Medical Research Final Medical Research Exam Study Guide with complete solutions.docx, Exams of Medical Sciences

Download Medical Research Final Medical Research Exam Study Guide with complete solutions.docx and more Exams Medical Sciences in PDF only on Docsity! Medical Research Final Medical Research Exam Study Guide with complete solutions • Abstract Brief summary of a research article of generally any particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose and outcomes. [A short summary that describes the research process, findings, and conclusions] • Boolean Search Terms o Term is used to describe words in a search that combine terms to get the best results. [Terms which are used in computer searches of a literature database and used to narrow or broaden a search] Ex. AND- helps narrow your search. OR- helps broaden your search. We tell the search that we will accept both possibilities in our search results. NOT- can help make your search more precise. If a result that is different than what you intended keeps dominating your search results, you can use NOT to remove it Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:01 / 0:15 Full screen Brainpower Read More • Clinical Trial A scientifically controlled study that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment in consenting humans - Series of trial and error - Needed advances in Statistics and Randomization to be precise, eliminate bias - Cornerstone of the drug development process. - The FDA used this to approve novel drug therapies Cancer, Heart Disease, Antidepressants, Antipsychotics, Asthma, AIDS, and Alzheimers • Correlation Nonexperimental research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors or variable exists • Dependent Variable A variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another. [A research measurable variable that relies on another variable] • Efficacy How effective the drug is • Epidemiological Research Observational studies focused on describing patterns/spread of disease and disability, as well as on identifying preventive and risk factors for a population. [Study of populations of people looking at diseases or disorders, if those numbers are changing and how the disorder affects our society and our economy] • Evidence-Based Medicine Systematic process primarily aimed at improving the care of patients where such is done through the use of Clinical Judgment, Relevant Scientific Evidence, and Patients' Values/Preferences. In this medical Research is able to in the end ensure that the best quality of care is beneficial to all parties. [Medical care based on the latest and most accurate clinical research] • Experiment Research Randomized Trials where there is a exposure to a treatment group and a control group aka Placebo group. [Procedure carried out to reject or confirm a hypothesis or determine cause and effect between variables] • Hypothesis o A proposed statement that is a scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon/event. The foundation of your research A statement that proposes an explanation for an event. Makes a prediction Describes a relationship Transform to a null hypothesis • Independent Variable The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. [A variable (often denoted by x) whose variation does not depend on that of another] • Observational Research • "It felt like it was at least 90 degrees outside yesterday!" Does this sentence need a citation? No • "I feel that one class that should be mandatory in all colleges is finance. This is due to the fact that in 2011 alone, the average student loan debt was over $21,000." Does this sentence need a citation? Yes • "I have often felt the first Shakespeare play one should encounter is The Comedy of Errors. This play, while short, is filled with the most interesting characters - my favorite being Dromio of Ephesus, who has the first encounter of mistaken identity." Does this sentence need a citation? Yes • True or false; Commonly known facts need to be cited. True • True or false; When paraphrasing, you read the source, interpret the information and then write it in your own words. This needs to be cited to the author of your source. False • True or false; When using a direct quote from a resource you "place the statement in quotation marks" and cite the Author and year at the end of the quote (Diller, 2022). True • True or false; When copying from the internet only the URL needs to be referenced in your paper. False • True or false; It IS NOT plagiarism if the author is unpublished, like a friend from school, and you modify their paper to submit it in your name. False • True or false; If you quote large portions of an author/s text in your paper and have little of your own original work or thoughts, this can be considered plagiarism. True • True or false; When copying an open source image into your paper, the image must be cited. True • True or false; It is not plagiarism if you use another author's exact words without quotations as long as you cite them at the end of the sentence. False • True or false; If you read an article addressing a key topic or point in your paper and you write your own paragraph describing this point but do not quote the author or use any of their exact ideas you do not have to cite them. False In this case you should cite them in the body of the paragraph as the origin of the idea or point you are making. Ex; As Dr. Diller pointed out in his plagiarism quiz it is good to give credit to other author's work when you write about ideas you got from their work • True or false; A reviewer, your friend or Mom, helped proof read your paper. Then not only identified errors but also rewrote large sections of the paper. This is plagiarism because it is not your work and their work can not be cited. True • True or false; As a catchy introduction to your paper you use a very popular song lyric but did not cite the song and writer given its obvious origin. This is plagiarism. True • True or false; You interview a patient for your medical research paper and quote them in the paper. Due to confidentiality you do not cite them in your paper. False, You can cite them as Patient #3 or Subject #3 from your study but you do need to cite the origin of the quote while also protecting their confidentiality • True or false; Your medical research paper is on a topic you wrote about in a previous course. You can use references from a previous paper as long as you cite them properly. True • True or false; Your medical research paper is on a topic you wrote about in a previous course. You can use portions of that paper as long as you don't use the entire paper. False • True or false; Plagiarism is an ethics violation of the student code of conduct and in addition from earning a zero on your assignment, you can be referred for disciplinary action for intentional or unintentional plagiarism. True • Citing a source means that you show what? Showed within the body of your text and on a works cited/reference page, that you took words, ideas, figures, images, etc. from another place. By citing sources, you avoid "stealing" someone else's work • Why Should One Cite Sources? o You want to show your reader that you have done proper research by listing the sources you used to get your information o You want to be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other researchers and acknowledging their ideas o You want to avoid plagiarism by properly giving credit when quoting words and ideas used by other authors o You want your reader to be able to track down the sources you used by citing them accurately • APA Quote citation rules o All quotes are placed in quotation marks. Place your citation at the end of the sentence, before the period. Include the author's last name and the page number(s) Ex; She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why. o If the author's name is used in the sentence, you do not have to repeat it in the citation Ex; Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? • Paraphrasing citation rules The bulk of sources you use should be paraphrased. However, citing the source is the same as when you use a quote Ex; According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners • Reference Page o According to APA style, you must have a Reference page at the end of your research paper. Your Reference page must correspond to the items you cited in your paper's text. o The Reference page is always on a separate page at the end of your research paper. o Label the page References and center it at the top of the page. o Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries. o Sources are organized alphabetically by the author's last name. Ex; Jones, David. o Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. o Capitalize all major words in journal titles. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle when referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages • APA Citation for Book, Electronic Book, Journal Article, and Web Page o Book; Author, A. (Year of publication). Title of work. Location-- Publisher. o Vernet, C. (2002). Uniforms of Napoleon's Army. Pennsylvania-- Stackpole Books. o Electronic Book; Last Name, A. Title of ebook. Retrieved from URL o MacKillop, A. Military governors and imperial frontiers c. 1600-1800-- A study of Scotland and empires. Retrieved from http--//site.ebrary.com/lib/tkalions/Doc? id=10090510 o Journal Article; Author, A. A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(number), page range. Retrieved from URL o Manning, R. B. (2007). Styles of command in seventeenth century English armies. The Journal of Military History, 71(3), 671-699. Retrieved from http--//www.jstor.org/stable/30052887 quiz it is good to give credit to other author's work when you write about ideas you got from their work • True or false; A reviewer, your friend or Mom, helped proof read your paper. Then not only identified errors but also rewrote large sections of the paper. This is plagiarism because it is not your work and their work can not be cited. True • True or false; As a catchy introduction to your paper you use a very popular song lyric but did not cite the song and writer given its obvious origin. This is plagiarism. True • True or false; You interview a patient for you medical research paper and quote them in the paper. Due to confidentiality you do not cite them in your paper. False, You can cite them as Patient #3 or Subject #3 from your study but you do need to cite the origin of the quote while also protecting their confidentiality • True or false; Your medical research paper is on a topic you wrote about in a previous course. You can use references from a previous paper as long as you cite them properly. True • True or false; Your medical research paper is on a topic you wrote about in a previous course. You can use portions of that paper as long as you don't use the entire paper. False • True or false; Plagiarism is an ethics violation of the student code of conduct and in addition from earning a zero on your assignment, you can be referred for disciplinary action for intentional or unintentional plagiarism. True • Why is APA format used for organizing and publishing medical research? To organize and find concisely/efficiently, research in a standardized way • True or false; Commonly known facts need to be cited. True • True or false; When paraphrasing, you read the source, interpret the information and then write it in your own words. This needs to be cited to the author of your source. False • True or false; When using a direct quote from a resource you "place the statement in quotation marks" and cite the Author and year at the end of the quote (Diller, 2022). True • True or false; When copying from the internet only the URL needs to be referenced in your paper. False • True or false; It IS NOT plagiarism if the author is unpublished, like a friend from school, and you modify their paper to submit it in your name. False • True or false; If you quote large portions of an author/s text in your paper and have little of your own original work or thoughts, this can be considered plagiarism. True • True or false; When copying an open-source image into your paper, the image must be cited. True • True or false; It is not plagiarism if you use another author's exact words without quotations as long as you cite them at the end of the sentence. False • True or false; If you read an article addressing a key topic or point in your paper and you write your own paragraph describing this point but do not quote the author or use any of their exact ideas you do not have to cite them. False • True or false; A reviewer, your friend or Mom, helped proof read your paper. Then not only identified errors but also rewrote large sections of the paper. This is plagiarism because it is not your work and their work can not be cited. True • True or false; As a catchy introduction to your paper you use a very popular song lyric but did not cite the song and writer given its obvious origin. This is plagiarism. True • True or false; You interview a patient for you medical research paper and quote them in the paper. Due to confidentiality you do not cite them in your paper. False • True or false; Your medical research paper is on a topic you wrote about in a previous course. You can use references from a previous paper as long as you cite them properly. True • True or false; Your medical research paper is on a topic you wrote about in a previous course. You can use portions of that paper as long as you don't use the entire paper. False • True or false; Plagiarism is an ethics violation of the student code of conduct and in addition from earning a zero on your assignment, you can be referred for disciplinary action for intentional or unintentional plagiarism. True • Daniel 1;11-16 to modern scientific method of research. King Nbakaenzer wanted his army to only eat meat to be stronger and look better, Daniel wanted the army to only eat fruit and veggies as God's people to look better so a 10-day comparative experimental clinical trial was performed between only meet diets and fruit/veggie diets in the army resulting in fruit and veggie diets making the army look best. Today we call this testing processes a comparative clinical trial where usually drugs are compared against each other to locate the more effective iteration • National Institutes of Health (NIH) proposes three parts that define clinical research what are they? o Patient-oriented research o Epidemiologic and behavioral studies o Outcomes research and health services research o During a clinical trial, a dangerous side effect was discovered that was not anticipated. What is the most appropriate course of action? Inform and let the patient decide on the research study participation action. If the study is found to be dangerous the experiments must be canceled