MDC 1 Final Exam-With 100% verified solutions-2023-2024, Exams of Health sciences

Download MDC 1 Final Exam-With 100% verified solutions-2023-2024 and more Exams Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity! MDC 1 Final Exam-With 100% verified solutions-2023- 2024 Osteoarthritis •Causing pain, stiffness, crepitus, aggravated weight-bearing, and joint use ■Chronic joint pain and stiffness is the common complaint ■Crepitus of the joint ■Atrophy of skeletal muscle from disuse ■Limp Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ■Acute and severe or slow and progressive ■Early signs and symptoms -Joint inflammation -Generalized weakness -Fatigue -Anorexia -Weight loss -Persistent low-grade temperature -Upper extremity joints involved, usually interphalangeal joint of the hand showing redness, tenderness, stiff swollen and tender. Usually bilateral. One hot swollen joint may indicate an infected joint and should be assessed immediately and treated if infected. RA Interventions -Manage chronic inflammation and pain - synovectomy -NSAIDs - DMARDs - Biological Response Modifiers - Glucocorticoids - Rest, proper positioning, ice and heat applications - Plasmapheresis Osteomyelitis (Interventions) •4-6 weeks of antibiotic therapy for acute osteomyelitis •Hyperbaric oxygen therapy •May be place in contact isolation precautions if area is draining copious amounts of drainage •Wound debridement and bone excision •Followed by a bone graft taken from the iliac crest or fibula •Require frequent neurovascular checks which included -Pain -Movement -Sensation -Warmth -Temperature -Distal pulses -Capillary refill •The last resort as a treatment is amputation Osteomyelitis (Complications) - MRSA - Chronic osteomyelitis Lupus (S&S) (DLE only affects the skin) - dry, scaly, raised rash on the face ('butterfly' rash) - round discoid (dislike) lesions - Alopecia Integument: Effects of immobility ^Risk for skin breakdown and formation of pressure injuries Psychological Well-being: Effects of immobility ^Sense of powerlessness ˅Self-concept ˅Social interaction ˅Sensory stimulation Altered sleep-wake pattern ^Risk for depression Risk for learned helplessness Cutaneous Pain Arises form burning your skin like on a hot iron or from touching a hot pan on the stove Visceral pain caused from deep internal disorders such as menstrual cramps, labor pains, or gastrointestinal infecfections Deep Somatic Pain Originates from the ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and bones. Examples would be fractures of sprains Radiating pain Starts at an origin but extends to other locations. Example: pain from a sore throat might extend to ears and head Referred pain Occurs in an area distant from the site of origin Example: pain from a heart attack might be felt in the left arm or jaw Phantom pain Pain that is perceived from an area that has been surgically or traumatically removed Example: pain from an amputated limb Neuropathic pain Results from an injury of one or more nerves Acute pain short duration, rapid onset, and associated with some kind of injury Chronic Pain lasts 6 months or longer and interferes with activities of daily living Pain (non-pharmacologic interventions) -exercise -meditation -relaxation techniques -cutaneous stimulation - warm and cold therapies, reposition, rubs Pain (pharmacologic interventions) -NSAIDs -Opioids Osteoporosis - Decreased bone mass caused by multiple factors - Lack of calcium and estrogen or testosterone Osteoporosis (Intervantions) - calcium and vitamin D - Bisphosphonates (dronate at the end) - Estrogen agonists/antagonists (Raloxifene) - Denosumab - Teriparatide - Salmon calcitonin Osteoporosis (goals) - Increase Vitamin D and calcium intake in the diet (dairy products and dark leafy green vegetables) - Include weight-bearing exercise at least 3 - 5 times per week - Prevent further bone breakdown/loss RA Late S&S ■Progressive inflammation and increased pain ■Morning stiffness ■Joints feel soft and puffy because of swelling ■Fingers appear spindle-like ■Muscle atrophy ■Tendon rupture ■Weight loss ■Fever ■Extreme fatigue ■Subcutaneous nodules on the ulnar surface of the arm, fingers or along the Achilles tendon ■Vasculitis ■Peripheral neuropathy associated with decreased circulation can lead to foot drop and paresthesia ■Pleurisy ■Pericarditis/myocarditis ■Sjogren's syndrome -Dry eyes -Dry mouth - Dry vagina Cataract surgery complication • Uncontrolled pain may indicate hemorrhage or increased intraocular pressure and the physician should be notified especially if nausea and vomiting accompanies the pain •Observe for increasing eye redness •Decrease in vision •Increase in tears •Photophobia •A Creamy, white, crusty drainage on eye lids and lashes is normal, but green or yellow indicates an infection •Stress importance of handwashing Cataracts s&s •Blurred vision •Decreased color perception •May think that glasses are smudged •Double vision •Problems with ADL'S •Without surgical intervention blindness follows •Affects reading and driving glaucoma testing •Ophthalmoscopic exam shows cupping and atrophy of the optic disc. •Optic disc turns white or gray •Loss of peripheral visual fields with a gradual increase in the loss of the fields tested by perimetry •Increased IOP measured by tonometry •Gonioscopy to determine whether the angle is open or closed. •Image of the optic nerve to determine the amount of damage that has occurred glaucoma diagnosis - Primary open (gradual loss, affects both eyes) - secondary (related to another eye disease) - associated (related to another disease process) - Primary angle closure acute onset is a medical emergency Sensineural hearing loss •Sensory nerve that leads to the brain is damaged •Exposure to loud noise •Medications •Presbycusis is hearing loss related to age -Degeneration of the nerve cells in the cochleus, -Loss of elasticity of the basilar membrane -Decrease blood flow to the inner ear -Deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folic acid conductive hearing loss •Sound waves do not reach to inner ear nerve fibers because of external or middle ear disorders •Inflammation or obstruction of the external or middle ear •Changes in the ear drum •Tumors, scar tissue, or overgrowth of the bony tissue in the ossicles