Medical Terminology and Concepts, Exams of Nursing

Download Medical Terminology and Concepts and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NR283-PATHO FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Active vs Passive Immunity Correct Answers Active = individual has memory cells - can make their own antibodies & provides long term immunity Passive = person given antibodies, these work then die, no long term immunity, no memory cells. Acute leukemia Correct Answers ALOT of leukocytes acute vs chronic bronchitis Correct Answers Acute Bronchitis: Productive cough lasting 1-3 weeks--dry cough Chronic Bronchitis: Productive cough for at least three months for the past two years---sputum artificial active immunity Correct Answers vaccination Artificial passive immunity Correct Answers immunity which results from the administration of antibodies from another animal against a dangerous pathogen. Atrial fibrillation Correct Answers can be treated with pacemaker Autoimmune disease Correct Answers diabetes type I, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis Best way to evaluate cardiac output Correct Answers blood pressure Best ways to cope with stress Correct Answers meditation, rest, healthy diet, exercise, music, deep breathing Big indicator of hyperthyroidism Correct Answers Exophthalmos---bulging eyes Causes of acute kidney injury Correct Answers kidney stones, from bladder ureter, post renal Causes of dehyration Correct Answers loss of fluids from skin, GI tract, kidneys. no fluid intake, meds, loss of blood causes of edema Correct Answers increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability causes of hepatitis A Correct Answers contaminated food, infected stool causes of hypermagnesemia (MAG) Correct Answers kidney failure, meds with mag Causes of hypernatremia Correct Answers too little water, diabetes insipidus, kidney failure, cushings, too much sodium.... Causes of hypervolemia or excess fluid Correct Answers heart and liver failure, renal failure, causes of hypomagnesemia Correct Answers malabsorption, DKA, hyperparathyroidism, diuretics Fracture: the break has a curved or sloped pattern. Pathologic Fracture: caused by a disease that weakens the bones. Spiral Fracture: one part of the bone has been twisted at the break point... complete: bone broken forming 2 separate pieces. Incomplete: only partially broken, open(compound): skin broken, Closed: skin not broken, simple: single break maintain alignment and position. Communited: multiple fractures and bone fragments, compression: bone crushed or collapsed into small peices Differeent mitotic cells that are at different mature stages... resp tract of smoker Correct Answers Metaplasia Different colors of sputum and their meaning Correct Answers Yellow/green cloudy: bacterial infection, rusty/dark colored: pneumococcal pneumonia, purulent w/ odor: bronchiectasis, thick/tenacious: asthma or CF, blood tinged: tumor, tb, chronic cough, frothy/foam: exacerbation of heart failure Down syndrome Correct Answers it is a triple in the 21st chromosome, it is a chromosomal disorder, also called trisomy during metabolic acidosis/alkalosis Correct Answers lungs compensate during respiratory acidosis/alkalosis Correct Answers kidneys compensate electrolyte imbalance that causes abnormal ECGS Correct Answers hyper and hypokalemia example of an autoimmune disorder Correct Answers lupus Example of excitatory neurotransmitter Correct Answers epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine Example of inhibitory neurotransmitter Correct Answers serotonin, GABA Example of primary intention Correct Answers surgical wound Example of tertiary intention Correct Answers diabetic ulcer Examples of Autosomal Dominant Disorders Correct Answers Huntington chorea, marfan syndrom, polycystic kidney disease Examples of Autosomal Recessive Disorders Correct Answers cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, tay sachs Examples of multifactorial disorders Correct Answers -Type 2 diabetes mellitus -Congenital hip dislocation -Congenital heart disease -cleft palate and lip Examples of physical stressors Correct Answers injury, trauma, pain, heat and cold, infections Examples of psychological stressors Correct Answers death, financial hardships, loss of job, divorce Factors that lead to substance abuse Correct Answers heredity, genetics, physical abuse, family system and practices, cultural acceptance, homelessness, stress, socioeconomic status FAST ECG Correct Answers ventricular fibrillation-- not refilled w/ blood. not enough blood to body Finding in a papsmear that usually indicates cancer Correct Answers dysplasia Glaslow Coma scale Correct Answers eye opening response, verbal response, motor response.. 3 low, 15 high. eye 4, verbal 5, motor 6 Herniation in brain Correct Answers Increased pressure inside the skull pushes on brain stem through foramen magnum high thyroid Correct Answers weight loss and change in bowel pattern how are measles spread Correct Answers through aerosol droplets.. very small... just by simply breathing How do antibodies fight infections Correct Answers They bind to specific matching antigens and destroy it How do Dr. diagnose/evaluate electrical activity in the brain Correct Answers EEG How do we measure stroke volume Correct Answers echocardiogram -Humoral immunity **B-cell production of antibodies in response to an antigen -Cell-mediated immunity **Direct destruction of infected cells by T cells Local infection Correct Answers redness, exudate, warm to touch, and pain Local manifestations at their peak Correct Answers acute period Low thyroid Correct Answers weight gain, constipation Major complication of hypothyroidism Correct Answers myxedema coma... swelling of neck puts pressure on the trachea, life threatening Major lab number differences in renal failure Correct Answers blood urea nitrogen (B.U.N) and creatinine Manifesations of MI Correct Answers clot in coronary artery, lack of O2, s.o.b, pain sudden left side, indigestion, acid reflux Manifestations of coronary artery disease Correct Answers heart attack like symptoms, chest discomfort, s.o.b, palpitations, dark green lips, dyspnea, ECG abnormalities Manifestations of early dementia Correct Answers forgetfulness, lack of concentration, and mood swings Manifestations of hypo coagulation Correct Answers blood loss, hypovolemic shock manifestations of increase intracranial pressure Correct Answers projectile vomiting, bradycardia, headache, increased BP, vomiting, widen pulse pressure, blurred vision, slow breathing, changes in levels of consciousness Manifestations of increased intracranial pressure Correct Answers swelling optic disc (papilledema), increased BP, altered levels of consciousness, projectile vomiting, increased pulse pressure Mechanisms for clotting Correct Answers Prevents excessive bleeding with platelets, fibrinogen and thrombin Mediators released in the inflammatory response Correct Answers histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin (injured cells, pain receptors), leukotrins Modifiable risks for coronary heart disease Correct Answers smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes Muscle Tears- 3 types Correct Answers First Degree: Involves small amount of muscle. Pain is minimal and no major loss in strength or mobility occurs. Second Degree: A large tear involving most of the muscle. Pain is severe and substantial loss of strength and mobility is present. Third Degree: Complete tear across the width of the muscle. Unable to contract, internal bleeding. Surgery may be required. Natural Active Immunity Correct Answers production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen Natural Pacemake Correct Answers SA nodes Natural Passive Immunity Correct Answers acquired by a child through placenta and breast milk Nonmodifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease Correct Answers hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and genetics Normal levels of acid/base balance Correct Answers ph- 7.35- 7.45, CO2- 35-45, HCO3- 22-26 One example of poor perfusion Correct Answers Low blood pressure One of the first signs of hepatitis Correct Answers Anorexia Origin of fibromyalgia Correct Answers really no biological origin. physical or emotional stress, life threatening event or catastrophe, Pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis Correct Answers increased mucous glands and secretion, inflammation, and infection, obstruction Pathophysiology of emphysema Correct Answers -alveolar destruction repetitive strains Correct Answers develop over time in which same movement in repeated Resolvins Correct Answers inflammatory response to stay longer Respiratory acidosis Correct Answers kidneys excrete hydrogen (acid) and keep bicarbonate (alkaline) respiratory acidosis Correct Answers pH is low, CO2 is high Respiratory alkalosis Correct Answers kidneys excrete bicarbonate and keep hydrogen right side of brain stroke Correct Answers left side of body Risk Factor for Down Syndrome Correct Answers increased maternal age.. over 40 y/o Risk factors for coronary artery disease Correct Answers diabetes, high glucose levels, atherosclerosis Risk factors for myocardial infarction Correct Answers high cholesterol, diabetes(atherosclerosis), obesity, smoking, high BP, aging, genetics Risk factors for pulmonary embolism Correct Answers immobility, trauma or leg surgery, child birth, congestive heart failure, dehydration, increased coagulation, cancer, smoking, dvt risk factors of pulmonary embolism Correct Answers immobility, leg surgery, child birth, heart failure, cancer, dehydration, blood clot S/S/Manifestations Addisons Disease Correct Answers Low levels of cortisol/adrenal gland steroids. Weight loss, hypoglycemia, hypotension, hyperkalemia, bronze skin "small, weak, tan" S/S/Manifestations Autonomic Dysreflexia Correct Answers increased bp, vasoconstriction below injury, vasodialation above injury and tachycardia... leads to UTI skin infection, spasms and pain and depression S/S/Manifestations Cushings Disease Correct Answers High levels of cortisol/ Weight gain hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypokalemia, fragile skin, purple striae, excess skin "big round and hairy" S/S/Manifestations hyperkalemia Correct Answers abnormal ECGS, cramping, confusion, irritability. CAUSED by DKA metabolic acidosis S/S/Manifestations hyperthyroidism Correct Answers GRAVES: high metabolism, weight loss, always hot, bulging eyes (exophthalmos), hair loss S/S/Manifestations hypocalcemia Correct Answers muscle twitches, tetany, tingling, dysrhythmias S/S/Manifestations hypomagnesemia Correct Answers neuromuscular excitability, TREMORS, insomnia, constipation S/S/Manifestations of asthma Correct Answers dyspnea, obstructed bronchus, wheezing, cough, excess mucus production, fatigue S/S/Manifestations of Chronic bronchitis Correct Answers wheezing, tight chest, respiratory infections, fatigue... mucus purulent, s.o.b swelling in extremities S/S/Manifestations of edema Correct Answers thirst, dry or stick mouth, little urination, dark yellow urine, muscle cramps, fast pulse, fast breathing, low BP S/S/Manifestations of emphysema Correct Answers coughing, dyspnea, little sputum, barrel shaped chest, cyanosis S/S/Manifestations of hyperglycemia Correct Answers dry mouth, dry itchy skin, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, glucosuira, recurrent infections, blurred vision S/S/Manifestations of hyperkalemia (high potassium) Correct Answers ECG differences, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, confusion, IRRITABILITY, acidosis S/S/Manifestations of hypermagnesemia Correct Answers decreased muscular excitability, paralysis, lethargy - Fatigue/malaise - Decreased appetite - Vomiting/diarrhea - Body aches signs and symptoms of hypothermia Correct Answers cold skin, shivering, slow breathing and slow pulse, decreased LOC, decreased B/P, dilated pupils, cardiac arrest, numbness Signs and symptoms of systemic infection Correct Answers fever, leukocytosis, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, nausea Signs of local inflammation Correct Answers swelling, redness, heat, pain, inflammation Signs of myocardial infarction Correct Answers pain (sudden and crushing), pale skin, dizziness, sweating, nauseous, weakness Signs of poor tissue perfusion Correct Answers confusion (altered mental status), pale skin color, cool skin temp, low BP.. those with dark skin look and conjunctiva and mucous membranes signs/symptoms manifestations of hypoglycemia Correct Answers T.I.R.E.D. tachycardia and tremors, irritability, restlessness, excessive hunger, diaphoresis, poor concentration, slurred speech, confusion, seizure, loss of consciousness, oma Signs/symptoms/manifestations of DKA Correct Answers thirsty, hot flushed skin, acid build up (metabolic acidosis), excessive urination, fruity breath, Kassumal respiration. HYPERglycemia Social determinants of health Correct Answers environment and neighborhood, health quality and access, education, social and community, economic Stages of burns Correct Answers 1.) pain and redness 2.) blisters 3.) partial deep injury, past blisters 4.) deep muscle bone damage Steps for clotting Correct Answers platelets clump together and fibrinogen will use to clot=initiation Immune system takes over activating healing = formation Clot dissolves= fibrinolysis substance abuse Correct Answers difficult to diagnose, no testing, only look at it from side effects Systemic Infection Correct Answers leukocytosis, fever, weakness, and fatigue Transmission of HIV Correct Answers most common is through breast feeding, unprotected sex, shared needles, and blood transfusion treatment of injuries Correct Answers RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation).. NSAIDS, physiotherapy, massage Type I hypersensitivity Correct Answers allergic reaction. IgE produced by B lymphocytes and release histamine...allergies Type II hyper sensitivity Correct Answers IgG or IgM reacts with antigen.. causes RBC lysis and phagocytosis EXAMPLES incompatible blood transfusion and rH factor compatibility Type III hypersensitivity Correct Answers antigen-antibody complex. causes inflammation tissue necrosis.. autoimmune disorders, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis Type IV hypersensitivity Correct Answers T cell mediated, delayed inflammation, organ transplant rejection, positive TB test Type of spinal cord injury when someone falls and lands on feet Correct Answers compression spinal cord injury Types of cancer than can be caused by smoking Correct Answers lung cancer and bladder cancer types of focal seizures Correct Answers simple- very small area, twitching or change in sensation complex- muscle or nerve reaction no loss of consciousness just disoriented secondary generalized starts in one part and focal and then spreads to both sides of the brain types of generalized seizures Correct Answers • Absence (formerly called "petit mal"): staring for a few seconds and unresponsive initiated by infection, genital stimulation or other stimuli What causes decreased cognition neuro issues Correct Answers tumor, tbi, injury, stroke, hematoma, seizure What causes ischemia to occur Correct Answers decreased supply of oxygen What causes painful blisters along the spinal nerve root, also burning Correct Answers shingles What causes shingles Correct Answers varicella zoster virus What causes squamous cell carcinoma Correct Answers UV exposure What does anorexia mean Correct Answers loss of appetite What does chronic stress leads to what Correct Answers heart disease What does occlusion lead to Correct Answers Cell death or necrosis What electrolyte imbalance do we see with hypoparathyroidism Correct Answers hypocalcemia what electrolytes move inversely Correct Answers potassium and sodium What happens during allergic reaction Correct Answers Mast cells release histamine: vasodilation, edema, bronchiole constriction, pruititis What happens to sodium during dehydration Correct Answers sodium increases What happens when there is too much clotting Correct Answers deep vein thrombosis What hormones are imbalanced during addisons disease Correct Answers too little cortisol or aldosterone What immunoglobin is involved in Type I hypersensitivities Correct Answers IgE(mast cells and histamine). causes for immediate release What individuals are at risk for pressure ulcers Correct Answers immobility, unconsciousness, dehydrated, incontinence, cognitive disabilities, anemia What is a biopsy Correct Answers sample/section of tumor to diagnose What is a change in BP due to position Correct Answers orthostatic pressure (hypotension) what is a dislocation Correct Answers when bones are forced out of alignment. damage to the soft tissues to ligaments and tendons What is a generalized seizure Correct Answers a seizure that affects both sides of the brain, altered levels of consciousness What is a hematoma Correct Answers increase of blood(accumulation) in the brain What is a macule Correct Answers a flat lesion that differs in color from surrounding skin (<1 cm in diameter) what is a muscle strain Correct Answers overstretching or tearing of the muscle What is a part of the specific defense system Correct Answers T-cells What is a pustule Correct Answers elevated, red, purulent containing.... usually indicative of bacterial infection What is a stroke (cerebral vascular accident) Correct Answers infarction or death of brain tissue that results from a lack of blood What is acidosis Correct Answers pH below 7.35... d/t increase in CO2 (respiratory) or decrease in HCO3 (metabolic) What is alkalosis Correct Answers pH above 7.45.... d/t decrease in CO2 (respiratory) or increase in HCO3 (metabolic) what is an increase in the number of cells Correct Answers hyperplasia What is purulent Correct Answers exudate, pus, discharge. yellow/green thick discharge may have strong odor, associated with bacterial infections what is specific defense (adaptive) Correct Answers uniquely tailored responses to specific pathogens based on antigen identifications What is stable angina Correct Answers Goes away with rest. exercise induced What is stasis Correct Answers a stoppage of the circulation of bodily fluids---fluid settling in lungs, baldder, etc What is status asthmaticus? Correct Answers Life-threatening episode of airway obstruction that is unresponsive to common treatment What is Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)? Correct Answers Excess of ADH. overhydration, edema, weight gain, decrease urination (concentrated) What is tertiary prevention Correct Answers Rehabilitative therapies and monitoring of health to prevent complications or further illness, injury, or disability what is the best way to prevent infection Correct Answers hand washing.... on a pathogen level -sterilization What is the chance percentage of children who will get Marfan's Syndrome? Correct Answers 50%- it is autosomal dominant what is the failure of the immune system Correct Answers immunodeficiency what is the p wave Correct Answers atrial contraction what is the QRS wave Correct Answers ventricular contraction what is the T wave Correct Answers messy. VFIB. most fatal What is tolerance? Correct Answers Physiological change when the body is exposed to substance over extended time--- homeostasis has adjusted to amount What is tuberculosis Correct Answers an infectious bacterial disease characterized by the growth of nodules (tubercles) in the tissues, especially the lungs...... anorexia, fatigue, weight loss, prolonged cough, bloody sputum. CAVITATION on radiography What is unstable angina Correct Answers may not go away what is urticaria Correct Answers hives d/t allergic reaction. Raised welts what is visceral pain Correct Answers Originating from interior organs Aching, Poorly localized, Often accompanied by autonomic responses (vomiting, nausea, pallor, diaphoresis) What makes genetic test appropriate Correct Answers when there is family history of the disease What occurs during the stress response Correct Answers arousal of central nervous system "fight or flight", cortisol will become elevated, high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, constrict blood vessels, bronchioles will dilate, and release of epinephrine and norepinephrine What occurs when one is born with only 1 X chromosome Correct Answers Monosomy X AKA turner syndrome What occurs with epinephrine and norepinephrine Correct Answers Vasoconstriction of vessels= increased BP and Increased HR Vasodilation of bronchioles= increased breathing and O2 What position should a patient with ICP be in Correct Answers elevated head What test measures the average blood glucose over a certain time period Correct Answers Glycosolated Hemoglobin or Hemoglobin A1C what type of disease is sickle cell anemia Correct Answers autosomal recessive What type of hypersensitivity is TB Correct Answers Type IV--delayed reaction