Medical Laboratory Science Concepts, Exams of Nursing

Download Medical Laboratory Science Concepts and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! AMT Exam Questions with correct answers graded A+ already passed Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is chiefly responsible for the degranulation of mast cells and basophils? - correct answer ✔✔IgE Which one of these physical exam results would cause a donor to be deferred? - correct answer ✔✔A diastolic blood pressure of 110 mm Hg India Ink is used to - correct answer ✔✔Visualize capsule Which of the following measures should be taken if a healthcare worker has been exposed to HIV while on the job? - Postexposure testing - Psychological counseling - medical evaluation - All of the above - correct answer ✔✔All of the above Howell-Jolly bodies are composed of? - correct answer ✔✔DNA What is the coefficient of variation for this creatinine testing method? Use (Mean =.97 mg/dL, s=.07 mg/dL) - correct answer ✔✔7.22% What is the coefficient of variation equation? - correct answer ✔✔CV% = (SD/Mean)x100 When is a trough blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring usually obtained? - correct answer ✔✔Just before the next scheduled dose Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the reagent strip test procedure? - Urine should be centrifuged prior to dipping the reagent strip - Urine should be well mixed prior to dipping the reagent strip - When visually reading the reagent strip, all results can be read immediately after dipping the strip in the urine specimen - Prolonged immersion can wash out test reagents - correct answer ✔✔-Urine should be well mixed prior to dipping the reagent strip - Prolonged immersion can wash out test reagents A urine specimen produced yellow foam when shaken. What is the cause of the yellow foam? - correct answer ✔✔Bilirubin Which occurrences is a medical error? - Technologist drops and breaks a bottle of chemistry reagent - Incompatible blood is transfused into a patient during surgery - Analyzer malfunctions and test results are rejected as invalid - Several laboratory tests are performed on a patient and all results confirm a diagnosis of acute leukemia - correct answer ✔✔Incompatible blood is transfused into a patient during surgery Twelve weeks after onset of the disease, patients with uncomplicated acute hepatitis B usually will demonstrate which of the following in their serum? - correct answer ✔✔Ant-HBe The Western Blot got HIV-1 infection identification looks for HIV p24 and what other two protein bands to confirm HIV-1 infection? - correct answer ✔✔gp41 and gp160 A technologist is evaluating the RBC morphology on a peripheral smear. The technologist recorded the RBC morphology as macrocytic. What MCV value would confirm this observation? - correct answer ✔✔110 fl Observation of colonies on KVLB agar producing chartreuse fluorescence under a Wood's lamp allows for presumptive identification of which anaerobic bacterial genus? - correct answer ✔✔Fusobacterium The De Ritis ratio is the calculation of AST/ALT and is used for evaluating liver disease. What should the ratio be when ethanol-related liver disease is expected? - correct answer ✔✔> 2.0 What tribe is Morganella morganii in? - correct answer ✔✔Proteeae Acute Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is MOST OFTEN associated with which population? - correct answer ✔✔Children 2 - 6 years of age Whipworm infection is typically diagnosed by the microscopic observation of adult worms or barrel- shaped eggs with polar plugs in stool specimens. What organism is known as the whipworm? - correct answer ✔✔Trichuris trichiura Cyclosporine and tacrolimus (both immunosuppressive drugs) have multiple therapeutic ranges, why? - correct answer ✔✔Because both drugs have ranges dependent on the organ transplanted and the time after transplantation Molecular methods offer improvements in sensitivity, but they are dependent upon what factor? - correct answer ✔✔The availability of specific instrumentation Significantly increased levels of ketones are typically detected in the urine with all of the following conditions except? - diabetic acidosis - excessive carbohydrate loss - starvation - following a low-impact exercise routine - correct answer ✔✔following a low-impact exercise routine A 300 ug of RhIg can suppress immunization up to a maximum of ___ mL of D-positive whole blood - correct answer ✔✔30 mL Ideally, what testing should be done prior to starting a new lot of control material in order to establish its mean and standard deviation? - correct answer ✔✔Should be tested in 20 separate runs Marcus had a transfusion of packed RBC's 8 months ago following a surgery after a car accident. He is fully recovered and is otherwise healthy. How soon can Marcus donate a unit of blood? - correct answer ✔✔He can donate today Chocolate agar is recommended for the detection of Haemophilus species as it contains the following: - correct answer ✔✔Hemin and NAD Which laboratory result is the most critical in recognizing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) ? - correct answer ✔✔Platelet count Exposure to all of the following chemicals may cause hemolytic anemia, EXCEPT? - Heavy metals - Lead - Naphthalene - Ascorbic acid - correct answer ✔✔Ascorbic acid An MCV is reported by the instrument as 82 fL. The MCV is flagged with a delta check alert as the previous MCV reported on this patient 12 hours earlier was 97 fL. What is a possible cause for this discrepancy? - correct answer ✔✔The specimens are not from the same patient What genetic description will NOT contain Bart's hemoglobin at birth? - correct answer ✔✔Heterozygous alpha thalassemia-2 Which of the following statements about acetaminophen metabolism is false ? - correct answer ✔✔It is metabolized in the kidney A drug that is administered through which of the following routes will reach peak level the quickest? - correct answer ✔✔Intravenous (IV) Unless the new individualized Quality Control Plan (IQCP) is used, CLIA'88 requires how many levels of controls and at which time intervals for most methods in the Clinical Laboratory? - correct answer ✔✔2 controls, daily Which of the following organisms "pits" the agar and smells like bleach? - correct answer ✔✔Eikenella corrodens The purified protein derivative (PPD) test is also known as? - correct answer ✔✔Targeted tuberculin testing The accuracy of an immunoassay is its ability to discriminate between results that are true positives and results that are true negatives. Two parameters of test accuracy are specificity and sensitivity. Which of these statements apply to an immunoassay with high specificity, but low sensitivity? - correct answer ✔✔Has many false-negative results What is the lower reference limit for sperm concentration according to the World Health Organization, WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, WHO press, Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. - correct answer ✔✔15 x 10^6 spermatozoa/mL GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) is an enzyme found in many body tissues including the kidney, prostate, brain, pancreas, and liver, however, its clinical applications is confined to the evaluation of what system? - correct answer ✔✔Liver An investigation into a pre-analytical cause for an unanticipated laboratory finding should START with which of the following actions? - correct answer ✔✔Verification of the sample identity, which includes at least two unique identifier such as the patient name, medical record number, and date of birth The causative agent of infectious mononucleaous attaches to a receptor on which of the following cells? - correct answer ✔✔B-lymphocyte The reticulocyte count is used to assess which of the following? - correct answer ✔✔RBC production by the bone marrow follicule-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the? - correct answer ✔✔Pituitary gland Analytical sensitivity of a method generally refers to? - correct answer ✔✔Its ability to measure low concentration of analytes A new tech has a presumptive Shigella species via biochemical identification on a stool culture. To confirm, serological testing is performed. The serological testing is negative and the quality control which was run simultaneously passed. What should the tech do next? - correct answer ✔✔Heat a suspension of the organism and the repeat the serological testing The nucleus of a small lymphocyte is about the same size as a: - correct answer ✔✔Normal erythrocyte (6-9 um) All of the following specimen collection methods should be used if urine cultures are also required, EXCEPT? - Routinely voided - "Clean catch" - Catheterized - Suprapubic aspiration - correct answer ✔✔Routinely voided human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is used in the determination of: - correct answer ✔✔Pregnancy A cause of FALSE-POSITIVE result in the rapid plasma reagin (FPR)test for syphilis is: - correct answer ✔✔Malaria Which of the following statements is TRUE for specific gravity measured by the urine chemical reagent strip method? - High concentration of protein in urine do not increase the readings when using the urine chemical reagent strip - An alkaline pH would not affect the specific gravity result using a reagent strip method - The urine chemical reagent stirp method is not affected by the presence of x-ray contrast media in the urine specimen - The urine chemical reagent stirp method is based on the fact that light is refracted in proportion to the amount of total solids dissolved in the urine. - correct answer ✔✔The urine chemical reagent stirp method is not affected by the presence of x-ray contrast media in the urine specimen Blast cells found in a spinal fluid differential are most likely associated with which of the following ? - bacterial meningitis - acute leukemia - viral meningitis - metastatic carcinomas - correct answer ✔✔acute leukemia The predominately cells seen in this CSF are from a twelve-year old female exhibiting fever, lethargy, and a stiff neck. The WBC count on the sample was 2,000/microliter. The findings most likely indicate: - correct answer ✔✔Viral meningitis What is the maximum recommended amount of time a specimen without additive or anticoagulant should be allowed to clot before centrifugation? - correct answer ✔✔two hours All of the following are associated with RBC morphology EXCEPT? - Alcoholism - Hypothyroidism - B12 deficiency - Thalassemia - correct answer ✔✔Thalassemia In the hemoglobin methodology using potassium ferricyanide the following measurable reaction occurs: - correct answer ✔✔Ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric iron to form methemoglobin The most common screening test for Hb S, the hemoglobin solubility tests, is based on which of the following principles? - Decreased solubility of deoxygenated Hb S in solution produces visible turbidity - The reduction of iron from the ferrous to the ferric state produces visible turbidity - Increased solubility of deoxygenated HbS in solution produces visible turbidity - The fact that any unstable hemoglobin will result in visible turbidity - correct answer ✔✔Decreased solubility of deoxygenated Hb S in solution produces visible turbidity The amount of time it takes for a drug's concentration in the body to decrease by 50% is referred to as? - correct answer ✔✔Drug half-life Which of the following techniques is likely to have an adverse affect on a capillary specimen? - Mixing the specimen obtaining an anticoagulant by gently inverting the sealed specimen container several times after collecting the specimen - Puncture of the cleansed site after alcohol is completely dry - Beginning collection immediately following the puncture - Holding the hand from which blood is being collected in a downward position during the specimen collection - correct answer ✔✔Beginning collection immediately following the puncture A cerebrospinal fluid sample from a possible meningitis patient demonstrated a round budding yeast of variable size on gram stain. The specimen was cultured to routine fungal media without cycloheximide. The organism rapidly produced urease and demonstrated brown pigmented colonies on Niger seed agar. The organism identification is? - correct answer ✔✔Cryptococcus neoformans A patient has a hypercellular bone marrow and is suspected of having a myeloproliferative disorder. Laboratory features include: excessive megakaryocyte proliferation and atypia, marked marrow fibrosis, and the JAK2 mutation. The most likely diagnosis is: - correct answer ✔✔Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF) All of the following are true in regards to performing quality control (QC) on urine chemical reagent strips EXCEPT: - As often as required by the laboratory procedure - On each new lot received in the laboratory - When a new bottle of reagent strips is opened - QC is performed only when the patients results are questioned by the health care provider - correct answer ✔✔QC is performed only when the patients results are questioned by the health care provider The Lecithin/Sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio determination of amniotic fluid is useful in assessing the probability of: - correct answer ✔✔Respiratory distress syndrome Which of the following serum constituents is increased following strenuous exercise? - correct answer ✔✔Creatinine All of the following are considered normal flora of the GI tract EXCEPT? - Lactobacillus Although an uncommon isolate in most microbiology laboratories, this bacterial species is included in the microbiota of the mouth and intestinal tract. The colonies on blood agar are irregular in size, smooth, non-hemolytic, entire, convex, and ranging from gray-white to light yellow. Distinctive is the "dog bone" appearance of branching Gram-positive bacilli as illustrated in this photomicrograph of a Gram stain. Biochemical activity is limited to fermentation of glucose and lactose. With these observations, select the presumptive identification - correct answer ✔✔Bifidobacterium species The following urine test results were obtained from a 6-month-old African American infant who experiences vomiting and diarrhea after milk ingestion and has failed to gain weight: pH: 5.0 Protein: Negative Glucose: Negative Ketones: Negative Blood: Negative Bilirubin: Negative Nitrite: Negative Urobilinogen: 0.1 EU/dL Clinitest: 2+ These results suggest what clinically significant condition? - correct answer ✔✔Galactosemia To properly use a volumetric calibrated "to deliver" (TD), one should: - correct answer ✔✔Drain the contents in the vertical position but do not blow out Which analyte should be increased in the presence of gout? - correct answer ✔✔Uric acid All of the following formed elements may be present in urine sediment and can be identified microscopically, EXCEPT: - Cells - Casts - Crystals - Protein - correct answer ✔✔Protein Which of the following cells when found upon microscopic examination of the urine would be most indicative of kidney disease? - correct answer ✔✔Tubular epithelial cells Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla that results in elevated urinary levels of all of the following EXCEPT: - Cortisol - Free catecholamines - Metanephrines - Vanillylmandelic acid - correct answer ✔✔Cortisol A 3-year old girl was brought to the ER with a temperature of 103 degrees Fahrenheit, lethargy, and cervical rigidity. Three tubes of cloudy CSF were delivered to the Lab, and preliminary test results showed: WBC: 4500/uL Differential: 88% neutrophils Glucose: 15 mg/dL 12% lymphocytes Protein: 140 mg/dL Gram Stain: NO organisms observed From these results, what preliminary diagnosis SHOULD the physician consider - correct answer ✔✔Bacterial meningitis - due to the high number of neutrophils which indicates a bacterial infection is suspected Which of the following will give the best overall picture of a patients iron stores: - Albumin - Transferrin - Haptoglobin - Ferritin - correct answer ✔✔Ferritin Which of the following statements is TRUE with respect to uncompensated metabolic alkalosis? - pH will be elevated without an elevation of pCO2 - pH will be elevated with an elevation of pCO2 - pH will be elevated with a decrease of pCO2 - pH will be normal with an elevation of pCO2 - correct answer ✔✔pH will be elevated without an elevation of pCO2 Which of the following is considered an engineering control? - Face shield - Biosafety cabinet - Gloves - Laboratory coat - correct answer ✔✔Biosafety cabinet To convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit, which formula would you use? - correct answer ✔✔(5/9 x degrees Celsius) - 32 The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) developed a standard hazard identification system. What best describes this system? - correct answer ✔✔Diamond-shaped, color-coded symbol What is the process of monoclonal antibody production? - correct answer ✔✔Fusion of antibody specific lymphocyte and myeloma cell What stain is most commonly used in the hematology laboratory? - correct answer ✔✔Wright stain A representative congenital monocyte-macrophage functional disorder is? - correct answer ✔✔Gaucher's disease Which one of the following blood groups usually reacts LEAST strongly with anti-H - O - B - A2 - A1 - correct answer ✔✔A1 What is the ole of albuminuria testing - correct answer ✔✔Detect small urinary concentrations of albumin before there is irreplaceable renal damage The use of objective tests for evaluating clinical performance is limited because they - correct answer ✔✔Tend to measure only cognitive abilities All of the following crystals will normally be found in urine specimen with an pH of 8.0, EXCEPT? - Ammonium biurates - Triple phosphates - Calcium carbonates - Uric acid - correct answer ✔✔Uric acid All of the following crystals are found in normal urine, EXCEPT: - Triple phosphate - Ammonium biurate - Calcium oxalate - Leucine - correct answer ✔✔Leucine A low CSF glucose is associated with all of the following EXCEPT: - Hyperglycemia - Fungal meningitis - Amebic meningitis - Trichinosis meningitis - correct answer ✔✔Hyperglycemia Blood serum contains each of the following substances except - water - sugars - coagulation proteins - electrolytes - correct answer ✔✔coagulation proteins Nephelometry is based on the principle of: - correct answer ✔✔turbidity resulting from specific antigen- coated latex particles agglutinated by corresponding antibody metabolic acidosis is characterized by: - correct answer ✔✔low pH Which of the following may be seen in a CSF sample of a patient that has a subarachnoid (intracranial) hemorrhage (SAH) - correct answer ✔✔Macrophages containing hemosiderin What should be added to the cytocentrifuge chambers when preparing slides on serous fluids to aid in the adhesion of cells to the slide and preserve cellular morphology - correct answer ✔✔22 % Albumin Anemia of chronic inflammation, also known as anemia of chronic disease, can be caused by all of the following mechanism EXCEPT: - EPO production inhibited by cytokines - Direct cytokine inhibition of erythropoiesis - Decreased ferritin - Shortened erythrocyte survival - correct answer ✔✔Decreased ferritin If you receive a transudate fluid for a gram stain and bacterial culture, what is the ideal specimen preparation method for Gram stain? - correct answer ✔✔Cytocentrifugation to create an appropriate smear Which of the following is a sign of dyserythripoiesis that occurs in Myelodysplastic Syndromes? - correct answer ✔✔Oval macrocytes Which antibody class is best described with that characteristic that it is the only one capable of residing in mucosal linings? - correct answer ✔✔IgA It is important to specify if a blood specimen is a capillary specimen rather than a venous specimen. How will the following laboratory results be affected if a capillary specimen is tested? - correct answer ✔✔Potassium, calcium, and total protein are lower in capillary specimens, where glucose is typically higher than in venous blood. When opening a centrifuge, what happens if the centrifuge is not properly balanced? - correct answer ✔✔Exposure to biohazardous agents Which of the following conditions can produce a normal aPTT and a prolonged PT? - correct answer ✔✔Factor VII deficiency Which of the following blood tests us used ti evaluate kidney function? - correct answer ✔✔Creatinine A 56-year old female was taken to the emergency room in a coma by her employer's nurse. She had ;pst 35 pounds in 3 months,; she was always thirsty; drinking a lot of water and running to the bathroom. The following are her lab results: pH - 7.11 pCO2 - 21 mm Hg Serum glucose - 950 mg/dL Serum Osmolality - 365 mOsm/Kg Urine Ketone - Strongly Positive Urine Glucose - Strongly Positive What is the MOST likely cause of this patient's symptoms? - correct answer ✔✔Insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus Which of the following types of molecules is most likely to be antigenic/immunogenic? - correct answer ✔✔Proteins When the body compensates for a respiratory or metabolic disorder, the MAIN goal is to achieve: - correct answer ✔✔A normal pH All of the following parasites may typically survive human stomach juices except: Entamoeba gingivitis trophozoite Which off the following is the cause of cytopenia in Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) Unchecked clonal hematopoiesis Inability to incorporate iron into developing erythrocytes Excess apoptosis Myelofibrosis - correct answer ✔✔Excess apoptosis What kind of crystal is this? - correct answer ✔✔Leucine crystal What kind of crystal is this? - correct answer ✔✔Cholesterol Crystal What kind of crystal is this? - correct answer ✔✔Cystine Crystal In which stain will auer rods have the most intense reaction? - correct answer ✔✔Myeloperoxidase A tech working in microbiology reported the following results throughout their workday. Which of the following would be considered an urgent alert value that must be called to the physician? Would culture report with Staphylococcus aureus Positive acid fast smear Urine culture with >100,000 CFU/mL E.coli Sputum Gram stain showing Gram positive cocci - correct answer ✔✔Sputum Gram stain showing Gram positive cocci What urine contaminant could cause a falsely elevated level of urinary albumin, thus giving the false interpretation of kidney damage? - correct answer ✔✔Blood from menstruation What is the glomerular filtration rate for a patient with a serum creatinine of 2 mg/dL, if the urine creatinine was 124 mg/dL and the urine volume was 2.2 L/24 hrs? - correct answer ✔✔95 mL/min 124 x (2200/24 x hour/60) / 2 = 94.7 = 95 mL/min Which of the following apolipoproteins contributes the greatest mass to the structure of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ? Apo A Apo B Apo C Apo G - correct answer ✔✔Apo A What medication is primarily used in the treatment of bipolar disorder? - correct answer ✔✔Lithium