Medical Terminology and Concepts, Exams of Nursing

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**NR507 Final Exam 2024 / NR 507 Week 8 Exam Advanced Pathophysiology Expected Questions and Answers (2024 /

2025. (Verified Answers)- Chamberlain** _________ of laryngeal respiratory epithelium has occurred in a smoker. The chronic irritation has led to an exchange of one type of epithelium (normal respiratory epithelium) for another (more resilient squamous epithelium). This is not a normal physiologic process and may be the first step toward neoplasia. Is it reversible? Correct Answers metaplasia -yes it is reversible ______________ is a systemic treatment in which antineoplastic agents reach the site of the tumor and other distant sites Correct Answers Chemotherapy ______________ therapy uses high energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells Correct Answers Radiation "Molecular Mimicry" involves: A. Pathogens mounting an immune response against helper T cells to prevent cytokine release. B. An immune response directed against self antigens after the immune system has responded to foreign antigens with similar molecular structure. C. Autoantibodies are formed in response to defective Cytotoxic T cell programming. D. Plasma cells form a response against foreign antigens by releasing antibodies of matching molecular structure. Correct

Answers B. An immune response directed against self antigens after the immune system has responded to foreign antigens with similar molecular structure. 1st exposure of hypersensitivity Correct Answers allergen is processed by the immune system. -1st time no symptoms -Plasma cells produce antibodies (IgE) against the allergen -IgE becomes fixed on mast cells They are now termed "sensitized mast cells" 2nd exposure Correct Answers allergen binds with IgE causing degranulation of Mast Cell and release of histamine -Histamine causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability resulting in the signs and symptoms of the allergic response 3 causes of muscle atrophy Correct Answers dissuse, nerve damage, ischemia 3 things you can learn from a biopsy Correct Answers if the cell is a live or dead, fatty change, hydropic degeneration, hypertrophy etc. 3 types do deficiency Correct Answers ischemia (blood) hypoxia (oxygen) nutritional -primary-not in one's diet -secondary-in one's diet, but unable to use

3 types of hypertrophy Correct Answers Normal hypertrophy - increase during exercise Pathological hypertrophy - myocardial cells enlarge due to valvular stenosis Compensatory hypertrophy - one kidney gets larger due to the other one either not forming or being removed 4 types of trauma Correct Answers Hypothermia Hyperthermia mechanical pressure infection

6. Which of the following would be an example of a biological exogenous toxin: A. bacterial toxins B. lead C. CCl4- D. radiation Correct Answers A. bacterial toxins 63-year-old woman has the sudden onset of 'knife-like' pain in the chest radiating to the back. She has been previously healthy except for a history of poorly controlled hypertension. She is transported to the hospital and on arrival she has a heart rate of 90/minute, respirations 20/minute, temperature 36.8°C, and blood pressure 90/40 mm Hg. No murmurs, rubs, or gallops are audible. A chest radiograph reveals a widened mediastinum. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Fibrinous pericarditis B. Aortic dissection

C. Cardiac tamponade D. Right side CHF E. Myocardial infarction Correct Answers B. Aortic dissection A 25-year-old woman has been feeling tired for the past 4 weeks. She says she "aches all over" (particularly her shoulders and hips). Physical examination reveals a butterfly shaped facial rash. Laboratory findings include a positive test for anti nuclear antibodies, abnormal protein in the urine, normal liver enzymes and a near normal CBC. Given the laboratory findings and the results of the lab work, you tentatively diagnose her with: A. Multiple Sclerosis B. Myasthenia Gravis C. Rheumatoid arthritis D. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Correct Answers D. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus A 27-year-old woman is given intravenous penicillin to treat infective endocarditis. Within minutes of starting this therapy, she begins to have severe difficulty breathing with respiratory stridor and tachypnea. She suddenly develops an erythematous skin rash over most of her body. Her symptoms are most likely to be produced by release of which of the following chemical mediators? A. Interleukin 1 B. IgG C. MAC D. Histamine E. Perforin Correct Answers D. Histamine

A 28 year old woman presents to her doctor with a 1 week history of tingling, numbness and clumsiness of both hands. She is also experiencing numbness from the umbilicus to the axillae. Four months earlier, following a lengthy viral infection, she had experienced paresthesia (loss of feeling) in the feet, numbness from the waist downwards and 'burning' pains behind the right ear. What cells are likely being affected by the inappropriate immune response? A. Beta cells B. Muscle fibers (skeletal) C. Oligodendrocytes D. Schwann cells E. C and D Correct Answers C. Oligodendrocytes A 29-year-old woman with a history of multiple sexual partners over the last 15 years has a routine physical examination with no abnormal findings. On pelvic examination, the cervix shows no abnormalities, but a Pap smear is taken and dysplastic cells are reported to be present. A cervical biopsy is performed and shows a low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), also known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN-1). What viral DNA is likely to be present within these cells? Correct Answers HPV A 30-year-old woman has had mild fatigue for many years. Laboratory studies show Hgb 11.1 g/dL, Hct 38.8%, MCV 77 fL, platelet count 329,000/microliter, and WBC count

7340/microliter. Her reticulocyte count is elevated. Examination of her peripheral blood smear shows small pale RBCs What is her diagnosis? Correct Answers iron deficiency anemia A 35 year old presents due to dull pain in his RUQ that has been bothering him mostly at night. He considers himself a social drinker. When pressed more, he details his alcohol intake: two cocktails with lunch and one or two martinis after work. A bottle of wine with dinner and an after dinner sherry to cap off his evening. His weekend drinking during business golf outings is increased. He does not feel he has a problem and denies cravings. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory studies show a serum albumin of 4.1 g/dL, ALT 30 U/L, AST 33 U/L, and total bilirubin 1.1 mg/dL. Which of the following microscopic findings in his liver is most likely to be present? A. cloudy degeneration B. Fatty change C. Organelle change and atrophy of smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. Coagulative necrosis Correct Answers B. Fatty change A 35-year-old man has noted several 1 to 2 cm reddish purple, nodular lesions present on the skin of his right arm which have increased in size and number over the past 3 months. The lesions do not itch and are not painful. He has had a watery diarrhea for the past month. On physical examination he has generalized lymphadenopathy and oral thrush. Which of the following infections is most likely to be related to the appearance of these skin lesions?

A. Candida albicans B. Herpesvirus C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis D. Pneumocystis jiroveci E. Cryptosporidium Correct Answers B. Herpesvirus A 3500 gm liver from a 35-year-old female has a yellow, greasy cut surface. The appearance is most likely the result from: Correct Answers alcoholism -caused by fatty change A 38-year-old man has a health screening examination. He has a routine chest x-ray that shows a 2 cm nodule in the right lower lobe. The nodule has focal calcifications. A wedge resection of the nodule is done. On microscopic examination, the nodule shows caseous necrosis and calcification. Which of the following processes explains the appearance of the calcium deposition: A. Dystrophic calcification B. Apoptosis C. Hypercalcemia D. Metastatic calcification E. Excessive ingestion of calcium Correct Answers A. Dystrophic calcification A 43-year-old male inmate who is HIV + presents with loose, watery stools, abdominal cramping, sweats, fevers, poor appetite (2 months) and 15 lbs weight loss. He is taking a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, a protease inhibitor and an antibiotic for

pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis. He reports good adherence with an undetectable viral load and a CD4 count of 200 cells/mm3. He was diagnosed with HIV and PCP when he entered the U.S. from Mexico one year ago, at which time he had a CD4 count of 100 cells/mm3 and "high" HIV-1 viral load. He is an injecting drug user. He reports unprotected sex with two anonymous partners two to three months ago when he traveled to Mexico. He weighs 130 lbs and is afebrile with normal blood pressure, genital and neurologic exam. His pharynx was without thrush; there was no scleral jaundice, some temporal wasting, no rash, abdominal tenderness, lymphadenopathy, or peripheral edema Correct Answers A. He is unlikely to transmit the virus to a partner at this time A 43-year-old man has complained of mild burning substernal pain following meals for the past 3 years. Upper GI endoscopy is performed and biopsies are taken of an erythematous area of the lower esophageal mucosa 3 cm above the gastroesophageal junction. There is no mass lesion, no ulceration, and no hemorrhage noted. The biopsies show the presence of columnar epithelium with goblet cells instead of the usual stratified squamous epithelium. Which of the following mucosal alterations is most likely represented by these findings? A. Dysplasia B. Hyperplasia C. Carcinoma D. Ischemia E. Metaplasia Correct Answers E. Metaplasia

A 44-year-old woman notes a lump in her left breast while taking a shower. The nurse practitioner palpates a 3 cm firm, irregular, non-movable mass in the upper outer quadrant of her left breast on physical examination. A fine needle aspiration of this mass is performed, and cytologically the cells are consistent with infiltrating ductal carcinoma. The mass is removed with lumpectomy along with an axillary lymph node dissection. Which of the following findings will best predict a better prognosis for this patient? A. Tumor cells strongly estrogen receptor positive B. No neoplastic cells in the sampled lymph nodes C. One relative who had a similar type of breast cancer D. High grade tumor grade Correct Answers B. No neoplastic cells in the sampled lymph nodes A 45-year-old man has had increasing abdominal discomfort with abdominal enlargement for the past two years. On physical examination, he has multiple areas of ecchymosis, the spleen can be felt below the left costal margin. There is no fluid wave. An abdominal CT scan reveals massive (estimated 2000 gm size) splenomegaly. Laboratory data include Hgb 6 g/dL, WBC count 8,000/microliter, and platelet count 20,000/microliter. What blood values are abnormal? Why? Correct Answers Hemoglobin and platelet count are low due -Platelet count is due to splenomegaly -Hemoglobin is low because he is not clotting well A 45-year-old man is admitted to the hospital because of acute onset chest pain. He has a sedentary lifestyle, and his diet is high

in fat and sodium. The diagnosis of stable angina is made, and the patient undergoes a successful PTCA is prescribed nitroglycerine prophylactically. After the patient's condition is stabilized, the physician recommends an exercise regimen and a low-fat, low-sodium diet. Two weeks later, the patient returns for a follow-up examination. He indicates that he has not yet returned to work and spends most of the day lying on the couch. He has not had any chest pain, shortness of breath, dyspnea with exertion, or peripheral edema. What is the significance of no peripheral edema, no SOB or chest pain? Correct Answers He does not have CHF and his heart muscle is getting adequate profusion. A cardiac rehab program would greatly help him. A 45-year-old retired man was admitted in for 2-3 weeks of myalgia, night sweats, cough, purulent sputum, and slight hemoptysis, but no fever. On admission in 1/98, heart rate was 88/min, respiratory rate 12/min, peak flow 490 L/min, and oxygen saturation 95% on air. Rhonchi were heard, and he had cough on forced expiration. New bilateral opacities were seen on a radiograph A CD4 level was 300/μl. An open lung biopsy was performed and interpreted as granulomatous inflammation with central zones of caseous necrosis. One year earlier, he had been admitted for an episode of pneumonia in the right middle and upper lobes, but no pathogens were isolated. He improved with antibiotic therapy. Two years previous he had a recurrent cough and chronic sinusitis. He is a non-smoker and does not drink alcohol. Based on the above, you: (Circle all that apply)

A. Order a HIV antibody test B. Advise/offer HAART therapy if HIV+ C. Correct Answers A. Order a HIV antibody test B. Advise/offer HAART therapy if HIV+ C. Prescribe anti tuberculosis antibiotic agents A 46-year-old man had intermittent right-side headache for 5 years, and he complained left lower limb numbness for 3 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head, performed without the administration of intravenous contrast material, revealed a _________ at right MCA Correct Answers berry aneurysm A 48-year-old woman has a routine physical examination. A 8 cm diameter non-tender mass is palpated in her right breast. The mass appears fixed to the chest wall. Another 2 cm non-tender mass is palpable in the left axilla. A chest radiograph reveals multiple 0.5 to 2 cm nodules in both lungs. Though biopsy and lymph node results are unclear, which of the following TNM classifications likely indicates the stage of her disease? A. T1 N1 M B. T1 N0 M C. T2 N1 M D. T3 N0 M E. T4 N1 M1 Correct Answers E. T4 N1 M A 48-year-old woman has a routine physical examination. A large non-tender mass with irregular borders is palpated in her right breast. The mass appears fixed to the chest wall. Two

axillary lymph nodes are biopsied and show anaplastic cells of breast origin. A chest radiograph reveals multiple 0.5 to 2 cm nodules in both lungs positive for anaplastic cells. Which of the following TNM classifications best indicates the stage of her disease? A. T1 N1 M B. T1 N0 M C. T2 N1 M D. T3 N0 M E. T4 N1 M1 Correct Answers E. T4 N1 M A 50-year-old woman notes a lump in her breast. Her physician's assistant palpates a 2 cm firm mass in her left breast. A fine needle aspiration biopsy is performed, and on microscopic examination a carcinoma is present. Molecular analysis shows HER2 positivity but estrogen receptor negativity in these malignant cells. Treatment is likely to target what aspect of this tumor: A. angiogenesis B. hormonal blockage C. Growth factor binding D. TSG mutations E. Reduced CAM expression Correct Answers C. Growth factor binding A 51-year-old man has worked for 10 years in a factory producing plastic pipe but not following safety standards. He has noted weight loss, nausea, and vomiting worsening over the past 5 months. On examination he is afebrile. There is generalized

muscle wasting. Laboratory studies show the serum alkaline phosphatase is 405 U/L with AST 47 U/L, ALT 35 U/L, and total bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL. Where is the first place (organ) you want to look when you get the CT scan back? A. lungs B. skin C. liver D. colon E. kidney Correct Answers C. liver A 52-year-old woman feels a lump in her right breast. On physical examination there is a 3 cm right breast mass fixed to the chest wall. This mass is biopsied and on microscopic examination shows nests of cells with marked hyperchromatism and pleomorphism. These cells are estrogen receptor positive. What is a logical treatment choice? Correct Answers Tamoxifen A 53-year-old man has experienced severe chest pain for the past 6 hours. On physical examination he is afebrile, but has tachycardia. Laboratory studies show a serum troponin I of 10 ng/mL. A coronary angiogram is performed emergently and reveals >90% occlusion of the anterior interventricular (left anterior descending) artery. In this setting, an irreversible injury to myocardial fibers will have occurred when which of the following cellular changes occurs? A. lactate accumulation B. Cytoplasmic sodium increases C. Nuclei undergo karyorrhexis

D. Intracellular pH decreases E. all of the above Correct Answers C. Nuclei undergo karyorrhexis A 54 yo white male with multiple medical problems most notable for uncontrolled diabetes, HTN, CAD, and peripheral vascular disease, presented with a 3-month history of dry gangrene of the right hallux which had been allowed to auto amputate. On physical exam, there was extreme pain on palpation of the right foot with malodor and copious yellow- gray drainage. An MRI showed evidence of an abscess extending from the area of dry gangrene demarcation to the plantar vault. Upon evaluation, the prognosis of the right foot is very guarded with a very high possibility for a below-the-knee amputation being required. The patient was admitted for IV antibiotics and emergent surgery. Initially, limb-sparing amputation was performed to remove the right foot. 9 months later, the lower leg was removed from the knee down. The abscess would be exhibiting what type of exudate? Would this be dry or wet gangrene in this area? Correct Answers superlative wet A 55-year-old man has a 30-year history of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. He has had extensive black discoloration of skin and soft tissue of his right foot, with areas of yellowish exudate, for the past 2 months. Staphylococcus aureus is cultured from this exudate. A below-the-knee amputation is performed. The amputation specimen received in the surgical

pathology laboratory is most likely to demonstrate which of the following pathologic abnormalities? A. Metaplasia B. Gangrene C. Hypertrophy D. Caseation Correct Answers B. Gangrene A 55-year-old man has had malaise and a 4 kg weight loss over the past 6 months. On physical examination his stool is positive for occult blood. An abdominal CT scan shows his liver contains multiple tumor masses from 2 to 5 cm in size with central necrosis and cells of colonic origin. The surrounding hepatic parenchyma appears normal. The surgeon feels the hepatic portal circulatory pathway likely aided in the development of the hepatic lesion. Which of the following best describes this case A Correct Answers C. The primary neoplasm in the colon A 55-year-old woman discovered a fixed lump in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. A mammogram was performed and the results were suspicious. Further diagnostic testing was done. A CT showed a large tumor with irregular borders infiltrating through the breast tissue and into the underlying muscle. She noted that the lump was painless and not bothersome and was distressed when after the biopsy she was told that she would need surgery to remove the tumor. The biopsy had indicated infiltrative ductal carcinoma of the breast. A modified radical mastectomy was performed and sentinel lymph nodes were biopsied. Two lymph nodes examined were positive in the axillary region. All other nodes were negative for

neoplastic cells. Further diagnostic tests scanning the lungs, liver, and bones were negative. What stage of cancer does she have? A. T4N1M B. T3N3M C. T3N3M D. T2N0M1 Correct Answers A. T4N1M A 65-year-old man has sudden onset of severe abdominal pain that has persisted for 3 hours. Physical examination reveals his temperature is 37°C, heart rate 80/minute, respirations 25/minute, and blood pressure 185/100 mmHg. He has diminished pulses in the lower extremities. There is a pulsatile abdominal mass. His serum creatine kinase is not elevated. He has had fasting blood glucose measurements in the range of 140 to 180 mg/dL for over 20 years. Which of the following conditions is he most likely to have? A. Superior mesenteric artery thrombosis/bowel infarction B. Abdominal Aortic aneurysm C. DKA D. Acute MI E. atrial fibrillation Correct Answers B. Abdominal Aortic aneurysm A 67 year old female has had worsening shortness of breath for 3 years. She now has to sleep sitting up on two pillows. She has had difficulty swallowing for the past year. She has no history of chest pain. She has a history of rheumatic fever and mitral valve disease. A month ago, she had a 'stroke' with resultant inability

to move her left arm. A chest radiograph reveals an enlarged heart and lung edema. Which side of her heart is producing these symptoms? What has caused her breathing problems? Correct Answers LCHF A 68 year old Caucasian man is seen for his yearly physical. He has a history of poorly controlled hypertension and smoking. Routine examination reveals a pulsatile mass in the abdomen. CT is performed and he is scheduled for surgery within the same week. What was his diagnosis? A. aortic dissection B. abdominal aortic aneurysm C. liver cancer D. ventricular fibrillation E. appendicitis Correct Answers B. abdominal aortic aneurysm A 68 year old male with a one month history of stable angina during activity is referred to the local hospital cardiology clinic. An angiogram is performed and this shows ≥ 80% diameter stenosis in the left anterior descending. What area of his heart was suffering temporary ischemia during activity? A. posterior wall B. anterior wall C. inferior wall D. lateral wall E. A and C F. B and D Correct Answers B. anterior wall

A 72 year old man with a history of rheumatic heart disease and recurrent atrial fibrillation non responsive to medication, suffered a CVA and died. At autopsy, the enlarged left atrium filled with a large thrombus. Mitral valve disease was advanced. What caused his stroke? Correct Answers Brain couldn't get blood an embolus broke off from the thrombus in the left atrium The thrombus occurred due to atrial fibrillation A 72 year old woman seeks medical attention for her inability to fit into her shoes. She is a 2/pack per day smoker for 45 years. She reports a productive (coughing up phlegm) cough for 3 months, but it is not "anything out of the ordinary". The patient reported gaining 1 pound/per day for the past week and exhibits significant abdominal swelling. Finger nail beds are tinged blue and there is a visible fluid wave in the abdomen upon palpitation. A lung biopsy was performed indicating a change from pseudostratified columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium and an increase in the number of goblet cells. A. Diagnostic suspicion? (TWO Diagnoses here!) B. What is causing her weight gain? C. Why can't she fit into her shoes? Correct Answers A. RCHF and chronic bronchitis B. CHF --> fluid build up

C. Swelling/edema A 72-year-old man has had increasing shortness of breath for the past week. Auscultation of his chest reveals diminished breath sounds. There is 2+ pitting edema present at the level of his thighs. A chest radiograph reveals bilaterally pleural effusions/edema. which would contribute to the systemic edema this man is experiencing. A. decreased albumin in the blood B. vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels C. reduced blood hydrostatic pressure D. increased blood osmotic pressure Correct Answers A. decreased albumin in the blood (hyperalbuminemia) A 73-year-old man suffers a 'stroke.' On physical examination he cannot move his right arm. A cerebral angiogram demonstrates a fully occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. An echocardiogram reveals a thrombus within a dilated left atrium. Which of the following is the most likely pathologic alteration from this event that has occurred in his brain? A. Cerebral softening from liquefactive necrosis B. Pale infarction with coagulative necrosis C. Predominant loss of glial cells with neuronal preservation D. Mitosis of damaged neurons if the vascular supply is reestablished E. Wet gangrene with secondary bacterial infection Correct Answers A. Cerebral softening from liquefactive necrosis

A 77 year old female with a past history of myocardial infarction expires while at home alone. Autopsy is performed to confirm cause of death. A large brain lesion is detected in the left hemisphere frontal lobe. Gross and microscopic evidence suggests a severe hypoxic lesion aged several hours. What did the pathologist find that confirmed this finding? A. ghost cells retaining the outline of the tissue B. Acute meningitis with hyperplasia of neuroglial cells C. loss of neurons and neuroglial cells with complete loss/dissolution of tissue architecture D. Dysplasia indicating cancerous transformation of neuronal cells E. Infection with clostridium perfringens and release of noxious gas Correct Answers C. loss of neurons and neuroglial cells with complete loss/dissolution of tissue architecture A 78-year-old woman has developed increasing dyspnea for the past 2 weeks. A CBC shows Hgb 7.1, Hct 22.2, platelet count 305,000/microliter, and WBC count 7500/microliter RBC 1.5/microliter. RBC are hypochromic and microcytic. Stool is positive for fecal occult blood. What do you suspect is causing her dyspnea? A. CHF left side B. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea C. emphysema D. Fe+ def anemia E. cirrhosis of the liver Correct Answers D. Fe+ def anemia

A 78-year-old woman has had increasing dyspnea for the past 5 years. On examination her blood pressure is 170/85 mm Hg. Her BMI is 35. Rales are auscultated in both lungs. Her B-type natriuretic peptide, C-reative protein and LDL cholesterol are elevated. A chest x-ray shows infiltrates in all lung fields (edema) and an enlarged heart. Echocardiography shows decreased ejection fraction, increased EDV with segmental wall motion abnormalities. What are your suspicions? A. HFrEF B. pulmonary edema C. eccentric hypertrophy D. Left side CHF E. all of the above F. A and B only Correct Answers E. all of the above A 79 year old woman presents to the ER with a reported 5 minute episode of slurred speech and difficulty moving her right arm and right leg. All diagnostic tests came back negative. However, her blood work revealed the following: RBC 10.4 million/mm3 Platelets 900,000/mm3 Hct 68% WBC 9,000/mm3 Hb 18.2 mg/dl A. What values are abnormal and what are the consequences of this? B. Dx? Correct Answers a. RBC, platelets, Hct, Hb b. TIA/stroke

A 79-year-old man has a large myocardial infarction involving much of the left ventricular free wall. He develops congestive heart failure (CHF) with decreased cardiac output. Now, a year later, his CHF is worsening. By echocardiography there is a large, bulging akinetic area typical for a left ventricular aneurysm. Which of the following laboratory tests on serum (plasma) would best indicate poor peripheral tissue perfusion (poor blood flow) in this patient? A. Elevated blood pressure B. Increased plasma sodium C. Elevated lactate D. Increased number of WBC Correct Answers C. Elevated lactate A 94-year-old woman has developed a fever and cough over the past 2 days. Staphylococcus aureus is cultured from her sputum. She receives a course of antibiotic therapy. Two weeks later she she no longer has a productive cough, but she still has a fever. A chest radiograph reveals two 4 cm rounded density in the right lower lobe with liquefied contents. There are no surrounding infiltrates. Which of the following is the best description for this outcome for her pneumonia? A. dystrophic scar B. abscess formation C. regeneration D. bronchogenic carcinoma E. chronic inflammation F. granulomatous cavitation Correct Answers B. abscess formation

A competitive cyclist presents to the ER with severe SOB. His oxygen saturation is dangerously low. His resting heart rate is 140, HCt is 72%, RBC 7.2 mm3. Upon further discussion, the man admits to using erythropoietin to improve his cycling performance. What is the likely diagnosis? What factors led to this? Correct Answers Pulmonary embolism EPO - overproduction of RBC A greatly increased wall thickness, low EDV and EF of 45% is evidence of:

1. Concentric hypertrophy
2. Diastolic failure
3. Systolic failure
4. Eccentric hypertrophy A. 1 and 2 B. 3 and 4 Correct Answers A. 1 and 2 A middle-aged (45-year-old) woman finds a lump in her left breast while doing a breast self-exam. The NP palpates a small (1cm) firm, irregular, fixed mass in the UOQ of her right breast on physical examination. Biopsy is performed, and the cells are consistent with infiltrating ductal carcinoma. The mass is removed with lumpectomy along with an axillary lymph node dissection. Which of the following findings will best predict a better prognosis for this patient?

A. Tumor cells are strongly estrogen receptor-positive B. No neoplastic cells in the sampled lymph nodes C. One relative who had a similar type of breast cancer and survived D. High tumor grade Correct Answers a molecule that elicits an immune response (IR) Correct Answers antigen A mother and 3-month-old baby present to the ER, the mother explains the baby has been brusing easily, especially around the face, has been sleeping far more than normal, and has had a seizure (the main reason for their ER visit). After looking at the baby's medical records, the doctor discovers that the mother refused the Vitamin K shot at birth. What is the likely diagnosis (vague is okay), and what is the cause? Correct Answers Vitamin K deficiency - likely the baby has a brain bleed A neoplasm is best described as: A. unnecessary tissue B. cancer C. spread of cancer D. metastatic tumor Correct Answers A. unnecessary tissue A person with iron deficiency anemia could be suffering from: A. ischemia

B. hypoxia Correct Answers B. hypoxia A problem with contracting is ________ failure Correct Answers systolic A problem with filling is _________ failure Correct Answers diastolic A professional soccer player sustains an ACL injury resulting in an 8 week period of inactivity and immobilization. A 5kg decrease in overall body mass was observed with a marked decrease in muscle mass in the quadriceps and gastrocnemius of the affected limb. This response is typical of the adaptive cellular change termed_____________. The athlete was assured that the condition would resolve once training returned to pre injury intensities. A. Hyperplasia B. Metaplasia C. Cells using alternative metabolic pathways D. Atrophy Correct Answers D. Atrophy A rash from poison ivy is an example of a/an A. immunodeficiency B. hypersensitivity C. autoimmunity Correct Answers B. hypersensitivity A study is performed involving the microscopic analysis of tissues obtained from surgical procedures. Some of these tissues have the microscopic appearance of an increased cell size of