Medical Terminology and Concepts, Exams of Sociology

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CCMA Certification Study Guide 2025.

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Chief complaint CC - ANSThe reason a patient called for help. Also, the patient's response to questions such as "What's wrong?" or "What happened?" History of present illness HPI - ANSExplains the chief complaint. A chronological description of the development of the patient's present illness from the first sign or symptom or from the previous encounter to the present. Vital Signs - ANSTemperature, pulse, respiration, and Blood pressure are all ___________ ___________. Normal oral temperature - ANS97.6F - 99.6F intermittent fever - ANSFever that alternates between elevated and normal or subnormal body temperatures. Remittent fever - ANSfever in which temperature fluctuates greatly but never falls to the normal level. Continuous fever - ANSA fever that remains constant above the baseline, does not fluctuate. 60-100 BPM - ANSNormal pulse rate Respirations - ANSRate, rhythm, and depth are taken into account when measuring what? Systole - ANScontraction of the heart Diastole - ANSrelaxation of the heart

Anthropometric measurements - ANSMeasurement of height, (length rather than height is used in infants because they cannot stand.), weight, BMI, head circumference in infants, waist to hip, % of body fat. Inspection - ANSGeneral appearance, state of nutrition, body habits, symmetry, pasture and gait, speech. palpation - ANSto examine by touch Percussion - ANSphysical examination method of tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity such as the chest. Ausculation - ANSthe act of listening to sounds arising within organs (as the lungs or heart) as an aid to diagnosis and treatment. OSHA - ANSa government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment cardiopulmonary resuscitation - ANSan emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression SHOCK - ANSThis is caused by inadequate blood flow to the heart and in turn to the rest of the body. Symptoms of shock - ANSPale, cold, clammy skin rapid, weak pulse increased shallow breathing expressionless face or staring eyes are all ____________ ___ _________. First aid for Shock - ANSmaintain open airway for the victim, call for assistance, keep victim lying down w/ head lower than rest of body; attempt to control bleeding or other cause of shock if known; keep victim warm until help arrives

Portal of exit - ANSMethod in which a infectious agent leaves the reservoir. Ex: contact with body fluids such as blood or saliva. mode of transmission - ANScontact, droplet, air, vehicles, or vectorborne Portal of entry - ANSA pathway by which the causative agent enters the host. The area in which a microorganism enters the body. They may be cuts, lesions, injection sites, or natural body orifices. Susceptible host - ANSAn individual who has little resistance to an infectious agent. Disinfection - ANSProcess used to destroy microorganisms; destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores, can only be used on inanimate objects. Will not be used for invasive procedures, and will not be inserted into body orifices nor be used in sterile procedure. Chemical sterilization - ANSUses the same chemical used for disinfection, but exposure time is longer. Steam sterilization (Autoclave) - ANSuses steam under pressure to obtain higher temperature (250- 254F) with exposure time of 20-40 minutes depending on item being sterilized. hand washing - ANSWhat is the most important means of preventing the spread of infection? hand antisepsis - ANSthe removal & destruction of transient microorganisms using antimicrobial soaps. PPE Personal protective equipment - ANSmask, goggle, face shield, respirator Intradermal Injection - ANSID; 15 degrees no aspiration; used for TB test, allergy test, and local anesthetic Intramuscular Injection - ANSIM; 90 degress with aspiration Subcutaneous Injection - ANSSQ; 45 degress

pericardium - ANSprotective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between Right atrium - ANSThe upper right chamber of the heart, where deoxygenated blood is received from the vena cava and then sent to the right ventricle. Right ventricle - ANSthe chamber on the right side of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk Left atrium - ANSthe left upper chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins. Left ventricle - ANSthe chamber on the left side of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta Aorta - ANSThe largest artery of the body Pulmonary arteries - ANSThe only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood. pulmonary veins - ANSthe only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood. atrioventricular valves - ANSSeparate the atria and the ventricles. Right sided tricuspid, left sided mitral tricuspid valve - ANSbetween right atrium and right ventricle mitral valve - ANSbetween left atrium and left ventricle. Pulmonary valve - ANSbetween right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. Aortic Valve - ANSBetween left ventricle and aorta

depolarization - ANSsodium rushes into neuron through membrane, potassium ruses out; results in a positive charge repolarization - ANSwhen the K+ ions leave the inside of the axon, making the inside charge negative. Myocardial relaxation. SA NODE - ANSthe pace-maker of the heart; where the impulse conduction of the heart usually starts; located in the top of the right atrium just below superior vena cava AV node - ANSLocated at the posterior septal wall at the right atrium just above the tricuspid valve. There is a 1/10 second delay of electrical activity at this level to allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles. Lead I - ANSLeft arm is positive and right arm is negative (LA-RA) Lead II - ANSLeft leg is positive and right arm is negative (LL-RA) Lead III - ANSLeft leg is positive and left arm is negative (LL-LA) aVR - ANSThe right arm is positive and the other limbs are negative aVL - ANSThe left arm is positive and the other limbs are negative aVF - ANSThe left leg (or foot) is positive and the other limbs are negative V1 - ANS4th intercostal space, right sternal border V2 - ANS4th intercostal space, left sternal border

V3 - ANSequidistant between v2 and v V4 - ANS5th intercostal space, on the left midclavicular line V5 - ANS5th intercostal space at the anterior axillary line V6 - ANS5th intercostal space, midaxillary line 1mm - ANS1 small square on eKG grid is equal to 5mm - ANS1 large square on EKG grid is equal to 1mv - ANS2 large squares on EKG grid is equal to .04 seconds or 40m seconds - ANS1 small square on eKG grid is equal to how much time? .2 seconds or 200m seconds - ANS1 large square on eKG grid is equal to how much time? 1 second or 1000 m seconds - ANS5 large squares on eKG grid is equal to how much time? 25mm per second - ANSThe running speed of an EKG is? Horizontal axis - ANSWhat represents time on an EKG? Vertical axis - ANSWhat represents amplitude on an EKG? P Wave - ANSDeflection produced by Atrial depolarization. Normal range does not exceed 0.11s in duration or 2.55mm in height.

T wave - ANSDeflection produced by ventricular repolarization QRS complex - ANSVentricular depolarization Somatic tremors - ANSPatients tremors or shaking the wires can produce jittery patterns on the EKG tracing. Wandering baseline - ANSsweat or lotion on the patients skin or tension on the electrode wires can interfere with the signal going to the EKG apparatus causing the baseline of the tracing to move up and down on the EKG paper. 60-cycle interference - ANScan produce deflections occurring at rapid rate that may mimic atrial flutter. this is caused by electrical appliances or apparatus being used nearby while the tracing is taken. broken recording - ANSthe stylus goes up and down trying to find the signal. tis can be caused by loose electrode or cables, or by frayed or broken wires arrhythmia - ANSabnormal heart rhythms Ischemia - ANSdecreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel can cause chest pain or angina Myocardial infarction - ANSDeath of myocardial cells PR segment - ANS.16 mm/s; line from the end of the P wave to the onset of the QRS complex ST segment - ANSFrom J point to the onset of the T wave; if elevated above base line could indicate myocardial infarction (STEMI) Beta Blockers - ANSReduce heart rate, blood pressure, myocardial oxygen consumption, effectively treat angina pectoris and hypertension. Contraindicated for cardiac stress test.

5-6 liters - ANSThe average adult has __ - ___ _______ of blood. 55% - ANSHow much of our blood is plasma? 45% - ANSHow much of our blood is made up of formed elements? RBC, WBC, Platelets 99% - ANS____ Of formed elements are Red Blood cells Erythrocytes - ANSOxygen carrying protein RBC's 120 days - ANSWhat is the normal lifespan of an RBC? 4.2-6.2 Million - ANSHow many RBC's are the per microliter of blood? Thrombocytes - ANSPlatelets are irregularly shaped packets of cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes. Promote blood coagulation. 140,000-440,000 - ANSWhat is the average number of platelets per microliter of blood? Leukocytes - ANSWBC that proves the body protection again infection. 5,000-10,000 - ANSWhat is the normail amount of Leukocytes for an adult per microliter? Leukocytosis - ANSIncreased WBC's Leukopenia - ANSDecreased WBC's Neutrophils - ANSThese WBC's are the most numerous and they comprise between 40-60%. of the WBC's

Lymphocytes - ANSTHe second most numerous WBC, comprise between 20-40% of the WBC's Monocytes - ANSMakes up 3-8% of WBC's population they are the LARGEST WBC's. Eosinophils - ANSRepresent 1-3% of WBC populations. fight antibody foreign materials. Basophils - ANSAccount for 0-1% of WBC's in the blood. They carry histamines to be released in case of an allergic reaction. Hemostasis - ANSThe process by which blood vessels are repaired after injury. Prevents blood clot formation after venipuncture vascular stage, Platelet phase, coagulation phase, fibrinolysis - ANSName the four stages of Hemostasis. guage, needle - ANSThe smaller the needle ________ is the larger the diameter of the _______ is. needle adapters - ANSAlso known as hubs or needle holders; one end has a small opening that connects the needle, and the other end has a wide opening to hold the collection tube. Winged infusion sets - ANSThey are used for venipuncture on small veins such as those in the hand. The are also used for venipuncture in the elderly and pediatric patients. median cubital vein - ANSThe vein of choice because is it large and does not tend to move the the needle is inserted. Cephalic vein - ANSThe second choice for venipuncture. It is usually more difficult to locate and has a tendency to move, however, it is often the only vein that can be palpated in the obese patients. Basilic Vein - ANSThe third choice for venipunctures. It is the least firmly anchored and located near the brachial artery. If the needle is inserted too deep, this artery may be punctured.

3-4 inches above the venipuncture site - ANSWhere should the tourniquet be placed when performing venipuncture?

1. Blood cultures,
2. light blue top tubes
3. Serum (red or gray tubes)
4. green top tubes
5. lavender top tubes
6. Gray top tubes. - ANSWhat is the correct order of Draw? Fasting specimens - ANSGlucose Tolerance Test; Patient must have fasted and refrained from strenuous exercise for 12 hours prior tot he drawing. 2 hour postprandial - ANSThis test is used to evaluate diabetes melitus. Fasting glucose level is compared with the level 2 hours after eating a full meal of ingesting a measured amount of glucose. Blood cultures - ANS8-10 mL; Are measured to detect the presence of microorganisms in the patient's blood. Tests for septicemia. PKU - ANSTo test for mental retardation or brain damage. Cold Agglutinins - ANSRed topper tubes, and must be kept warm. Chilled specimens - ANSArterial blood gases ammonia lactic acid pyruvate, acth gastrin

parathyroid Light sensitive specimens - ANSBilirubin beta-carotene Vitamins A&B porphyrins Infant dermal puncture - ANSUse the lateral aspect of the heel (dorsal pedis lateralis), do not exceed more than 2.0mm. Older children & adult dermal puncture - ANSUse the distal segment of the third and fourth finger of the non dominant hand. Go perpendicular to the lines of the fingerprint. Lavender Tubes - ANSContains EDTA. The tubes are used for CBC, RBC count, WBC & platelet count, WBC differential count, Hemoglobin and hemoaocrit determinations, ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rater), Sickle Cell screening. Light blue tubes - ANSContains sodium citrate, which prevents coagulation, tube must be completely filled. Test for coagulation studies. Green top tubes - ANSChemistry tests. Heparin. tube should be inverted 8 times. Gray top tube - ANSFasting blood sugar, Glucose tolerance test, blood alcohol levels, lactic acid measurement. Potassium Oxalate/Sodium Fluoride Red/gray speckled or gold top tube - ANSSerum Seperator Gel; Chemistry tests. Contain clot activators, glass particles, silica and celite. Must invert tubes 5 times. Red top tube - ANSSerum chemistry test, serology tests, blood bank. This is a plain vacuum tube that contains no additives

Yellow top tube - ANSSterile; Contains SUP sodium polyanetholesulfatonate; blood cultures; invert 8 times/ At least once a day - ANSHow often should tests be checked for accuracy? Toxicology - ANSAnalyzes poison levels of drugs and poisons Blood type AB+ - ANSis Universal Recipient Blood type O+ - ANSUniversal Donor ABGs - ANSanalysis of aterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases; transport on ice Anuria - ANSThe absence of urine Hematuria - ANSThe presence of blood in the urine Polyuria - ANSThe passage of large volumes of urine First morning urine sample - ANSThe type of specimen that is most commonly used for routine analysis and HCG (pregnancy) test Mid-stream Specimen - ANSA C&S specimen that is collected not at the beginning of end of voiding, but in the middle of urination. Clean-catch specimen - ANSA C&S specimen that requires special cleaning of the external genitalia prior to collection. anuria - ANSLittle to no urine output.

Hemoccult fecal occult test - ANSDetect imperceptible blood in stool. The first and last portion of the stool after a bowel movement. Invasion of privacy - ANSThis is the release of medical records without the patient's knowledge and permission. C&S stool specimen - ANSspecimen needs to be protected from contamination; instruct patients to avoid urinating while collecting the specimen nocturia - ANSurination at night Appendix A - ANSSection where special coding instructions are found peak flow meter - ANSA take home device used to test respiratory function transdermal patches - ANSA method of administering topical medication slowly and cosistently Hematemesis - ANSvomit blood sigmoidoscope - ANSAn instrument used to view the sigmoid portion of the large intestine that is inserted rectally Apical pulse - ANSA method of determining heart rate by placing the stethoscope over the apex of the heart; commonly used for infants Hypoglycemic emergency - ANSA serious condition in which a patient's blood sugar drops critically low; giving the patient orange juice is a common method used to restore appropriate blood sugar level POL testing - ANSPhysician office lab testing that is usually CLIA waved and can be performed by a medical assistant

VDRL and TB - ANSCommunicable diseases in which the infected patient 's information can be released to an outside source Hemothorax - ANSBlood in the chest cavitiy Nephrolithiasis - ANSkidney stones sterilization - ANSfree of all microorganisms diaphoresis - ANSprofuse sweating Nosocomial infections - ANSInfections derived from the patient staying in the hospital V codes - ANSidentify conditions other than a disease or injury, but are not necessarily a primary diagnosis