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Medical Terminology and Concepts, Exams of Nursing

A wide range of medical terminology and concepts, including fluid management, types of negligence, consent, ethics, helicopter safety, stress reactions, grief stages, anatomy, respiratory volumes, cardiac function, neurological assessments, hazardous materials handling, shock stages, electrocardiogram interpretation, immune system functions, triage, radio communication, autonomic nervous system, pediatric airway anatomy, and seizure phases. The detailed explanations and definitions provided in the document could be valuable for students studying various healthcare-related subjects, such as emergency medicine, nursing, or allied health programs. A comprehensive reference or study guide covering a diverse set of medical topics.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 09/13/2024

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Download Medical Terminology and Concepts and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! PCP review for COPR Questions And Answers Rated 100% Correct!! What is the Parkland formula? Answer- Fluids for first 24hrs : 4ml x pt weight in kg x %BSA= 50% over first 8hrs 50% over next 16hrs Hemothorax and S/S Answer- A hemothorax is an accumulation of up to 1,500mL of blood within the pleural space S/S: Flat neck veins, decreased lung sounds on the affected side, increased RR, increased HR, hypotension first, hyporresonant, loss of blood, hypoxia Pneumothorax Answer- Air in pleural cavity (also known as pleural space) S/S: JVD, decreased lung sounds on affected side, increased RR, increased HR, SOB first, hyperressonant, can lead to tension pneumo and tracheal deviation, hypoxia 4 M's of pregnancy Answer- - Multiplicity (multiple babies) - Maturity - Medication - Meconium Definition of libel Answer- written defamation (Making a false statement in written form that injures a person's good name) Definition of Slander Answer- spoken defamation (Making a false verbal statement that injures a person's good name) What is diffusion Answer- The movement of particles/solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. What is osmosis Answer- movement of solvent (water) from area of lower solute concentration to higher concentration What is filtration? Answer- passage through filter or through material prevents passage of certain molecules What is a hypotonic solution Answer- solution has less osmotic pressure than body fluids - "hippo" - solvent concentration inside cell higher, larger cell eventually bursts Negligence Answer- Failure to provide the same care that a person with similar training would provide in the same or similar situation Gross negligence Answer- Conduct that constitutes a willful or reckless disregard for a duty or standard of care Malfeasance Answer- Occurs if you perform an act that you are not authorized to do Misfeasance Answer- Occurs if you perform an act that you are legally permitted to do but you do so in an improper manner Nonfeasance Answer- Occurs if you fail to perform an act that you are required to expected to perform What 4 elements must be present for negligence to apply Answer- 1. Duty 2. Breach of duty 3. Damages 4. Proximate cause Duty Answer- Is an obligation to provide patient care in a manner that is consistent with the standard of care established by training and local protocols Breach of duty Answer- Occurs when the person accused of negligence failed to act as another person with similar training would have acted under the same circumstances Damages Answer- When a patient is physically or psychologically harmed in some noticeable way Proximate cause Answer- Legal term, essentially considers whether the alleged harm to the patient would have occurred "but for" the negligent act Abandonment Answer- Form of negligence that involves the termination of emergency medical care without the patients consent Assult Answer- Threatening a person or causing a person fear or immediate bodily harm without the persons consent - regardless of whether the threat or harm is actually carried out Battery Answer- unlawful touching of another person without consent Kidnapping Answer- The seizing, confining, abducting, or carrying away of a person by force, including transporting a competent adult for medical treatment without his or her consent. False Imprisonment Answer- unauthorized confinement of a person that lasts for an appreciable period of time Slander Answer- false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation Libel Answer- false written statement that harms a persons reputation Cultural imposition Answer- When one person imposes or forces his or her beliefs, values, and practices on another because he or she believe his or her ideals are superior Enhanced 9-1-1 Answer- An emergency response system in which much of the call information, such as the phone number and location of the caller, is recorded automatically and viewed by the dispatcher on a computer screen Objective Answer- Signs that you observe and record such as blood pressure Subjective Answer- Information that is told to you but can't be seen (symptoms, degree of pain) Oamosis Answer- Passive movement of a solvent from an area of low solute concentration to and area of higher solute concentration through permeable membrane Tendon Answer- Connects muscle to bone Ligament Answer- Connects bone to bone Cartilage Answer- Cushion between bones Joint Answer- Where ever 2 long bones come in contact ball and socket joint Answer- shoulder and hip (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction) hinge joint Answer- Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane axial skeleton Answer- skull, rib cage, and vertebral column appendicular skeleton Answer- Arms, legs, pelvis, shoulder How many bones are in the body? Answer- 206 Spinal column has how many vertebrae? Answer- 33 How many vertebrae are in the cervical spine Answer- 7 (C1-C7) How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine Answer- 12 (T1-T12) How many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine Answer- 5 (L1-L5) How many vertebrae are in the sacrum Answer- 5 fused vertebrae How many vertebrae are in the coccyx Answer- 4 fused vertebrae Smooth muscle Answer- Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body Cardiac muscle Answer- Muscle of the heart skeletal muscle Answer- A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. voluntary muscle Answer- A muscle that is under conscious control Upper airway Answer- nose, mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis Lower airway Answer- trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli Ventilation Answer- Process of moving of air in and out of the lungs Respiration Answer- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Acidosis Answer- pH below 7.35 Low pH means high H+ ion concentration Alkalosis Answer- pH above 7.45 High pH mean low H+ ion concentration tidal volume Answer- Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a single breath (approx. 500ml) inspiratory reserve volume Answer- The deepest breath you can take after a normal breath (3,000ml) expiratory reserve volume Answer- Max amount of air that you can forcibly breathe out after a normal breath (1,200ml) residual volume Answer- Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation (1,200ml) dead space Answer- Portion of the respiratory system that has no alveoli therefore little or no exchange of gas between air and blood occurs Minute volume calculation Answer- Resp rate X tidal volume Chronotropic Answer- Rate of contraction Dromotropic Answer- rate of electrical conduction Inotropic Answer- strength of contraction Cardiac output equation Answer- CO = HR x SV Normal stroke volume Answer- 70 mL What is the largest part of the braun Answer- Cerebrum Adult GCS Answer- Eye Opening: Spontaneous - 4 To verbal stimuli - 3 To painful stimuli - 2 No response - 1 Verbal: Oriented - 5 Confused - 4 Inappropriate words - 3 Incomprehensible sounds - 2 No response - 1 Motor: Obeys commands - 6 Localizes pain - 5 Withdrawals from pain - 4 Abnormal flexion (decorticate) - 3 Abnormal extension (decerebrate) - 2 No response - 1 Child GCS Answer- Eye Opening: Spontaneous - 4 To verbal stimuli - 3 To painful stimuli - 2 No response - 1 Verbal: Oriented - 5 Confused - 4 Cries - 3 Moans - 2 No response - 1 Motor: Obeys commands - 6 Localizes pain - 5 Withdrawals from pain - 4 Abnormal flexion (decorticate) - 3 Abnormal extension (decerebrate) - 2 No response - 1 Infant GCS Answer- Eye Opening: Spontaneous - 4 To verbal stimuli - 3 To painful stimuli - 2 No response - 1 Verbal: Coos, Babbles - 5 Irritable cry - 4 - Depending on strength in the legs, may need a wheelchair and may also walk with braces Spinal injury (S1-S5) Answer- - Injuries generally result in some loss of function in the hips and legs - Little or no voluntary control of bowel or bladder - Most likely will be able to walk - S1 nerves affect the hips and the groin area. - S2 nerves affect the backs of the thighs. - S3 nerves affect the medial buttock area. - S4 nerves affect the perineal area. What does the RUQ contain? Answer- - Right lobe of liver - Right kidney - Gallbladder - Portion of pancreas - Portions of small and large intestines What does the LUQ contain? Answer- - Left lobe of liver - Spleen - Left kidney - Stomach - Portion pf pancreas - Portions of small and large intestines What does the LLQ contain? Answer- - Portions of small and large intestines - Left ovary and fallopian tube - Left ureter What does the RLQ contain? Answer- - Portions of small and large intestines - Right ovary and fallopian tube - Right ureter - Appendix 5 links in chain of survival Answer- 1. Recognition and activation of EMS 2. Immediate high quality CPR 3. Rapid defibrillation 4. BLS and ALS care 5. Advanced life support and post-arrest care Adult chest compression rate Answer- 100-120/min Adult chest compression depth Answer- 2 inches (5cm) Adult CPR Answer- 1 or 2 rescuer - 30:2 Children and infant CPR Answer- 1 rescuer - 30:2 2 rescuer - 15:2 Child CPR chest compression depth Answer- 2 inches (5cm) Infant CPR chest compression depth Answer- 1.5 inches (4cm) Rate of ventilation during CPR with an advanced airway Answer- 1 breath every 6 seconds (10/min) with continuous chest compressions Stages of labour Answer- 1: Onset of contractions to effacement and/or complete dilation of cervix 2: Crowning to delivery of newborn 3: Delivery of newborn to delivery of placenta Normal vital signs for a child Answer- HR: 60-150 RR: 12-30 BP: low: 2xage + 70, high 2xage + 90 Normal vital signs for an adult Answer- HR: 60-100 RR: 12-20 BP: 90-140 systolic Normal vital signs for an infant Answer- HR: 100-160 RR: 25-50 BP:70-95 systolic Normal vital signs for a newborn Answer- HR: 100-180 RR: 30-60 BP: 50-70 APGAR Answer- Appearance 2: Pink 1: Pink body, blue extremities 0: Blue Pulse 2: Over 100 1: Under 100 0: Absent Grimace 2: Prompt response to stimulus 1: Slow response to stimulus 0: Floppy Activity 2: Active 1: Flexed arms/legs 0: Absent/limp Respirations 2: Strong cry 1: Weak cry 0: Absent Rule of nines for infants Answer- Head: 18 Whole Torso: 18 Whole Back: 18 Arms: 9 Legs: 13.5 Genitalia: 1 Rule of nines for a child Answer- Head: 12 Whole Torso: 18 Whole Back: 18 Arms: 9 Legs: 16.5 Genitalia: 1 Rule of nines for adults Answer- Head: 9 Whole Torso: 18 Whole Back: 18 Arms: 9 Legs: 18 Genitalia: 1 4 levels of HAZMAT gear Answer- Level A: highest level, reps&splash protection for unknown substanceLevel B: full resp protection, chemically resistantLevel C: air purifying respirator, eye and hand protectionLevel D: firefighter gear, not suitable for HAZMAT 4 Levels of Decontamination Answer- ... 3 stages of shock Answer- -Compensated -Decompensated -Irreversible compensated shock Answer- ... What are the lateral leads? Answer- I, aVL, V5, V6 What are the anterior leads? Answer- V3, V4 What are the inferior leads? Answer- II, III, aVF What are the septal leads? Answer- V1, V2 King Tube Sizes Answer- Size 3: Under 5ft (Yellow) Size 4: 5ft-6ft (Red) Size 5: Over 6ft (Purple) LMA and Igel sizes Answer- Size 3: 30-60kg (Yellow) Size 4: 50-90kg (Green) Size 5: 90+kg (Orange) What are the 3 breaches of duty? Answer- - Malfeasance - Misfeasance What are the S/S of inferior ACS and why? NOT DONE* Answer- - Hypotension: Due to the blockage of the RV it will pump less blood being sent to the heart and rest of the body - Tachycardia: Because there's a decrease in CO the HR increases to try and compensate - Bradycardia: If the block in the RCA is directly in front of the SA node or high enough to affect it you will see bradycardia as a result - Crushing chest pain: - SOB: - Peripheral Edema: TX for Inferior ACS Answer- - ASA 160mg - IV with isotonic fluids 250-50ml then reassess - Nitro (At ACP level ONLY) Which 12 leads are Lateral? Answer- 1, V5, V6, aVL Which 12 leads are inferior? Answer- II,III,aVF Which 12 leads are septal? Answer- VI, V2 Which 12 leads are anterior? Answer- V3, V4 START Triage Red (immediate) requirements Answer- - Resps >30 or <10 - Absent radial pulse - Unresponsive or can't follow commands - Cap refil >2sec START Triage Yellow (Delyed) requirements Answer- - Resps <30 and >10 - Present radial pulse - Follows commands - Cap refill <2sec START Triage Green (Minor) requirements Answer- - Walking wounded - Minor fractures - Minor soft-tissue injuries START Trige Black (Dead) requirements Answer- - Obvious death - Resp arrest - Cardiac arrest - Open head injury (visible brain matter) Empathy Answer- ability to identify and understand what someone is feeling Simplex transmitter Answer- Single frequency radio, can occur in either direction but not both simultaneously Duplex transmitter Answer- Ability to transmit and receive simultaneously Cellular telephone Answer- Low powered portable radio communicates through an interconnected series of repeat stations Important aspects of radio communication Answer- - Keep transmissions clear and brief - Ensure clear frequency - Standard formating - Hold microphone 2-3' away from mouth - Use clear, calm and monotone voice - Clear text, be professional - Avoid using slang/abbreviations - Patient confidentiality and privacy Beta 1 receptors Answer- -Heart -Increases HR (chromotropic), contractility (inotropic), and conductivity (dromotropic) Beta 2 receptors Answer- - Lungs - Vasodilates bronchioles alpha receptors Answer- peripheral vasoconstriction Sympathetic nervous system Answer- - "Fight or flight" - Increases altertness - Increases HR Parasympathetic nervous system Answer- - "Rest and DIgest" - Conserves energy - Slows HR - Increases intestinal and gland activity - Relaxes sphincter muscles and Gi tract Definition of infancy Answer- The first year of life What is a newborn age Answer- First month of life 0-2 month old characteristics Answer- - Spend most time sleeping or eating - Respond mainly to physical stimuli - Have limited head control - Predisposed to hypothermia - Express themselves largely through crying - Are not able to tell the difference between parents and strangers - Nose breathers 2-6 month old characteristics Answer- - More active and social - Recognize caregivers - May follow bright light or object with eyes - 4 months of age: able to hold their heads up - increase awareness of surroundings - persistent crying, irritability, lack of eye contact: can be sign of significant illness, depressed mental status, delay in development - 3-4 months start to breath through mouth 6-12 month old characteristics Answer- - Can sit unsupported - Reach for objects - Become more mobile - More aware of surroundings - Explore own bodies - Begin teething and putting things in mouth - Babbling is common What age is a toddler? Answer- 1-3 years 12-18 month old characteristics Answer- - Begin to walk and explore - Imitate behaviours of older children and parents - May not be able to fully chew food 18-24 month old characteristics Answer- - Minds develop rapidly - Begin to understand cause and effect - Balance and gait improve rapidly - Running and climbing develop - Ten to cling to parent/caregiver or special object Preschool age range Answer- 3-6 years 3-6 year old characteristics Answer- - Can understand directions - Much more specific in describing their sensations - Identify painful areas when asked School age range Answer- 6-12 years 6-12 year old characteristics Answer- - Beginning to act more like adults - Thinks in concrete terms - Responds sensibly to direct questions - Helps take care of themselves Adolescent age range Answer- 12-18 years 12-18 year old characteristics Answer- - Can think abstractly and participate in decision making - Puberty begins - Struggling with issues of independence, body image, sexuality, and peer pressure A child's head differs from an adults how? Answer- It is proportionally larger than an adults A child's airway differs from an adults how? Answer- - Tongue takes up more room - Larynx is higher and more anterior - Airways is narrower - Neck and trachea are shorter