Mastery Exam BEST STUDYING MATERIAL WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST VERSION UPDATE 2024, Exams of Nursing

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• Mastery Exam BEST STUDYING

MATERIAL WITH VERIFIED

ANSWERS LATEST VERSION

UPDATE 2024- 2025

• A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.

• Select one:

• a. primary

• b. negative

• c. positive

• d. secondary

• • ANSWER a. primary

• ________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

• Select one:

• a. Shaping

• b. Spontaneous recovery

• c. Stimulus generalization

• d. Stimulus discrimination

• • ANSWER a. Shaping

• ________ was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs.

• Select one:

• a. John Watson

• b. Ivan Pavlov

• c. B. F. Skinner

• d. Albert Bandura

• • ANSWER b. Ivan Pavlov

• A ________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a ________ reinforcer.

• Select one:

• a. positive; negative

• b. natural; artificial

• c. secondary; primary

• d. secondary; artificial

• • ANSWER c. secondary; primary

• Dr. James advises that if you study for your next psychology exam in the same room where you take the exam, your score will improve. He is basing this advice on

• Select one:

• a. state-dependent learning

• b. recognition specificity.

• c. context-dependent learning.

• d. familiarity schemas.

• • ANSWER c. context-dependent learning.

• According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a person's language shapes

• Select one:

• a. their thought processes.

• b. the understanding of syntax.

• c. the speed with which the language is acquired.

• d. the length of the critical period.

• • ANSWER a. their thought processes.

• What did Terman's groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish?

• Select one:

• a. It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century.

• b. It proved that gifted children and adults are more prone to mental illnesses or odd behavior than other groups.

• c. It demonstrated that they also have more than their share of failures.

• d. It demonstrated genius is the only factor that influences real success in life. - ANSWER a. It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century.

• In addition to general intelligence, Charles Spearman believed that intelligence scores also reflected ________

• Select one:

• a. specific intellectual abilities, or s factors.

• b. fluid intelligence, or f factors.

• c. crystallized intelligence, or c factors

• d. genetic abilities.

• • ANSWER a. specific intellectual abilities, or s factors.

• The expressed purpose of the eugenics movement was to

• Select one:

• a. improve a population's genetic stock by way of delivering increased educational training for those with high IQs.

• b. improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those of low IQ to prevent them from breeding.

• c. improve a population's genetic stock by way of delivering increased educational training for those with low IQs.
• d. improve a population's genetic stock by way of providing those with low IQ increased access to higher education.
• • ANSWER b. improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those of low IQ to prevent them from breeding.
• Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow?
• Select one:
• a. Babies become attached to adults who are pleasant to touch.
• b. Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.
• c. Babies become attached to adults who smile at them.
• d. Babies become attached to adults who talk in quiet voices.
• • ANSWER b. Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.
• Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that
• Select one:
• a. surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.
• b. surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.
• c. early imprinting led to the strongest attachments of monkeys to their surrogate mothers.
• d. surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing food and water produced the weakest attachment responses.
• • ANSWER b. surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.
• The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead, they shape their children's behaviors by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles
• Select one:
• a. authoritarian parenting.
• b. permissive parenting.
• c. uninvolved parenting.
• d. authoritative parenting -. - ANSWER b. permissive parenting.
• Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
• Select one:
• a. formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensory motor
• b. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor

• c. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational
• d. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational - ANSWER d. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
• According to research, humans have a biological need for interpersonal interactions. This is called the
• Select one:
• a. need-for-friends theory.
• b. need-for-intimacy theory.
• c. need-for-interpersonal-interactions theory.
• d. need-to-belong theory.
• • ANSWER d. need-to-belong theory.
• Your friend Kate is a new mom. She is constantly worried that she is going to ruin her child by doing or saying the wrong thing. What advice might you give her?
• Select one:
• a. Most of her parenting will have minimal impact on her child's adult personality.
• b. Although she can afford to make a few mistakes, if she isn't careful her child may have lifelong problems.
• c. Often children's personalities are shaped initially by genetics, but environmental influences take over in adolescence, so she has plenty of time.
• d. As long as her child has enough shared environmental influences with his siblings, the child will be fine.
• • ANSWER d. As long as her child has enough shared environmental influences with his siblings, the child will be fine.
• The ________ is the most extensively researched of all structured personality tests.
• Select one:
• a. TAT
• b. MMPI
• c. Rorschach
• d. NEO
• • ANSWER b. MMPI
• According to Freud, defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to minimize feelings of
• Select one:
• a. denial.
• b. regression.
• c. anxiety.
• d. repression.
• • ANSWER c. anxiety.

•

• Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities characterize
• Select one:
• a. agoraphobia.
• b. major depressive disorder.
• c. schizophrenia.
• d. social anxiety.
• • ANSWER b. major depressive disorder.
• Which of the following is an example of the catastrophizing that sometimes accompanies anxiety disorders?
• Select one:
• a. "I sure hope that this storm isn't strong enough for there to be a tornado."
• b. "I've never had to work so hard in my life just to make a C in a class."
• c. "If she doesn't want to go to the dance with me, I'll just ask someone else."
• d. "If I make a mistake during our routine, no one else in the band will ever speak with me again."
• • ANSWER d. "If I make a mistake during our routine, no one else in the band will ever speak with me again."
• These ________ practitioners teach clients that negative thoughts such as "I'm worthless" are merely thoughts, not facts, while encouraging them to accept and tolerate the full range of their feelings, and act in keeping with their goals and values.
• Select one:
• a. avoidance and commitment therapy
• b. acceptance and commitment therapy
• c. dissonance and commitment therapy
• d. dialectical and behavioral therapy
• • ANSWER b. acceptance and commitment therapy
• According to Albert Ellis, many psychological problems result from
• Select one:
• a. catastrophic thinking about oneself or one's life conditions.
• b. conditions of worth that are imposed on us by others.
• c. an unintegrated set of gestalts.
• d. unconscious motivational conflicts.
• • ANSWER a. catastrophic thinking about oneself or one's life conditions.
• Stressing that psychology should study the purpose of consciousness rather than its structure is associated with the approach to psychology known as _________.
• Select one:
• a. culturalism

• b. functionalism
• c. darwinism
• d. structuralism
• • ANSWER b. functionalism
• What psychological school of thought was most concerned with the influence of the general principles of learning on an organism's or a person's actions?
• Select one:
• a. Behaviorism
• b. Cognitivism
• c. Psychoanalysis
• d. Structuralism
• • ANSWER a. Behaviorism
• The variable that an experimenter assesses or measures is called the ________________________.
• Select one:
• a. causal variable.
• b. confounding variable.
• c. dependent variable.
• d. independent variable.
• • ANSWER c. dependent variable.
• The main advantage associated with the experimental method is _____________________________.
• Select one:
• a. its precise control of the variables being studied
• b. its ability to duplicate real life in the laboratory
• c. that it can be used to explore just about everything
• d. participants usually enjoy taking part in the study
• • ANSWER a. its precise control of the variables being studied
• ________ is a phenomenon in which researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study.
• Select one:
• a. Durability bias
• b. Experimenter expectancy effect
• c. Availability heuristic
• d. Confounding variable
• • ANSWER b. Experimenter expectancy effect
• Why is it difficult to make generalizations based on the results of case study research?
• Select one:

• a. Because case study research is, by definition, immune to the error of making generalizations. That is its greatest strength!

• b. Because case studies involve far too many people to allow for generalizations. You would be better off using a research design that uses fewer participants.

• c. Because a case study involves only one or a few subjects, their actions may be atypical and not representative of a larger group of people or population.

• d. Because the statistics involved in case study research do not allow one to draw larger conclusions about a population. - ANSWER c. Because a case study involves only one or a few subjects, their actions may be atypical and not representative of a larger group of people or population.

• Mary suffered a head injury in a car accident last week. Since that time she is able to speak fluently but uses the wrong words when expressing herself. Mary may be exhibiting problems associated with ________ area.

• Select one:

• a. Broca's

• b. Gall's

• c. Wernicke's

• d. Korsakoff's - ANSWER c. Wernicke's

• Hormones are chemicals that are secreted and go directly into ________.

• Select one:

• a. the bloodstream

• b. specific organs

• c. nerve endings

• d. the brain - ANSWER a. the bloodstream

• The flight-or-fight response is mobilized by the ________________________.

• Select one:

• a. central nervous system.

• b. somatic nervous system.

• c. sympathetic nervous system.

• d. parasympathetic nervous system. - ANSWER c. sympathetic nervous system.

• Imagine that biologists have discovered an animal that has eyes very similar to human eyes, but that the only receptor cells in the retina are rods; there are no cones. Based on what is known about human vision you might expect that this animal would

• Select one:

• a. have poor peripheral vision

• b. have poor vision in low illumination

• c. be able to detect extremely fine details

• d. have no color vision - ANSWER d. have no color vision

• Which of the following best exemplifies the concept of perceptual constancy?

• Select one:

• a. An open window looks less like a window than a closed window.

• b. An airplane flying off into the distance appears to get smaller.

• c. As a child throws a ball high into the sky, it looks like it is getting bigger when it comes back down.

• d. As a shadow passes over your newspaper, you know that the page is not getting darker. - ANSWER d. As a shadow passes over your newspaper, you know that the page is not getting darker.

• According to Donald Broadbent's research, selective attention acts as a

• Select one:

• a. filter.

• b. key.

• c. safety net.

• d. trapdoor. - ANSWER a. filter.

• Subliminal perception describes:

• Select one:

• a. Inattentional blindness

• b. Seeing some object without being able to name it.

• c. The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

• d. a reflex action in response to a stimuli, like pulling your hand away from a flame before you become aware of it. - ANSWER c. The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

• Our subjective experience of the world and ourselves is what psychologists refer to as

• Select one:

• a. consciousness.

• b. motivation.

• c. perception.

• d. sensation. - ANSWER a. consciousness.

• What is the biggest difference between the different stages of the sleep cycle?

• Select one:

• a. Changes in physical activity

• b. Changes in respiratory effort

• c. Changes in muscle tone

• d. Changes in brain-wave activity - ANSWER d. Changes in brain-wave activity

• A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.

• Select one:

• a. primary
• b. negative
• c. positive
• d. secondary - ANSWER a. primary
• ________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
• Select one:
• a. Shaping
• b. Spontaneous recovery
• c. Stimulus generalization
• d. Stimulus discrimination - ANSWER a. Shaping
• ________ was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs.
• Select one:
• a. John Watson
• b. Ivan Pavlov
• c. B. F. Skinner
• d. Albert Bandura - ANSWER b. Ivan Pavlov
• A ________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a ________ reinforcer.
• Select one:
• a. positive; negative
• b. natural; artificial
• c. secondary; primary
• d. secondary; artificial - ANSWER c. secondary; primary
• An eyewitness to a crime says in court, while pointing to the defendant, "I was there; I saw that man pull the trigger!" How likely is it that the defendant will be found guilty?
• Select one:
• a. Quite likely, because eyewitness testimony is very persuasive.
• b. Quite likely, because eyewitness testimony is very accurate.
• c. Not likely, because eyewitness testimony has been shown to be inaccurate.
• d. Not likely, because jurors usually need more evidence to convict someone. - ANSWER a. Quite likely, because eyewitness testimony is very persuasive.
• Dr. James advises that if you study for your next psychology exam in the same room where you take the exam, your score will improve. He is basing this advice on
• Select one:
• a. state-dependent learning

• b. recognition specificity.

• c. context-dependent learning.

• d. familiarity schemas. - ANSWER c. context-dependent learning.

• Researchers asked students about their initial recollections a few days after the Challenger explosion and then 2 1/2 to 3 years later. The results showed that

• Select one:

• a. few students showed significant changes in their memories with the passage of time and their initial recollections were largely accurate.

• b. few students failed to show changes in their memories with the passage of time and about one-third showed dramatic changes in memory.

• c. most students showed dramatic changes from their initial recollections to their later recollections.

• d. most students showed changes in their memories with the passage of time but only a few showed dramatic changes in memory. - ANSWER d. most students showed changes in their memories with the passage of time but only a few showed dramatic changes in memory.

• The use of ________ refers to the process of finding similar structures between two problems and thus finding similarities between their solutions.

• Select one:

• a. mental sets

• b. analogies

• c. algorithms

• d. heuristics - ANSWER b. analogies

• A base rate refers to

• Select one:

• a. how close a characteristic or behavior is to the mode.

• b. how valuable a heuristic is.

• c. how common a characteristic or behavior is.

• d. how close a characteristic or behavior is to the mean. - ANSWER c. how common a characteristic or behavior is.

• What did Terman's groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish?

• Select one:

• a. It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century.

• b. It proved that gifted children and adults are more prone to mental illnesses or odd behavior than other groups.

• c. It demonstrated that they also have more than their share of failures.

• d. It demonstrated genius is the only factor that influences real success in life. - ANSWER a. It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century.

• In addition to general intelligence, Charles Spearman believed that intelligence scores also reflected ________

• Select one:

• a. specific intellectual abilities, or s factors.

• b. fluid intelligence, or f factors.

• c. crystallized intelligence, or c factors

• d. genetic abilities. - ANSWER a. specific intellectual abilities, or s factors.

• The expressed purpose of the eugenics movement was to

• Select one:

• a. improve a population's genetic stock by way of delivering increased educational training for those with high IQs.

• b. improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those of low IQ to prevent them from breeding.

• c. improve a population's genetic stock by way of delivering increased educational training for those with low IQs.

• d. improve a population's genetic stock by way of providing those with low IQ increased access to higher education. - ANSWER b. improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those of low IQ to prevent them from breeding.

• Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow?

• Select one:

• a. Babies become attached to adults who are pleasant to touch.

• b. Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.

• c. Babies become attached to adults who smile at them.

• d. Babies become attached to adults who talk in quiet voices. - ANSWER b. Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.

• Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that

• Select one:

• a. surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.

• b. surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.

• c. early imprinting led to the strongest attachments of monkeys to their surrogate mothers.

• d. surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing food and water produced the weakest attachment responses. - ANSWER b. surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.

• The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead, they shape their children's behaviors by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles

• Select one:

• a. authoritarian parenting.

• b. permissive parenting.

• c. uninvolved parenting.

• d. authoritative parenting - ANSWER b. permissive parenting

• Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

• Select one:

• a. formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensory motor

• b. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor

• c. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational

• d. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational - ANSWER d. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

• Hanging out with friends with the same hobbies can best be explained by the ________ principle of relationship formation.

• Select one:

• a. proximity

• b. similarity

• c. reciprocity

• d. serendipity - ANSWER b. similarity

• What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?

• Select one:

• a. stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes

• b. stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion

• c. physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion

• d. stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous) - ANSWER d. stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes

• Which of the following would not be useful to help promote a healthy lifestyle?

• Select one:

• a. Stop smoking

• b. Curb alcohol consumption

• c. Lose weight

• d. Reduce unnecessary exercise - ANSWER d. Reduce unnecessary exercise

• Which of the following is one of the ways in which religion helps people reduce or cope with stress?

• Select one:

• a. Religion can provide a strong social support system.

• b. Religion includes rituals that get people to dwell on their failings.

• c. Most religions promote psychological defense mechanisms.

• d. Religion isolates people from those who are different. - ANSWER a. Religion can provide a strong social support system.

• In extreme forms, groupthink can lead to ________.

• Select one:

• a. new clubs

• b. anger

• c. loyalty

• d. cults - ANSWER d. cults

• In Asch's famous study of conformity, ________ percent of the true subjects went along with the group at least once.

• Select one:

• a. 75

• b. 80

• c. 85

• d. 99 - ANSWER a. 75

• The ________ is the most extensively researched of all structured personality tests.

• Select one:

• a. TAT

• b. MMPI

• c. Rorschach

• d. NEO - ANSWER b. MMPI

• According to Freud, defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to minimize feelings of

• Select one:

• a. denial.

• b. regression.

• c. anxiety.

• d. repression - ANSWER c. anxiety.

• Which psychological disorder has the strongest evidence for a genetic link?

• Select one:

• a. Antisocial personality disorder

• b. Bipolar disorder

• c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• d. Schizophrenia - ANSWER b. Bipolar disorder
• Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities characterize
• Select one:
• a. agoraphobia.
• b. major depressive disorder.
• c. schizophrenia.
• d. social anxiety. - ANSWER b. major depressive disorder.
• Which of the following is an example of the catastrophizing that sometimes accompanies anxiety disorders?
• Select one:
• a. "I sure hope that this storm isn't strong enough for there to be a tornado."
• b. "I've never had to work so hard in my life just to make a C in a class."
• c. "If she doesn't want to go to the dance with me, I'll just ask someone else."
• d. "If I make a mistake during our routine, no one else in the band will ever speak with me again." - ANSWER d. "If I make a mistake during our routine, no one else in the band will ever speak with me again."
• Kelly has been in therapy with Dr. Williams for 2 months when she suddenly starts skipping appointments. Even when in session, she tends to blankly stare at the therapist. This is best explained by
• Select one:
• a. transference.
• b. free association.
• c. working through.
• d. resistance. - ANSWER d. resistance.
• According to Albert Ellis, many psychological problems result from
• Select one:
• a. catastrophic thinking about oneself or one's life conditions.
• b. conditions of worth that are imposed on us by others.
• c. an unintegrated set of gestalts.
• d. unconscious motivational conflicts. - ANSWER a. catastrophic thinking about oneself or one's life conditions.
• What individual is often credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory, thus establishing psychology as an experimental science?
• Select one:
• a. Sigmund Freud
• b. William James
• c. John Watson

• d. Wilhelm Wundt - ANSWER d. Wilhelm Wundt
• B. F. Skinner is most associated with which psychological perspective?
• Select one:
• a. Cognitivism
• b. Behaviorism
• c. Functionalism
• d. Psychoanalysis - ANSWER b. Behaviorism
• Watching behavior in real-world settings is known as ______________________.
• Select one:
• a. case study.
• b. correlation design.
• c. naturalistic observation.
• d. existence proof. - ANSWER c. naturalistic observation.
• Dr. Sparks is concerned because he gave Julie a new intelligence test that he personally designed and her scores do not seem very consistent. Which aspect of psychological testing is Dr. Sparks concerned with?
• Select one:
• a. Validity
• b. Self-report measures
• c. Reliability
• d. Falsibility - ANSWER c. Reliability
• If I am given 10 math problems, and I can and do solve the first nine in the same way, I may struggle with the tenth problem if it requires a different method to solve it. This best illustrates the concept of
• Select one:
• a. hindsight bias.
• b. thin slicing.
• c. the salience of surface properties.
• d. mental sets. - ANSWER d. mental sets.
• Which of the following individuals might be considered mentally retarded?
• Select one:
• a. Camille, who has an IQ of 67 as a result of a motorcycle accident when she was 35.
• b. Ivan, who was assessed with IQ of 62 when he was 9 and lives with his mother now that he's an adult.
• c. Jess, who has an IQ of 68 and lives by herself.

• d. Arius, who has an IQ of 82 and holds down a job as a custodian. - ANSWER b. Ivan, who was assessed with IQ of 62 when he was 9 and lives with his mother now that he's an adult.
• The very first developmental crisis that human beings experience, according to the theory of Erik Erikson, is
• Select one:
• a. trust vs. mistrust.
• b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
• c. initiative vs. guilt.
• d. intimacy vs. isolation. - ANSWER a. trust vs. mistrust.
• Which of the following parenting styles is associated with the most favorable outcomes for children?
• Select one:
• a. Uninvolved
• b. Permissive
• c. Authoritarian
• d. Authoritative - ANSWER d. Authoritative
• In Piaget's theory, the term ________ referred to concepts or frameworks around which we develop an understanding of how the world works.
• Select one:
• a. schemas
• b. operations
• c. centrations
• d. centrisms - ANSWER a. schemas
• Which of the following are reasons for weight increase, apart from diet and exercise?
• Select one:
• a. Lack of adequate sleep and use of medicines
• b. Use of medicines and genetic influences
• c. Lack of adequate sleep and genetic influences
• d. Lack of adequate sleep, use of medicines and genetic influences - ANSWER d. Lack of adequate sleep, use of medicines and genetic influences
• While sitting in the theater watching the latest Iron-Man movie, Michael hears a person behind him talking on his cell phone. "What an inconsiderate jerk that person is," Michael thinks to himself. He does not consider that the telephone call may have been some very serious emergency that required immediate attention. Michael has fallen prey to the ________ error.
• Select one:
• a. fundamental attribution

• b. self-serving
• c. ultimate attribution
• d. actor-observer - ANSWER a. fundamental attribution
• A key point from the research on individualism-collectivism is that
• Select one:
• a. there are consistently differences between cultures on these personality styles and seldom any differences within cultures.
• b. there are consistently differences between and within cultures on these personality styles.
• c. persons from collectivistic cultures are more emotionally and socially well- adjusted than those from more individualistic cultures.
• d. persons from individualistic cultures are more emotionally and socially well- adjusted than those from more collectivistic cultures. - ANSWER b. there are consistently differences between and within cultures on these personality styles.
• Marques loves to go to parties, and while there he can have a conversation with just about anyone, whether he knows them or not. Which of the following Five Factors" would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information?
• Select one:
• a. Neuroticism
• b. Conscientiousness
• c. Extraversion
• d. openness to new experiences - ANSWER c. Extraversion
• The symptoms of ________ are often mistaken for those of a heart attack.
• Select one:
• a. generalized anxiety disorder
• b. obsessive-compulsive disorder
• c. panic attacks
• d. posttraumatic stress disorder - ANSWER c. panic attacks
• A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from ________.
• Select one:
• a. schizophrenia
• b. bipolar disorder
• c. a dissociative disorder
• d. passive-aggressive personality - ANSWER a. schizophrenia
• What anxiety disorder became a psychological disorder shortly after veterans, returning from Vietnam, began to experience intense anxiety and flashbacks from stimuli that reminded them of the war zones where they were deployed?
• Select one:

• a. Generalized anxiety disorder
• b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• c. Panic disorder
• d. Posttraumatic stress disorder - ANSWER d. Posttraumatic stress disorder
• Systematic desensitization is specifically designed to help a person to deal with his or her
• Select one:
• a. depression.
• b. dissociative identity disorder.
• c. phobia.
• d. psychopathic personality - ANSWER c. phobia.
• George begins to project his anxieties and unresolved feelings about his mother onto his therapist. This is what Sigmund Freud would have called
• Select one:
• a. free association.
• b. resistance.
• c. transference.
• d. working through. - ANSWER c. transference.
• What individual is often credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory, thus establishing psychology as an experimental science?
• Select one:
• a. Sigmund Freud
• b. William James
• c. John Watson
• d. Wilhelm Wundt - ANSWER d. Wilhelm Wundt
• B. F. Skinner is most associated with which psychological perspective?
• Select one:
• a. Cognitivism
• b. Behaviorism
• c. Functionalism
• d. Psychoanalysis - ANSWER b. Behaviorism
• What is the relationship between the p-value of a study and its statistical significance?
• Select one:
• a. The higher the p-value, the greater the statistical significance.
• b. The p-value is unrelated to the level of statistical significance.
• c. The p-value is equal to the statistical significance.
• d. The lower the p-value, the greater the statistical significance. - ANSWER d. The lower the p-value, the greater the statistical significance.

•

• The perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists is known as
• Select one:
• a. confirmation bias.
• b. illusory correlation.
• c. existence proof.
• d. type I error. - ANSWER b. illusory correlation.
• An experiment is said to be ________ when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group.
• Select one:
• a. blind
• b. unfalsifiable
• c. a placebo
• d. double-blind - ANSWER d. double-blind
• The part of the brain dedicated to emotion is the ___________________.
• Select one:
• a. endocrine system.
• b. limbic system.
• c. reticular activating system.
• d. lymphatic system - ANSWER b. limbic system.
• In which of the lobes of the cerebrum is the somatosensory cortex located?
• Select one:
• a. frontal
• b. parietal
• c. occipital
• d. temporal - ANSWER b. parietal
• Neurotransmitters are found in the
• Select one:
• a. mitochondria.
• b. cell body.
• c. synaptic vesicles.
• d. dendritic spines - ANSWER c. synaptic vesicles.
• Which structure is like a locked door that only certain neurotransmitter keys can unlock?
• Select one:
• a. Synapses
• b. Receptor sites
• c. Neural chiasms

• d. Response terminals - ANSWER b. Receptor sites
• Our ability to see three dimensions based on having only a two-dimensional retina is known as
• Select one:
• a. rod-cone refractance
• b. depth perception
• c. visual acuity
• d. sensory accommodation - ANSWER b. depth perception
• The fact that humans have three cone receptors, specialized for red, green and blue spectrum light waves, is consistent with which theory of color vision?
• Select one:
• a. Opponent process theory
• b. Gestalt psychology
• c. Bottom-up processing
• d. Trichromatic theory - ANSWER d. Trichromatic theory
• The conversion of external energy into something that the nervous system can understand is known as
• Select one:
• a. accommodation.
• b. perception.
• c. sensation.
• d. transduction. - ANSWER d. transduction.
• Clever devices--the stereoscope, a virtual reality headset, the 3D glasses used to view the film "Coraline"--create the illusion of three-dimensions by taking advantage of the fact that the left eye and the right eye see objects from slightly different locations. This binocular depth cue is:
• Select one:
• a. linear perspective
• b. convergence
• c. retinal disparity
• d. aerial haze - ANSWER c. retinal disparity
• Dr. Alexander has developed a new drug that works as a stimulant. It is likely that this drug will ______________________.
• Select one:
• a. relieve pain and induce sleep
• b. cause dramatic alterations of perception, mood and thought
• c. increase activity in the central nervous system.
• d. decrease activity in the central nervous system. - ANSWER c. increase activity in the central nervous system.

•

• "I don't know what is wrong with me," says Lucy. "It used to take just a couple of drinks to get me 'going,' but now it takes four or five." What is Lucy exhibiting?
• Select one:
• a. Withdrawal
• b. Tolerance
• c. Delirium
• d. Resistance - ANSWER b. Tolerance
• A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of ________ to accomplish this.
• Select one:
• a. latent learning
• b. S-O-R learning
• c. conditioned taste aversions
• d. insight learning - ANSWER c. conditioned taste aversions
• Omar and Patrick sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Omar is paid $1.00 for every 5 calls he makes, while Patrick is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells. Omar is paid on a ________ schedule while Patrick is paid on a ________ schedule.
• Select one:
• a. fixed ratio; variable ratio
• b. fixed ratio; fixed interval
• c. variable ratio; fixed ratio
• d. fixed ratio; variable interval - ANSWER d. fixed ratio; variable interval
• When you learned that red lights mean "stop," and green lights mean "go," you were being trained to use a classical conditioning concept called stimulus ________.
• Select one:
• a. substitution
• b. generalization
• c. discrimination
• d. enhancement - ANSWER c. discrimination
• Extinction occurs when the ________ no longer produces the ________.
• Select one:
• a. CS; UCS
• b. CS; CR
• c. UCS; CR

• d. UCS; UCR - ANSWER b. CS; CR
• The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage system is
• Select one:
• a. working memory.
• b. depth memory.
• c. motivated memory.
• d. long-term memory. - ANSWER d. long-term memory.
• Which two types of memories are both considered to be part of explicit memory?
• Select one:
• a. semantic and episodic
• b. semantic and procedural
• c. conceptual and schematic
• d. reconstructive and recalled - ANSWER a. semantic and episodic
• "You should have seen it! First the car flipped over and then it exploded! I will never forget it!" What type of memory may have just formed in this eyewitness?
• Select one:
• a. Flashbulb
• b. Implicit
• c. Semantic
• d. Procedural - ANSWER a. Flashbulb
• What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics?
• Select one:
• a. Classes
• b. Attributes
• c. Patterns
• d. Concepts - ANSWER d. Concepts
• A mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world is called a
• Select one:
• a. theory.
• b. heuristic.
• c. schema.
• d. mental reference. - ANSWER b. heuristic.
• Approximately what percentage of IQ scores falls between 70 and 130?
• Select one:
• a. 50 percent
• b. 67 percent

• c. 75 percent

• d. 95 percent - ANSWER d. 95 percent

• The deviation IQ score

• Select one:

• a. compares mental age to chronological age.

• b. is an IQ score expressed as a standard deviation.

• c. is a culture-free IQ score.

• d. is an IQ relative to one's same-aged peers. - ANSWER d. is an IQ relative to one's same-aged peers.

• The very first developmental crisis that human beings experience, according to the theory of Erik Erikson, is

• Select one:

• a. trust vs. mistrust.

• b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt.

• c. initiative vs. guilt.

• d. intimacy vs. isolation. - ANSWER a. trust vs. mistrust.

• Which of the following parenting styles is associated with the most favorable outcomes for children?

• Select one:

• a. Uninvolved

• b. Permissive

• c. Authoritarian

• d. Authoritative - ANSWER d. Authoritative

• During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability to reason about abstract ideas and novel information?

• Select one:

• a. Sensorimotor

• b. Preoperational

• c. Concrete operational

• d. Formal operational - ANSWER d. Formal operational

• According to Abraham Maslow, developing one's potential to its fullest extent results in ________

• Select one:

• a. safety.

• b. self-esteem.

• c. belonging.

• d. self-actualization. - ANSWER d. self-actualization.

• Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James- Lange theory of emotion?

• Select one:

• a. stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes

• b. stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion

• c. physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion

• d. stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous) - ANSWER b. stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion

• The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________.

• Select one:

• a. mental illness

• b. coronary heart disease

• c. cancer

• d. respiratory illnesses - ANSWER b. coronary heart disease

• Galen decided to join the Peace Corps after college and turned down three very financially lucrative job offers in the process. He believed that joining the Peace Corps could assist more people than his job offers in the field of advertising. Which of the following BEST describes Galen's decision?

• Select one:

• a. Social facilitation

• b. Altruism

• c. The halo effect

• d. Cognitive dissonance - ANSWER b. Altruism

• In which of the following situations is the person MORE likely to be helped?

• Select one:

• a. A young woman is being mugged while people are watching from their bedroom windows.

• b. An old woman with a cane trips and falls while crossing an isolated street.

• c. An angry mob watches while an old man is attacked by a dog.

• d. A woman collapses on the sidewalk of a crowded street. - ANSWER b. An old woman with a cane trips and falls while crossing an isolated street.

• The first major force in the field of personality psychology was

• Select one:

• a. Gestalt theory.

• b. humanism.

• c. the psychoanalytic theory.

• d. the trait approach. - ANSWER c. the psychoanalytic theory.

• A key point from the research on individualism-collectivism is that

• Select one:

• a. there are consistently differences between cultures on these personality styles and seldom any differences within cultures.
• b. there are consistently differences between and within cultures on these personality styles.
• c. persons from collectivistic cultures are more emotionally and socially well- adjusted than those from more individualistic cultures.
• d. persons from individualistic cultures are more emotionally and socially well- adjusted than those from more collectivistic cultures. - ANSWER b. there are consistently differences between and within cultures on these personality styles.
• The symptoms of ________ are often mistaken for those of a heart attack.
• Select one:
• a. generalized anxiety disorder
• b. obsessive-compulsive disorder
• c. panic attacks
• d. posttraumatic stress disorder - ANSWER c. panic attacks
• A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from ________.
• Select one:
• a. schizophrenia
• b. bipolar disorder
• c. a dissociative disorder
• d. passive-aggressive personality - ANSWER a. schizophrenia
• What anxiety disorder became a psychological disorder shortly after veterans, returning from Vietnam, began to experience intense anxiety and flashbacks from stimuli that reminded them of the war zones where they were deployed?
• Select one:
• a. Generalized anxiety disorder
• b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• c. Panic disorder
• d. Posttraumatic stress disorder - ANSWER d. Posttraumatic stress disorder
• Systematic desensitization is specifically designed to help a person to deal with his or her
• Select one:
• a. depression.
• b. dissociative identity disorder.
• c. phobia.
• d. psychopathic personality. - ANSWER c. phobia.
• What category of therapy is most concerned with improving a client's awareness of the underlying causes of his or her difficulties?