement from one stage of life to another, such as going from being married to being married with children. metachange - a changing of rules sometimes referred to as a change of change. nonevent - the nonmaterialization of an expected occurrence (e.g., the failure of a couple to have children). parallel relationships - relationships in which both complementary and symmetrical exchanges occur as appropriate postgender relationships - a symmetrical relationship where each partner is versatile and tries to become competent in doing necessary or needed tasks Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment, and Adaptation - a model of family adjustment that proposes that a family's capability to meet demands is dynamic and interactional roles - prescribed and repetitive behaviors involving a set of reciprocal activities with other family members or significant others: behaviors family members expect from each other and themselves second-order change -

a qualitatively different way of doing something; a basic change in function and/or structure. situational stressors - stressful events that are unpredictable, such as interpersonal relationships that are emotional. spillover - the extent to which participation in one domain affects participation in another domain symmetrical relationship - a relationship in which each partner tries to gain competence in doing necessary or needed tasks. members within these units are versatile vertical stressors - events dealing with family patterns, myths, secrets, and legacies. These are stressors that are historical and that families inherit from previous generations. In premarital counseling, the focus is on - prevention The overall goal of marriage enrichment, education, and enhancement programs is to - improve the functioning and quality of marriages There are three preventative approaches to working with couples. They are: - universal, selective, indicated Crisis oriented couples approaches are ___ effective in the long term approaches with developmental perspectives. - less Which couples therapy approach focuses primarily on negotiating pleasant behaviors and teaching problem solving and communication skills? - Behavioral Couple Therapy Which couples therapy approach focuses on the dual perspectives of intrapsychic processes and interpersonal processes? - Emotionally Focused Therapy A procedure used in behavioral couple approaches in which one or both partners act as if they care about each other, regardless of the other's actions is called: - caring days The process of helping families or couples settle disputes or dissolve their relationships in a nonadversarial way is called: - mediation Important goals of divorce therapy would include all the following except: - to help build attachment and connectedness Mediation, when compared to divorce proceeding, is: -

quicker, less costly, and less hostile Infidelity in American society is: - common Risk factors for infidelity are higher for - african american males In treating cases of infidelity, three recovery stages have been identified: - Stage 1 an emotional roller coaster of emotions Stage 2 a moratorium Stage 3 trust building Effective treatments for infidelity include - Behavioral and Cognitive-behavioral When treating cases of infidelity, it is important for therapists to assess for the ___ context, as this may define how a couple view unfaithfulness. - cultural Common topics for marriage encounter, enrichment, and education programs include communication skills and conflict resolution. True or false? - True Most couples treated do not return to original levels of relationship discord. True or false? - False The ideal time for premarital counseling is 4 to 12 weeks before the wedding date. True or false? - True A good example of a marriage education is Smart Marriage. True or false? - True Because all marriages have some conflict, individual therapy is more effective than conjoint therapy. True or false? - False behavioral analysis - a procedure used in behavioral couples therapy to measure couple distress. Based on interviewing, self reports, on questionnaires, and making behavioral observations caring days - part of a behavioral marital procedure in which one or both marital partners act as if they care about their spouse regardless of other's actions. Technique embodies the idea of a positive risk, a unilateral action not dependent on another for success collaborative divorce - an intervention model in which the divorcing couple and attorneys agree, by an explicit, written contract, to work toward a settlement without resorting to litigation

communications theory - An approach that focuses on clarifying verbal and nonverbal transactions among family members. Mostly incorporated in experiential and strategic family therapy contingency contracting - a procedure in which an individual forms a contract with another person, such as a therapist, detailing what rewards or punishments are contingent on the performance or nonperformance of a target behavior couple therapy - when a counselor works with two individuals to improve their relationship as a dyad. The couple may be married or unmarried, gay, straight and have carious levels of commitment to each other Couple Communication Program - a marriage enrichment program which is divided into entry and advanced programs where couples learn about themselves and their partners better in addition to mastering 11 interpersonal skills for effective talking, listening, conflict resolution, and anger management Great Start - a program that utilizes Prepare/Enrich inventories and is designed for premarital and early marital relationships. Part of the couples communication program. incest - sexual relations between people who are closely related to each other indicated prevention - preventative efforts that focus on minimizing the harmful impact of serious problems in the early stages of their development, such as having a therapist work with a couple who marriage is coming apart in order to prevent them from doing harm to one another or their children infidelity - myriad of activities outside of the couples relationship marital quality - how a marriage relationships is functioning and how partners feel about and are influenced by such functioning marriage education - the use of didactic lectures, visual aids, books, handouts, discussions to hep couples learn about the pitfalls and possibilities of marriage marriage enrichment - the concept that couples stay healthy or get healthier by actively participating in certain activities, usually in connection with other couples marriage therapy - when a therapy works with a couple that is legally married to improve their relationship

Marriage Encounter Program - founded in 1962, "team couple" lead group of partners during a weekend in exercise that give them the opportunity to share their emotions and thoughts operant conditioning - Skinner's behavioral theory that people learn through rewards and punishments operant interpersonal approach - term first used to describe Stuart's initiatives in behavioral couple therapy Practical Application of Intimate Relationship Skills (PAIRS) - marriage enrichment program by Lori Gordon that teaches attitudes, emotional understandings, emotional understandings and behaviors that nurture and sustain healthy relationships positive reinforcer - a material or social action that individuals are willing to work for positive risk - a unilateral action that is not dependent on another for success premarital counseling - Working with a couple to enhance their relationship before they get married quid pro quo - literally, something for something SANCTUS - a theologically and psychologically based marriage enrichment program based on step-wise process that incorporates building a pattern of love and relationship with God, one's self, and others selective prevention - preventative intervention targeting subgroups of people at risk for a particular problem shaping - the process of learning small gradual steps; often referred to as successive approximation social exchange theory - an approach that stresses the rewards and costs of relationships in family life according to a behavioral economy social learning theory - a theory that stresses the importance of modeling and learning through observation as a primary way of acquiring new behaviors universal prevention - Prevention efforts that focus on preventing the development of problems that are targeted to the entire population