Medical Terminology and Concepts, Exams of Advanced Education

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Anemia - Correct Answer-Reduction of the quantity of red blood cells or hemoglobin. Angina pectoris - Correct Answer-Chest pain with the feeling of suffocation usually due to deficiency of blood supply to the myocardium resulting in ischemia to the myocardium, caused by poor coronary circulation. Anticholinergic - Correct Answer-A drug that counteracts the action of ecetylcholine, the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system and thereby counteracts the parasympathetic nervous system. Antiemetic - Correct Answer-A drug that counteracts nausea and vomiting. Antisialogogue - Correct Answer-A drug that counteracts the production of saliva. Anxiolytics - Correct Answer-Drugs that reduce or dissolve anxiety, agitation or tension. Aorta - Correct Answer-Very large artery receiving oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle and distributed to the peripheral circulation. Arrest rhythms - Correct Answer-Premature ventricular contractions (PVC's), ventricular tachycardia (Vtach.), ventricular fibrillation (Vfib.), asystole, pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Artery - Correct Answer-A vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Ascites - Correct Answer-Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity can be associated with advanced cases of liver disease or right sided heart failure. Asystole - Correct Answer-Cessation of all contractions of the myocardium. Frequently follows arrest rhythms such as VTack. or VFib. Also known as "flat line". Ataractics - Correct Answer-Pharmacologic agents that produce a tranquilizing effect. Atherosclerosis - Correct Answer-A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaque on their inner walls which narrows the lumen and decreases the oxygen-bearing blood supply to the myocardium

Atrial fibrillation (AFib.) - Correct Answer-An atrial rhythm originating from multiple ectopic foci in the atria characterized by rapid randomized contractions of the atrial myocardium causing a totally irregular baseline and irregular ventricular rate with no P waves. Atrial flutter - Correct Answer-An atrial dysrhythmia represented by multiple flutter waves between each QRS on the ECG, considered a more significant abnormal rhythm and warrants a cardiovascular evaluation. Atrial (supraventricular) rhythms - Correct Answer-Dysrhythmias in which the pacemaker originates from ectopic foci (instead of the SA node) in the atria above the level of the ventricles. Atrial tachycardia - Correct Answer-Rapid heart rate originating from the atria represented by a rate of 150-250, merged P and T waves and a narrow QRS. AKA supraventricular tachycardia. Atrioventricular block - Correct Answer-The blockage of the wave of depolarization from the SA node to the AV node represented as no P wave, prolonged or variable PR interval or missed beats. Rated by severity 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree. Atrioventricular node - Correct Answer-A microscopic bundle of heart muscle fibers located at the base of the atria above the ventricles responsible for transmitting the wave of depolarization from the SA node to the bundle of his. Autonomic nervous system - Correct Answer-Part of the nervous system that controls smooth muscle, heart muscle and glands. We cannot consciously control this system but areas of the brain and spinal cord do. Contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic components. Balanced anesthesia - Correct Answer-Anesthesia that relies on the use of several agents together to utilize the best aspects of each but in smaller doses to provide analgesia, amnesia, relaxation/immobility,and hypnosis. Barbiturates - Correct Answer-A group of pharmacologic agents that have sedative properties and produce amnesia and a hypnotic effect. Absorbed by body fat and are introduced into the blood stream slowly prolonging their effects. Detoxified in the liver. Baroreceptor - Correct Answer-A sensory nerve ending associated with the parasympathetic nervous system that is stimulated by an increase in blood pressure. Located in the aorta, carotid arteries and ventricles. Blood dyscrasia - Correct Answer-Any abnormal condition of the blood, clotting disorders.

Brachial artery - Correct Answer-Passes through the antecubital fossa then branches out. To be avoided with venipuncture Brachiocephalic artery - Correct Answer-One of the branches from the aorta that supply the right side of the head, neck, and right arm with blood. Bradycardia - Correct Answer-Slow heart rate, less than 60 bpm. Bronchiole - Correct Answer-Smallest branches of the bronchi measuring 1mm and terminate in the alveoli. Bronchus - Correct Answer-One of the two passageways the trachea divides into and further divides into secondary branches, part of the lower airway. Bundle of His - Correct Answer-Wave of depolarization transmitted from the AV node to this special band of cardiac muscle fibers located in the ventricles. This band of atypical muscle fibers propagates the atrial contraction rhythm to the ventricles. Capnography - Correct Answer-Measurement and recording of the amount of carbon dioxide in expired air. Necessary in the monitoring of moderate, deep, and general anesthesia. Cardiac dysrhythmias - Correct Answer-Rhythm disturbances of the heart Cardiac cycle - Correct Answer-The complete cardiac movement (the systolic and diastolic movement and the interval between them) or heartbeat Cardiac output - Correct Answer-The total amount of blood pumped by either ventricle of the heart per minute. Cardioacceleratory center - Correct Answer-A group of neurons in the brain stem involved in the acceleration of the heart action. Cardioinhibitory center - Correct Answer-A group of neurons in the brain stem involved in the that have a inhibitory influence on the heart action via the vagus nerve. Catatonic - Correct Answer-A psychiatric state in which the patient appears to be removed or disassociated from the sensory inputs in his environment. Centers for emotion - Correct Answer-Limbic system of the brain that regulates the spectrum of emotional response. Benzodiazepines exert their effects here to reduce anxiety. Central nervous system (CNS) - Correct Answer-Consists of the brain and the spinal column and is the overall control center of the body.

Cerebellum - Correct Answer-Part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement and contains sensory receptors such as those for vision and hearing. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - Correct Answer-Also called a stroke, a neurological impairment caused by a disruption of blood supply to a region of the brain Bronchoconstriction - Correct Answer-When airflow is limited due to constriction of the bronchioles in response to inflammatory changes with in the lower airway, a component of asthma. Cerebrum - Correct Answer-The main portion of the brain that is concerned with thinking Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Correct Answer-Chronic condition of the lungs that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema Bronchitis - Correct Answer-Inflammatory condition of the lower extremities of the lower airway in which the membranes are swollen and cells excrete thick mucus, fibrosis and thickening of the walls of the airway occurs and can lead to laryngospasms and bronchospasms Emphysema - Correct Answer-Enlargement and scarring of alveolar sacs that causes a decrease in the exchange of O2 and CO Dyspnea - Correct Answer-A subjective experience of breathlessness and difficulty breathing with puffing Cirrhosis - Correct Answer-Liver disease characterized by loss of normal microscopic lobular structure of the liver due to the formation of fibrous scarring, cell death and inflammatory cells Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CMTC) - Correct Answer-A center in the brain stem that responds to the presence of potentially toxic substances in the blood an signals the vomiting center to induce vomiting Coarse ventricular fibrilation (V.Fib) - Correct Answer-Shown in two forms: coarse which has erratic baseline and fine which has erratic baseline that is less pronounced. No discernible P, QRS, or T waves, multiple irritable foci in ventricles and no pumping of blood Common carotid artery - Correct Answer-Palpable artery in the neck Compensatory pause - Correct Answer-A long beat that compensates for a short beat that contains either a premature atrial or ventricular contraction as with PAC and PVC

Congenital heart disease - Correct Answer-A cardiac disease caused by an anatomical defect in the heart present at birth Congestive heart failure - Correct Answer-Inability of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency. Blood either from the lungs or the peripheral. Treated with diuretics to decrease fluid volume or digitalis to increase strength of contractions Left sided heart failure - Correct Answer-Blood fails to be pumped to the peripheral and results in pooling of blood in lungs and causes shortness of breath Right sided heart failure - Correct Answer-Blood fails to be pumped in to the lungs and results in blood pooling in the peripheral and causes edema and ascites Coniotomy - Correct Answer-AKA cricothyrotomy. An incision is made or large needle passed through the cricothyroid ligament to establish an airway in an emergency situation where the upper airway is obstructed Coronary sinus - Correct Answer-Receives blood from the myocardium and terminates in the right atrium Corticosteriod - Correct Answer-AKA adrenocortical hormone ie cortisol. Produced by the outer cortex of the adrenal gland and maintains a normal BP Adrenal medulla - Correct Answer-Center portion of adrenal gland that is responsible for the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stimulus to the sympathetic system. Couplets - Correct Answer-Two PVC's in a row and considered ominous Cushing's disease - Correct Answer-A disease of the adrenal medulla in which there is excessive secretion of corticosteroid and may be due to a tumor or high doses of prednisone. Characterized by hump on back, round face, thick skin and easy to bruise. Cyanosis - Correct Answer-Bluish color to skin around mouth, mucosal tissue, lips caused by decreased O2 saturation of the blood Deciliter - Correct Answer-1/10 of a liter. Used to measure hemoglobin. mg/dL Depolarization - Correct Answer-The movement of positively charge ions (sodium and potassium) through the nerve cell membrane which transmits the electrical wave (impulse) down the nerve Diaphragm - Correct Answer-Primary respiration muscle located between the chest and abdominal cavity

Diastolic pressure - Correct Answer-Arterial pressure when heart is at rest. Lower number. Diffusion hypoxia - Correct Answer-Decrease in available oxygen in the alveoli directly after cessation of N2O due to room air mixing with the already diluted air in alveoli by the nitrous Digitallis - Correct Answer-A pharmacological agent used to treat congestive heart failure, Afib, atrial flutter, paroxysmal tachycardia. Increases the force of contraction and produces a slower more regular pulse. Disassociative anesthesia - Correct Answer-A form of anesthesia in which the patient becomes detached from the sensory inputs from their environment. Diuretic - Correct Answer-An agent that promotes the discard of body fluid and increases urination Dorsum - Correct Answer-The back or posterior portion of a body part Dysphoria - Correct Answer-Unpleasant feeling upon emergence from anesthesia Dysrhythmia - Correct Answer-AKA arrhythmia. Disturbance in rhythm Ectopic - Correct Answer-Displaced. Referring to a pacemaker generated from a foci in the myocardium instead of the SA or AV nodes Ectopic focus - Correct Answer-ADA ectopic foci (plural). A displaced central point of origin for a cardiac disrhythmia. Ectopic pacemaker - Correct Answer-Any other biologic cardiac rhythm generated from the myocardium and not the SA node. Electrocardiogram - Correct Answer-Cardiac monitor AKA EKG. Graphic tracing of the variations in electrical activity of the heart. Emergence - Correct Answer-The awakening or return to consciousness of a patient following anesthesia. Embolism - Correct Answer-the sudden blockage of an artery by a clot or foreign material. EMLA - Correct Answer-Eutectic mixture of local anesthetic used prior to venipuncture and is a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine Endocarditis - Correct Answer-Infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium). Occurs when bacteria or other germs from another part of the body, such as your

mouth, spreads through the bloodstream and attach to damaged areas of the endocardium. Uncommon in people with healthy hearts. Epiglottis - Correct Answer-Soft tissue valve at the base of the tongue that covers the trachea during the act of swallowing and prevents material from entering the trachea Epinephrine - Correct Answer-A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that is a potent stimulator of the sympathetic nervous system. Vasoconstrictor, increases heart rate and BP, increase glucose release Ester - Correct Answer-Group of local anesthetics metabolized in the bloodstream with a high potential for allergic reaction. Cocaine and prilocaine. Euphoria - Correct Answer-A feeling of elation or well-being caused by a drug or anesthetic agent Extravasation - Correct Answer-Leakage of intravenous fluid into the tissue surrounding an intravenous cannula during an intravenous infusion Facial artery - Correct Answer-artery that supplies the blood to face, tonsil, palate, submandibular gland Fasciculation - Correct Answer-Sustained twitching of all the muscles of the body Triazolam, diazepam, larazepam, clonidine - Correct Answer-Anxiolytics First degree AV block - Correct Answer-Atrioventricular block that shows up on the EKG as a long PR interval but no missed beats Second degree AV block type I - Correct Answer-Atrioventricular block that shows up on the EKG as a progressively increasing PR interval followed by a missed beat Second degree AV block type II - Correct Answer-Atrioventricular block that shows up on the EKG as multiple missed beats Third degree AV block - Correct Answer-Atrioventricular block that shows up on the EKG as a highly variable PR interval due to the atria and ventricles contracting independent of one another Glucocorticoid - Correct Answer-A type of corticosteroid that is involved in many bodily functions one of which is the reduction in aspects of the immune system such as inflammation Halogenated hydrocarbons - Correct Answer-inhalation general anesthesia agents: fluothane, isoflurane, desflurane sevoflurane

Heart blocks - Correct Answer-Depolarization has difficulty passing the AV node Heart murmur - Correct Answer-A sound heard with a stethoscope indicative of a back flow of blood into the atria or into the ventricles Hematocrit - Correct Answer-the volume percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood Polycythemia - Correct Answer-High hematocrit Anemia - Correct Answer-Low hematocrit Hemoglobin - Correct Answer-Component of erythrocytes hat carries O2 and CO Hemeostasis - Correct Answer-the maintenance of internal stability of a system with minimal variation from the normal state Hypercarbia - Correct Answer-Increased level of CO2 in the blood stream Hyperthyroidism - Correct Answer-Excessive functionality of thyroid gland characterized by increased basal metabolism, goiter, and disturbance in autonomic nervous system Hypothyroidism - Correct Answer-Decreased functionality of thyroid gland characterized by decreased basal metabolism, tiredness, sensitivity to cold and menstrual disturbance Hypnosis - Correct Answer-Unconscious induced by an anesthetic agent Hypoxia - Correct Answer-low levels of blood in bodily tissue Induction - Correct Answer-The initiation of a sate of unconsciousness during anesthesia Inferior alveolar artery - Correct Answer-Artery that supplies the mandible, teeth, lower lip and chin Inferior vena cava - Correct Answer-Venous trunk carrying blood from lower extremities and abdominal viscera that empties into the right atrium Internal jugular vein - Correct Answer-Drains much of the blood from the head and neck Ion channels - Correct Answer-Microscopic channels in the membranes of neurons that allow ions to pass through to conduct the impulse through the nerve Ischemia - Correct Answer-Defficiency of blood to an area causing cell damage or death Jaundice - Correct Answer-Yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes and/or mucosa. Associated with hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver.

Junctional rhythms - Correct Answer-Cardiac dysrhythmias in which the pacemaker is located near the AV node where the atria and ventricles meet Laryngopharynx - Correct Answer-Part of the upper airway located in the pharynx behind the larynx (vocal cords) Lingual artery - Correct Answer-Supplies blood to tongue, tonsil, and floor of mouth Maxillary artery - Correct Answer-Supplies blood to the maxilla, teeth, ear, nose, nasal sinus, and palate Medula oblongata - Correct Answer-Located in brain stem and contains the vital centers for blood pressure, pulse and respiration Mental artery - Correct Answer-Supplies the chin with blood Metabolism - Correct Answer-Chemical alteration of substances usually takes place in the Liver but can occur in other areas. Some metabolites are active and extend the effect of a medication Mitral valve - Correct Answer-Valve between the right atrium and vetricle Mitral valve prolapse - Correct Answer-One or both leaflets of the mitral valve do not close completely allowing back flow of blood Motor nerve - Correct Answer-Stimulates muscle movement Multifocal premature ventricular contractions - Correct Answer-Premature ventricular contraction before the impulse from the SA node. Shows up in EKG as no P wave, wide and blunt QRS and compensatory pause Myocardial infarction - Correct Answer-Necrosis of the heart muscle tissue from an interruption of blood supply caused by coronary thrombosis Narcotic agonist-atagonists - Correct Answer-Reverse the effects of narcotics and provide pain relief and sedation. Narcotic agonist-atagonists - Correct Answer-Pentazocaine, nalbuphine, butorphanol tartrate Narcotics - Correct Answer-Drugs that produce insensibility and stupor. Morphine, meperidine, fentanyl. Nasopharynx - Correct Answer-Part of the upper airway that is the pharynx located above the soft palate

Neuron - Correct Answer-Nerve cell Nerotransmitter - Correct Answer-Chemical that crosses the synaptic cleft and activates the ion channels of the next nerve to allow the nerve impulse to travel Norepinephrine - Correct Answer-A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla. Part of the sympathetic nervous system. Normal sinus rhythm - Correct Answer-Regular heart rate of 60-100 bpm that originates from the SA node and shows up on EKG as P waves, QRS complexes and T waves. NPO - Correct Answer-Nothing by mouth. Nil per os. Olfactory nerve - Correct Answer-1st cranial nerve allows sense of smell Optic nerve - Correct Answer-2nd cranial nerve allows sens of sight Oropharynx - Correct Answer-Part of the upper airway that is the pharynx and is located between the soft palate and the epiglottis Minimal sedation - Correct Answer-Normal response to stimuli, normal airway reflexes and normal respiratory and cardiovascular function Propofol - Correct Answer-Anesthetic, antiemetic, emergence with feeling of well-being, rapidly redistributed, lowers BP Contraindications for propofol use - Correct Answer-Chronic asthmatic, egg yolk allergy, sulfite allergy, chronic smoker Ketamine - Correct Answer-Anesthetic, dissacociative, catatonic state, amnesia, rapid redistribution, vivid dreams and illusions, increases BP and pulse Contraindications for ketamine use - Correct Answer-Angina, hypertension with multiple medications, glaucoma, psychosis uncontrolled and pregnancy Barbiturates - Correct Answer-Sodium pentothal, methohexital Reversal agents - Correct Answer-For opioids and benzodiazepines. Naloxone for narcotics and flumazenil for benzodiasepines. Anticholinergics - Correct Answer-Used to decrease saliva which aids in maintaining a dry airway. Anticholinergics - Correct Answer-Atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate

Dipenhydramine - Correct Answer-Antihistimine and anticholinergic and sedative Promethazine - Correct Answer-Antihistimine, anticholinergic, antiemetic and sedative Hydroxizine - Correct Answer-Sedative, antihistimine