Mastering A&P exam 4 189 questions with complete solutions 2024/2025, Exams of Nursing

Download Mastering A&P exam 4 189 questions with complete solutions 2024/2025 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Mastering A&P exam 4| 189 questions| with complete solutions Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule? correct answer: Renal cortex A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures? correct answer: Renal pelvis Where does the kidney filter the blood? correct answer: renal corpuscle What is the function of the renal pelvis? correct answer: Collects newly formed urine T/F: The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney. correct answer: false Urine drains from a major calyx into: correct answer: the renal pelvis A patient who is on medications that block the RAAS is feeling faint during exercising. While being monitored on a treadmill, the doctor sees that his blood pressure remains low instead of increasing his level of activity. She explains that his medication is: correct answer: inhibiting vasoconstriction and restricting his blood pressure from rising while exercising. Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney. correct answer: Fibrous capsule Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney? correct answer: Hilum T/F. The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface. correct answer: true T/F : The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney. correct answer: False Which portion of the renal tubule has a brush border created by the presence of many microvilli? correct answer: proximal tubule Which region of the kidney is the most superficial? correct answer: Renal cortex Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys? correct answer: Renal cortex Where are the renal columns located? correct answer: Renal medulla Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney. correct answer: Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids? correct answer: Renal columns The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in 1 minute is defined as the __________. correct answer: GFR The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells form the: correct answer: juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). The right kidney sits ________ to the left kidney due to the position of the liver. correct answer: inferior The portion of the renal tubule through which filtrate initially flows is known as the: correct answer: proximal tubule. The process of filtration occurs in the: correct answer: renal corpuscle. Which of the following functions is NOT one of the functions of the urinary system? correct answer: Regulation of leukocyte production A glomerulus is: correct answer: a set of capillaries within the renal corpuscle Filtrate traveling through the renal tubule travels from the thick ascending limb to the: correct answer: distal tubule. Determine the correct order of the structure of the filtration membrane from deep to superficial. correct answer: fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells, basal lamina, podocytes Which of the following is NOT part of the urinary system? correct answer: spleen The arteriole that delivers blood to the glomerulus is the __________. correct answer: afferent arteriole Which of the following is the capillary bed fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole? correct answer: glomerulus Lisa suffers from kidney stones. One small stone manages to get lodged in the ascending limb of the nephron loop of one of her nephrons. Predict what would happen to the amount of filtrate produced over time by this particular nephron. correct answer: Decrease in filtrate production due to an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space Which of the following solutes will NOT pass across the filtration membrane? correct answer: Plasma proteins ____________is an abnormal condition where large amounts of protein are in the urine. correct answer: proteinuria Renal artery stenosis, or abnormally narrow renal arteries, will cause the kidneys to: correct answer: have an inadequate amount of blood flow to the nephrons, and decrease rate of filtration. The indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the: correct answer: hilum. Promotes vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles and systemic blood vessels correct answer: angiotensin-II (A-II) Inserts aquaporins to increase water reabsorption by cells in the late distal tubule and cortical collecting duct correct answer: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Promotes the release of aldosterone by the adrenal glands correct answer: angiotensin-II (A-II) Released by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells in response to a decrease in systemic blood pressure correct answer: renin Triggers urinary excretion of sodium ions correct answer: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Converts angiotensin-I (A-I) to active angiotensin-II (A-II) correct answer: angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) Inflammation of the bladder is called ________ correct answer: cystitis the _____ capsule surrounds the kidney correct answer: renal cells with foot-like extensions that form the filter near a glomerulus are called ____________ correct answer: podocytes _______ organs include the kidneys, which are located behind the parietal peritoneum. correct answer: retroperitoneal In which kidney region are the renal pyramids located? correct answer: renal medulla Which of the following will cause an increase in GHP and GFR? correct answer: Dilation of the afferent arteriole Which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption? correct answer: Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood. What increases the permeability of the glomerulus by making the capillaries "leaky"? correct answer: fenestrations Which of the following forces drives filtration? correct answer: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) The Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) is equal to: correct answer: GHP - (GCOP + CHP) An increase in blood pressure will cause an increase in _______. correct answer: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) *will be on test* This structure transports urine from the kidney to the bladder. Urethra Ureter Uterus Collecting duct none of these choices correct answer: Ureter *will be on test* This layer of the ureter is composed of transitional epithelium. Mucosa Peritoneum Lamina propria Adventitia Lamina elastica correct answer: Mucosa *will be on test* This structure lies in the anterior corner of the trigone of the bladder. External urethral sphincter Peritoneum Ureter Internal urethral orifice Rugae correct answer: Internal urethral orifice *will be on test* Which of these is under voluntary control? urethra detrusor muscle internal sphincter external sphincter afferent arterioles correct answer: External sphincter *will be on test* All of the following structures are components of the urinary system except the kidneys. ureters. urethra. gallbladder. nephron. correct answer: Gallbladder *will be on test* What affect does ADH have on urine output? minimal/none increases decreases maintains correct answer: Decreases Which of the following is controlled voluntarily? correct answer: opening of the external urethral sphincter The thin descending limb of the nephron loop is freely permeable to __________. correct answer: water The filtrate is most concentrated __________. correct answer: at the turn of the nephron loop What initiates the micturition reflex? correct answer: Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord. What does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop? correct answer: creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption T/F : Hydrogen ion secretion leads to bicarbonate ions reabsorption in order to maintain proper blood pH balance. correct answer: True The distal tubule is a site for: correct answer: reabsorption and secretion Which of the following hormones causes sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule? correct answer: Aldosterone Which of the following would be a "potassium sparing diuretic," a drug that causes an increase in water loss, and a decrease in potassium loss in the kidneys? correct answer: a drug that blocks the effect of aldosterone Which of the following will trigger the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) into action? correct answer: low blood pressure T/F : Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). correct answer: False Consuming alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. As a result __________. correct answer: urine volume will increase The urinary tract would not function as well if it was composed of simple squamous epithelium because: correct answer: the simple squamous epithelium is extremely thin, would not provide adequate protection, and be more prone to tearing. While traveling through the rain forests of Peru, you are introduced to a rare and exotic plant. You discover that it contains a toxin that blocks the reabsorption of sodium ions from the proximal tubule. If administered, what affect would this toxin have on the reabsorption of water and other electrolytes? correct answer: The toxin would significantly decrease the amount of water and certain electrolytes reabsorbed by the proximal tubule. T/F : The juxtamedullary apparatus acts as a special vascular system called the countercurrent exchanger. correct answer: False Which statement is TRUE regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? correct answer: ADH increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts to water. Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by: correct answer: proteins such as albumin in the blood. Aldosterone antagonist drugs prevent aldosterone from having an effect at its receptors. As a result __________. correct answer: more urine will be produced T/F : Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) is largely determined by systemic blood pressure. correct answer: True Increased water reabsorption in the descending limb of the nephron loop will result in __________. correct answer: increased NaCl reabsorption in the ascending limb Voluntary neural control is necessary for: correct answer: relaxation of the external urethral sphincter. A substance will have the fastest renal clearance if it is __________. correct answer: filtered and secreted Certain diuretics block the effects of carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that aids in the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions. What will happen to the pH of blood if this were to occur? correct answer: There will be a decrease in pH of the blood resulting in acidosis. The glomerular filtration rate is defined as: correct answer: the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute. T/F : The function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is to decrease systemic blood pressure. correct answer: False In the ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle), the: correct answer: thick segment is impermeable to water but permeable to sodium and chloride ions. Which of the following is the myogenic response to high blood pressure? correct answer: Constrict the afferent arteriole The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate: correct answer: blood pH. Which of the following is an effect of angiotensin-II (A-II)? correct answer: A-II promotes thirst. Increase in urine volume is usually accompanied by ___________ in urine concentration. correct answer: decrease If there was no medullary gradient, the kidneys would produce: correct answer: large amount of dilute urine The trigone of the urinary bladder is created by __________. correct answer: the openings to the two urethral orifices and the internal urethral orifice Mitosis produces cells that are ___________; meiosis produces cells that are ___________. correct answer: diploid; haploid The primary sex organs are also called __________. correct answer: gonads Complete this analogy: Testes are to gonads as sperm are to: correct answer: gametes The reduction in the number of chromosomes to half the normal count occurs during: correct answer: meiosis. A parent cell has 28 chromosomes and completes meiosis. How many chromosomes result in each cell produced? correct answer: 14 chromosomes The fusion of sperm and egg is known as: correct answer: fertilization. Meiosis is a special type of cell division that produces: correct answer: gametes. T/F :From one original cell, four genetically unique daughter cells, each with 23 nonreplicated chromosomes, are produced at the conclusion of meiosis II of spermatogenesis. correct answer: true A married couple is trying to conceive a child. The man works outside during the hot summer months and is also taking medications that cause involuntary muscle contractions. What affect will this have on his sperm production? correct answer: He will experience a decreasing number of sperm cells produced due to the scrotum being close to body temperature if not higher. Which structure is part of both the reproductive and the urinary system in males? correct answer: urethra Which of the following glands produces the majority of the fluid in semen? correct answer: seminal vesicles Upon leaving the testes, sperm enters the ________ for functional maturation. correct answer: epididymis Sperm in the epididymis travel immediately next to the: correct answer: ductus deferens. Which of the following is NOT a region of the male urethra? correct answer: serosa Contraction of the cremaster muscle correct answer: pulls the testes closer to the body T/F : Testosterone is made by the myoid cells of the male testes. correct answer: false T/F : The accessory sex glands that contribute fluids to semen are the bulbourethral gland, the prostate, and seminal vesicles. correct answer: True T/F : During cold temperatures, the testes are pulled closer to the pelvic floor and the warmth of the body wall, and the scrotum becomes shorter and heavily wrinkled. correct answer: true The stem cells that give rise to new sperm are called __________. correct answer: spermatogonia Which hormone is directly responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics in males? correct answer: Testosterone The process of male gamete, or sperm cell, development is known as: correct answer: spermatogenesis. What is the name of the stem cell that begins the process of spermatogenesis? correct answer: spermatogonium How many spermatids result from one spermatogonium? correct answer: 4 Which of the following is the main hormone that regulates spermatogenesis? correct answer: testosterone A seventy-five-year-old male has noticed he has had difficulty urinating. His physician says his difficulty is most likely due to an enlarged gland known as the: correct answer: prostate. T/F : Spermatogenesis results in four spermatids, each containing 23 chromosomes. correct answer: true An ultrasound of a female's abdomen and pelvis reveal her uterine tubes lack fimbriae. How likely will she become pregnant? correct answer: Her chances of pregnancy are low because the fimbriae are needed to sweep the oocyte into the uterine tube for fertilization to occur. Which of the following is not a structure of the external female genitalia? correct answer: vagina