Medical Terminology and Concepts, Exams of Health sciences

Download Medical Terminology and Concepts and more Exams Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity! DAANCE: All Modules 2024 Quiz with Verified Answers | Latest 2024/2025 Pulmonary artery - Correct answer-One of two arteries that carry venous (oxygen poor) blood from heart to lungs What type of intubation is preferred with emesis with aspiration? - Correct answer-ETT. LMA or combitube acceptable. What emergency would a cricothyrotomy typically be performed? - Correct answer-Airway obstruction Atropine would be given in which emergency? - Correct answer-Symptomatic bradycardia Adenosine would be given in which emergency? - Correct answer-SVT Amiodarone would be given in which emergency? - Correct answer-V. Tach What medications can be given for a sever case of hyperventilation? - Correct answer-Versed, Valium, or Propofol PVC's are treated with which medicine? - Correct answer-Lidocaine Epi is given in which two emergencies? - Correct answer-V. Fib and asystole Max dose of epi for cardiovascular disease pt - Correct answer-.04mg A beta blocker would be given in which emergency? - Correct answer-Hypertension A fluid bolus of NS and ephedrine can be given with what emergency? - Correct answer-Hypotension What medications are used to treat malignant hypothermia? - Correct answer-Dantrolene, IV cold saline (not Ringer's) Nasopharyngeal airway - Correct answer-When tongue is obstructing airway. Tube is lubricated and passed through the nose into nasal cavity. Sits in oropharynx behind tongue. Well tolerated and can be used on awake pts. Oropharyngeal airway - Correct answer-Also placed to position tongue in more anterior position. Often interfere with intra oral procedures. Not tolerated well with awake pts. Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) - Correct answer-Device that sits over top of larynx. Can be placed blindly. Does not protect against aspiration. Inflated with 30cc to create seal. Endotracheal intubation - Correct answer-End of tube passes through vocal cords and terminates half way between vocal cords and bifurcation of trachea. Important to listen to both lungs after placement. May or May not be cuffed. Combitube - Correct answer-Generally used for specific emergencies. Both cuffs inflated. Pts predisposed to bronchospasm - Correct answer-Allergies, asthma, copd, bronchitis Bronchospasm - Correct answer-Generalized contraction of smooth muscles of small bronchi and bronchioles in lungs causing restriction of air flow of air to and from lungs. Pulmonary veins - Correct answer-Return oxygenated blood to left atrium from lungs. Only veins that carry oxygenated blood. Superior vena cava - Correct answer-Drains head, neck, and upper extremities into right atrium. Adrenal glad - Correct answer-Secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and corticosteroids. Ectopic focus - Correct answer-Displaced central point of origin for cardiac dysrhythmias. Inferior alveolar artery - Correct answer-Supplies blood to teeth, mandible, lower lip, and chin. Inferior vena cava - Correct answer-Drains lower extremities and abdominal viscera into right atrium. Brachial artery - Correct answer-Supplies blood to shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. Facial artery - Correct answer-Supplies blood to face, tonsil, palate, and submandibular gland. T's of pulseleas electrical activity - Correct answer-Toxins, trauma, thrombosis, tension pneumothorax, tamponade H's of pulseless electrical activity - Correct answer-Hydrogen ion, hypoxia, hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, hypo/hyperkalemia, hypothermia. Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) - Correct answer-Normal appearing tracing, but patient has no pulse. Asystole - Correct answer-Cessation of all contractions. "Flat line" usually follows v. fib or v. tach. Treated with CPR. Ventricular fibrillation v. fib - Correct answer-Course v. fib with prominent, erratic baseline or fine v. fib with far less pronounced vacillations. No p, qrs, or t. Often precedes asystole. Class III - Correct answer-Pt has severe systemic disturbance or disease. Class IV - Correct answer-Patient has a severe, life threatening systemic disorder. Class V - Correct answer-Patient is moribund with little chance of survival. Surgery is done in desperation. Class II - Correct answer-Patient has mild to no systemic disturbance. Smokers included. Anemia - Correct answer-Reduction of the quantity of red blood cells or hemoglobin. Angina pectoris - Correct answer-Chest pain with the feeling of suffocation usually due to deficiency of blood supply to the myocardium resulting in ischemia to the myocardium, caused by poor coronary circulation. Anticholinergic - Correct answer-A drug that counteracts the action of ecetylcholine, the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system and thereby counteracts the parasympathetic nervous system. Antiemetic - Correct answer-A drug that counteracts nausea and vomiting. Antisialogogue - Correct answer-A drug that counteracts the production of saliva. Anxiolytics - Correct answer-Drugs that reduce or dissolve anxiety, agitation or tension. Aorta - Correct answer-Very large artery receiving oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle and distributed to the peripheral circulation. Arrest rhythms - Correct answer-Premature ventricular contractions (PVC's), ventricular tachycardia (Vtach.), ventricular fibrillation (Vfib.), asystole, pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Artery - Correct answer-A vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Ascites - Correct answer-Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity can be associated with advanced cases of liver disease or right sided heart failure. Asystole - Correct answer-Cessation of all contractions of the myocardium. Frequently follows arrest rhythms such as VTack. or VFib. Also known as "flat line". Ataractics - Correct answer-Pharmacologic agents that produce a tranquilizing effect. Atherosclerosis - Correct answer-A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaque on their inner walls which narrows the lumen and decreases the oxygen-bearing blood supply to the myocardium Atrial fibrillation (AFib.) - Correct answer-An atrial rhythm originating from multiple ectopic foci in the atria characterized by rapid randomized contractions of the atrial myocardium causing a totally irregular baseline and irregular ventricular rate with no P waves. Atrial flutter - Correct answer-An atrial dysrhythmia represented by multiple flutter waves between each QRS on the ECG, considered a more significant abnormal rhythm and warrants a cardiovascular evaluation. Atrial (supraventricular) rhythms - Correct answer-Dysrhythmias in which the pacemaker originates from ectopic foci (instead of the SA node) in the atria above the level of the ventricles. Atrial tachycardia - Correct answer-Rapid heart rate originating from the atria represented by a rate of 150-250, merged P and T waves and a narrow QRS. AKA supraventricular tachycardia. Central nervous system (CNS) - Correct answer-Consists of the brain and the spinal column and is the overall control center of the body. Cerebellum - Correct answer-Part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement and contains sensory receptors such as those for vision and hearing. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - Correct answer-Also called a stroke, a neurological impairment caused by a disruption of blood supply to a region of the brain Bronchoconstriction - Correct answer-When airflow is limited due to constriction of the bronchioles in response to inflammatory changes with in the lower airway, a component of asthma. Cerebrum - Correct answer-The main portion of the brain that is concerned with thinking Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Correct answer-Chronic condition of the lungs that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema Bronchitis - Correct answer-Inflammatory condition of the lower extremities of the lower airway in which the membranes are swollen and cells excrete thick mucus, fibrosis and thickening of the walls of the airway occurs and can lead to laryngospasms and bronchospasms Emphysema - Correct answer-Enlargement and scarring of alveolar sacs that causes a decrease in the exchange of O2 and CO2 Dyspnea - Correct answer-A subjective experience of breathlessness and difficulty breathing with puffing Cirrhosis - Correct answer-Liver disease characterized by loss of normal microscopic lobular structure of the liver due to the formation of fibrous scarring, cell death and inflammatory cells Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CMTC) - Correct answer-A center in the brain stem that responds to the presence of potentially toxic substances in the blood an signals the vomiting center to induce vomiting Coarse ventricular fibrilation (V.Fib) - Correct answer-Shown in two forms: coarse which has erratic baseline and fine which has erratic baseline that is less pronounced. No discernible P, QRS, or T waves, multiple irritable foci in ventricles and no pumping of blood Common carotid artery - Correct answer-Palpable artery in the neck Compensatory pause - Correct answer-A long beat that compensates for a short beat that contains either a premature atrial or ventricular contraction as with PAC and PVC Congenital heart disease - Correct answer-A cardiac disease caused by an anatomical defect in the heart present at birth Congestive heart failure - Correct answer-Inability of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency. Blood either from the lungs or the peripheral. Treated with diuretics to decrease fluid volume or digitalis to increase strength of contractions Left sided heart failure - Correct answer-Blood fails to be pumped to the peripheral and results in pooling of blood in lungs and causes shortness of breath Right sided heart failure - Correct answer-Blood fails to be pumped in to the lungs and results in blood pooling in the peripheral and causes edema and ascites Coniotomy - Correct answer-AKA cricothyrotomy. An incision is made or large needle passed through the cricothyroid ligament to establish an airway in an emergency situation where the upper airway is obstructed Coronary sinus - Correct answer-Receives blood from the myocardium and terminates in the right atrium Corticosteriod - Correct answer-AKA adrenocortical hormone ie cortisol. Produced by the outer cortex of the adrenal gland and maintains a normal BP Adrenal medulla - Correct answer-Center portion of adrenal gland that is responsible for the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stimulus to the sympathetic system. Couplets - Correct answer-Two PVC's in a row and considered ominous Cushing's disease - Correct answer-A disease of the adrenal medulla in which there is excessive secretion of corticosteroid and may be due to a tumor or high doses of prednisone. Characterized by hump on back, round face, thick skin and easy to bruise. Cyanosis - Correct answer-Bluish color to skin around mouth, mucosal tissue, lips caused by decreased O2 saturation of the blood Deciliter - Correct answer-1/10 of a liter. Used to measure hemoglobin. mg/dL Depolarization - Correct answer-The movement of positively charge ions (sodium and potassium) through the nerve cell membrane which transmits the electrical wave (impulse) down the nerve Diaphragm - Correct answer-Primary respiration muscle located between the chest and abdominal cavity Diastolic pressure - Correct answer-Arterial pressure when heart is at rest. Lower number. Diffusion hypoxia - Correct answer-Decrease in available oxygen in the alveoli directly after cessation of N2O due to room air mixing with the already diluted air in alveoli by the nitrous Digitallis - Correct answer-A pharmacological agent used to treat congestive heart failure, Afib, atrial flutter, paroxysmal tachycardia. Increases the force of contraction and produces a slower more regular pulse. Disassociative anesthesia - Correct answer-A form of anesthesia in which the patient becomes detached from the sensory inputs from their environment. Glucocorticoid - Correct answer-A type of corticosteroid that is involved in many bodily functions one of which is the reduction in aspects of the immune system such as inflammation Halogenated hydrocarbons - Correct answer-inhalation general anesthesia agents: fluothane, isoflurane, desflurane sevoflurane Heart blocks - Correct answer-Depolarization has difficulty passing the AV node Heart murmur - Correct answer-A sound heard with a stethoscope indicative of a back flow of blood into the atria or into the ventricles Hematocrit - Correct answer-the volume percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood Polycythemia - Correct answer-High hematocrit Anemia - Correct answer-Low hematocrit Hemoglobin - Correct answer-Component of erythrocytes hat carries O2 and CO2 Hemeostasis - Correct answer-the maintenance of internal stability of a system with minimal variation from the normal state Hypercarbia - Correct answer-Increased level of CO2 in the blood stream Hyperthyroidism - Correct answer-Excessive functionality of thyroid gland characterized by increased basal metabolism, goiter, and disturbance in autonomic nervous system Hypothyroidism - Correct answer-Decreased functionality of thyroid gland characterized by decreased basal metabolism, tiredness, sensitivity to cold and menstrual disturbance Hypnosis - Correct answer-Unconscious induced by an anesthetic agent Hypoxia - Correct answer-low levels of blood in bodily tissue Induction - Correct answer-The initiation of a sate of unconsciousness during anesthesia Inferior alveolar artery - Correct answer-Artery that supplies the mandible, teeth, lower lip and chin Inferior vena cava - Correct answer-Venous trunk carrying blood from lower extremities and abdominal viscera that empties into the right atrium Internal jugular vein - Correct answer-Drains much of the blood from the head and neck Ion channels - Correct answer-Microscopic channels in the membranes of neurons that allow ions to pass through to conduct the impulse through the nerve Ischemia - Correct answer-Defficiency of blood to an area causing cell damage or death Jaundice - Correct answer-Yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes and/or mucosa. Associated with hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver. Junctional rhythms - Correct answer-Cardiac dysrhythmias in which the pacemaker is located near the AV node where the atria and ventricles meet Laryngopharynx - Correct answer-Part of the upper airway located in the pharynx behind the larynx (vocal cords) Lingual artery - Correct answer-Supplies blood to tongue, tonsil, and floor of mouth Maxillary artery - Correct answer-Supplies blood to the maxilla, teeth, ear, nose, nasal sinus, and palate Medula oblongata - Correct answer-Located in brain stem and contains the vital centers for blood pressure, pulse and respiration Mental artery - Correct answer-Supplies the chin with blood Metabolism - Correct answer-Chemical alteration of substances usually takes place in the Liver but can occur in other areas. Some metabolites are active and extend the effect of a medication Mitral valve - Correct answer-Valve between the right atrium and vetricle Mitral valve prolapse - Correct answer-One or both leaflets of the mitral valve do not close completely allowing back flow of blood Motor nerve - Correct answer-Stimulates muscle movement Multifocal premature ventricular contractions - Correct answer-Premature ventricular contraction before the impulse from the SA node. Shows up in EKG as no P wave, wide and blunt QRS and compensatory pause Myocardial infarction - Correct answer-Necrosis of the heart muscle tissue from an interruption of blood supply caused by coronary thrombosis Narcotic agonist-atagonists - Correct answer-Reverse the effects of narcotics and provide pain relief and sedation. Narcotic agonist-atagonists - Correct answer-Pentazocaine, nalbuphine, butorphanol tartrate Narcotics - Correct answer-Drugs that produce insensibility and stupor. Morphine, meperidine, fentanyl. Nasopharynx - Correct answer-Part of the upper airway that is the pharynx located above the soft palate Hypertension - Correct answer-Blood pressure of 140/90 or greater. (Hx of nosebleeds, headaches, and dizziness) Rate of ventricles - Correct answer-20-40 Rate of AV node - Correct answer-40-60 Rate of atria - Correct answer-60-80 Arrest rhythms - Correct answer-Ventricular dysrhythmias Rate of SA node - Correct answer-60-100 Social history review of systems - Correct answer-Patients smoking and alcohol history/current use should be noted along with illegal drug use. Ventricular foci - Correct answer-Located in ventricles Supraventricular foci - Correct answer-Located above level of ventricles in atria. Antibiotic prophylaxis for total joint replacement patients - Correct answer-Previous joint infection, 2 yrs following joint replacement, malnourishment, hemophilia, diabetes type I, immunosuppressed or immunocompromised patients. AV blocks - Correct answer-PR length is prolonged or varies in length due to impulse being partially or completely blocked as it attempts to travel from atria to ventricles via AV node. Patients who need antibiotic prophylaxis - Correct answer-Previous infective endocarditis, prosthetic valves, cardiac transplant patients who develop valvulopathy, congenital heart disease. Congestive heart failure - Correct answer-Condition caused by the heart is unable to handle blood volume coming back to it from either the lungs or peripheral circulation. 3 characteristics of normal heart rhythms - Correct answer-Rate, regularity, and rhythm. MVP (mitral valve prolapse) - Correct answer-One or more of valve flaps don't close completely allowing redundancy of valve leaflets into left atrium. Rheumatic heart diseases - Correct answer-Condition caused secondary to rheumatic fever (beta hemolytic streptococci) which damages the heart valves, primarily the mitral valve, and causes heart murmur. MI (myocardial infarction) - Correct answer-Heart attack. Six should be performed on patient until 6 months after. Right sided heart failure - Correct answer-Increased pressure of fluid in blood vessels causes fluid to leak into body's tissues causing peripheral edema and ascites Left sided heart failure - Correct answer-Increased pressure of fluid in blood vessels causes fluid to leak into lungs. Patients often present with shortness of breath. Review of systems musculoskeletal - Correct answer-Weakness of extremities, atrophy of muscles, frequent cramping of muscles. Review of systems neurologic - Correct answer-Weakness of extremities, hx of projectile vomiting, headaches, visual disturbances, any unexplained pain or numbness in body. Review of systems pulmonary - Correct answer-Shortness of breath, dizziness, chronic cough, wheezing, productive cough. Review of systems genitourinary - Correct answer-Painful urination, blood in urine, frequent urination, incontinence, discharge in urine. Review of systems gastrointestinal - Correct answer-Loss of appetite, swallowing, change in taste, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation. Review of systems skin - Correct answer-Bruising, bleeding, discoloration. Review of systems cardiovascular - Correct answer-Headaches, dizziness, nosebleeds, shortness of breath, chest or arm pain, edema. Review of systems general - Correct answer-Weight loss, loss of appetite, weakness, fatigue. 4 key questions to ask patient in evaluation - Correct answer-Are they currently under physicians care, do they take any meds, do they have any allergies and reactions they have, review of syste ms. Asthma - Correct answer-Usually associated with allergies. Increased secretions in the muscles membranes lining bronchioles. Mucus plugs block smaller bronchi making movement of air in and out if lungs difficult. More difficulty with expiration. Focus (foci) - Correct answer-Site in atria or ventricles which is center for generation of impulse. Cushing's disease - Correct answer-Non life threatening. Hyper secretion of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids - Correct answer-Allow the body to respond to stress. Addison's disease - Correct answer-Life threatening. Hypo secretion of glucocorticoids. Cirrhosis - Correct answer-Fibrosis or scar tissue in liver. Patients with cirrhosis may have difficulty metabolizing medications and may have prolonged effects of medications. Risks of liver cirrhosis - Correct answer-Prolonged effects of medications, prolonged mental depression can cause hepatic coma, trouble clotting, peripheral edema, ascites. Prothrombin time - Correct answer-Effectiveness of anticoagulant. Right atrium - Correct answer-Receives blood from inferior and superior vena cava (peripheral circulation). Lower airway - Correct answer-Trachea, bronchi, lobular bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Peripheral nervous system - Correct answer-Consists of sensory and motor nerves. Laryngopharynx - Correct answer-Located behind voice box. Internal respiration - Correct answer-Takes place at cellular level. O2 in bloodstream enters cells. CO2 leaves cell and returns to blood. Upper airway - Correct answer-Nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. Max O2 hemoglobin - Correct answer-1.34 mL Anemia - Correct answer-Decreased amount of hemoglobin concentration. Below 35% Diaphragm - Correct answer-Dome shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from abdominal cavity. Most important muscle of inspiration. Cerebellum - Correct answer-Main motor coordinating area. Stroke volume - Correct answer-Total amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle in one beat. 60 mL. Left atrium - Correct answer-Receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary vein. Tidal volume - Correct answer-Normal breathing 500 cc of air is inhaled and exhaled. Basilic veins - Correct answer-Located on inner (medial) aspect of forearm. Dead space - Correct answer-No gases are exchanged. 150 cc. Extends from pharynx to bronchioles. Allows CPR to take place. O2 capacity - Correct answer-Blood has a certain amount of O2 it can carry depending on hemoglobin available. Nasopharynx - Correct answer-Located above back of soft palate. External respiration - Correct answer-O2 is inspired and enters the body by coming in contact with blood and alveoli. Pharynx - Correct answer-Located between nose and trachea. 3 parts nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx Synapse - Correct answer-A junction between two neurons. Hypoxia - Correct answer-Lack of O2 Automaticity - Correct answer-Ability of heart muscle to contract on it's own without nerve stimulation. Best places to check for patients pulse - Correct answer-Carotid arteries and radial arteries. Trachea - Correct answer-Wind pipe. Neurons - Correct answer-Nerve cells Tachycardia - Correct answer-HR above 100 bpm Sensory nerves - Correct answer-Receive messages from environment and and conduct messages back to CNS. CAC (cardioacceleratory center) - Correct answer-Located within medulla. Sympathetic fibers travel down spinal cord to SA node. When stimulated release norepinephrine with increases HR and strength of contractions. Cardiac output - Correct answer-Total amount of blood pumped from left ventricle in one minute. Brain stem - Correct answer-Pons, medulla oblongata, midrain Cephalic vein - Correct answer-Located on outer (lateral) aspect of forearm. Epiglottis - Correct answer-Soft tissue valve located at base of tongue covers larynx. Allows ai r into lungs and keeps foreign material out. AV node - Correct answer-Located between atria and ventricles. Bundle of His cause ventricles to contract. Thoracic cage - Correct answer-Consists of ribs, sternum, intercostal muscles, diaphragm. Accessory muscles of respiration - Correct answer-Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, abs which are most important. Central nervous system (CNS) - Correct answer-Consists of brain and spinal column Median cubital vein - Correct answer-Bridge between cephalic and basilic veins. Sinuses - Correct answer-Frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid Cerebrum - Correct answer-Thought area of brain. Sympathetic nervous system - Correct answer-Speeds things up. Innervates arteries and veins causing vasoconstriction and increased heart rate. Thoracic and lumbar spine. Parasympathetic nervous system. - Correct answer-Slows things down. Decreases heart rate and blood pressure. Skull and sacrum. Aorta - Correct answer-Main trunk from which arterial system proceeds. Hemoglobin - Correct answer-Supplies O2 to body's tissues. Composed of one protein (globin) and four non proteins (hemes) Lingual artery - Correct answer-Supplies blood to tongue of floor of mouth. Treatment for hypovolemia - Correct answer-Pressure to area, cauterization, IV fluid replacement. Treatment for malignant hypothermia - Correct answer-Activate EMS, hyperventalite w/ 100% O2, dantrolene sodium, IB cold saline NOT ringers lactate, ice packs to groin, axilla, neck, cold saline l ovage to stomach, bladder, rectum, transport to hospital. Treatment for anaphylaxis - Correct answer-Activate EMS, 100% O2, monitor vitals, epinephrine, Benadryl, decadron, ACLS protocol while waiting for EMS Treatment for stroke (CVA) - Correct answer-Activate EMS, not time if incident, monitor vitals closely, place in position of comfort, 100% O2, IV access give bolts of NS/lactated ringers solution, do not treat BP unless greater than 220/120, transport to hospital, note time Treatment for mild allergic reaction - Correct answer-Place patient in upright or reclined position, 100% O2, monitor vitals, Benadryl Treatment for seizures - Correct answer-IV access, Valium 5mg IV or medazolam 3mg, continue to monitor vitals, activate EMS Treatment of syncope (fainting) - Correct answer-Tredelenburg position, ABC's, head tilt chin lift, 100% O2, monitor vitals, relax/reassure patient Treatment of acute adrenal deficiency - Correct answer-Terminate procedure, monitor vitals, tredelenburg position if hypotensive, activate EMS,IV access, steroid administration, fluid bolus, transport to hospital Treatment of hypoglycemia - Correct answer-Activate EMS, IV access, measure blood sugar with glucometer, 1 amp of glucose, IV infusion of dextrose or glucogan IM if no IV Treatment of intra arterial injection - Correct answer-Activate EMS, secure catheter DO NOT REMOVE, 10 cc lidocaine w/o epinephrine, ice pack to limb Propofol - Correct answer-Mimics barbiturates. Rapidly redistributed and metabolized due to being highly bound to fat.Does not tend to predispose to laryngospasm and has antiemetic properties. Discard after 12 hrs. Treatment for high blood pressure 200/100 - Correct answer-Terminate procedure, check monitor function, attempt to determine cause, record vitals every 5 min, consider EMS, IV access, beta blockers (labetalol, esmolol, atenolol) Treatment for asystole/PEA - Correct answer-CPR, epinephrine IV may repeat every 3-5 min, one dose of vasopressin may be given to replace 1st and 2nd dose of epi Treatment of ventricular fibrillation - Correct answer-Activate EMS, CPR/AED, cont CPR and establish IV, give epinephrine 1 mg every 3-5 min, CPR/repeat shocks as above, may give single dose vasopressin to replace 1st and 2nd dose epi, amiodarone, lidocaine, and magnesium considered as well. Treatment of ventricular tachycardia - Correct answer-100% O2, amiodarone 150mg IV over 10 min, prepare for synchronous cardio version Treatment for premature ventricular contractions (PVC) - Correct answer-Try to determine cause (ie hypoxia) and correct, lidocaine IV repeat every 5-10 min until 3mg/kg administered Treatment of supraventricular tachycardia - Correct answer-Place patient in supine position, adenosine 6mg, after 1-2 min adenosine 12mg, 3rd dose given in 1-2 min as needed. MONA - Correct answer-Morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin Treatment for symptomatic bradycardia - Correct answer-Terminate procedure, 100% O2, establish IV, atropine, may need ER for transcutaneous pacing. Treatment for heart attack - Correct answer-Activate EMS, closely observe vitals, 100% O2 via mask, make pt comfortable/reassure, attach AED/defibrillator, aspirin 325mg, establish IV with normal saline slow drip, morphine 2-4 mg every 5-10 min Symptoms of heart attack - Correct answer-Chest pain, anxiety, weakness, sweating, cardiac dysrhythmias, drop in blood pressure. Black - Correct answer-Nitrogen Yellow - Correct answer-Compressed air Topical anesthetics - Correct answer-Benzocaine and lidocaine. Treatment for angina attack - Correct answer-100% O2 via mask, nitroglycerin under tongue 3 times every 5 min, if not relieved by third dose pt is having a heart attack, monitor pt, loosen tight clothing, put pt in comfortable position. Hypnosis - Correct answer-Loss of consciousness. Patients want to lose consciousness and feel that they are asleep. (Propofol, brevital) Treatment for bronchospasm - Correct answer-100% O2, albuterol, atrovent, epinephrine, intubation/ventilation, steroid injection, Benadryl, activate EMS. Deep sedation analgesia - Correct answer-The patient cannot be easily aroused bit has purposeful response after repeated or painful stimulation. Pt may require maintenance I'd airway and ventilation but CV function usually maintained. Moderate sedation conscious sedation - Correct answer-Purposeful response to verbal or light tactile stimulation with no compromise of the airway and spontaneous ventilation. CV function usually maintained. Laryngospasm - Correct answer-Protective reflex of vocal cords which attempt to prevent passage or foreign matter to lungs. Crowing sounds or labored breathing from patient. Treatment for laryngospasm - Correct answer-100% O2, establish proper head position, suction with tonsillar, positive pressure O2 via bag/mask, succinylcholine. Treatment for airway obstruction. Foreign bodies. - Correct answer-100% O2, tredelenburg position, retraction of tongue with gauze, forceps, or suture, suctioning of oropharynx. Advanced: Abdominal thrusts, direct laryngoscopy, cricothyrotomy. Phenergan - Correct answer-Potentiates narcotic effects. Vistaril - Correct answer-Potentiates narcotics and barbiturates. Useful in sedation technique. Anticholinergics - Correct answer-Decrease secretion of salivary glands. Block vagus nerve and can cause tachycardia. (Robinul, atropine, scopolamine). Minimal sedation (anxiolytics) - Correct answer-Normal response to verbal stimulation with airway reflexes, ventilation, and CV function unaffected. Volume of one carpule of local anesthetic - Correct answer-1.7 mL Mg/cc * 1.7 to get concentration. Flumazenil - Correct answer-Like narcan but used to reverse effects of benzodiazepam derivatives. Narcan - Correct answer-Used in treating respiratory depressant and sedative effects of narcotics. Most widely used narcotic agonist antagonist. Mallampati class II - Correct answer-Visualization of soft palate, fauces, and uvula. Mallampati class I - Correct answer-Visualization of soft palate, fauces, uvula, anterior/posterior pillars. Mallampati class III - Correct answer-Visualization of soft palate and base of uvula. Mallampati class IV - Correct answer-Soft palate not visible at all. Which monitor tracks both ventilation and circulation? - Correct answer-Pulse oximeter Capnograph/capnometer - Correct answer-Monitors ventilation in real time by measuring the level of O2 the patient exhales. 1% solution equals - Correct answer-One gram of medication in 100% mL solution. [1g also = 10oomg] Concentration % - Correct answer-Mg/cc Receptor sites - Correct answer-Specialized sites on ion channels to which natural neurotransmitter substances or drugs attach usually leading to opening of channel for passage of positively and negatively charged ions. Drug reversal agents - Correct answer-Narcan and flumazenil Additional desirable attributes of anesthetics - Correct answer-Maintenance if homeostasis, rapid, smooth, comfortable induction, lack of post up nausea/vomiting, retention of reflexes to prevent aspiration, feeling of well being post op, rapid recovery, easily adapted for use in children and seniors, easy administration, cost effective. Treatment for hypotension - Correct answer-Tredelenburg position, support airway, 100% O2, monitor vitals, consider EMS, IV access, fluid bolus normal saline 10-20mL, ephedrine or phenylephrine IV Pulse oximeter - Correct answer-Device measures and displays the level of oxygenated hemoglobin compared with total hemoglobin at site if probe. Measures pulse rate and ventilation. Normal O2 sat 96- 100% Precordial - Correct answer-Designed to listen to breath sounds during anesthesia. Placed on supersternal notch. Vasoconstrictors in local - Correct answer-Epinephrine or neo cobefrin added to anesthetics to prolong duration by causing blood vessels to construct. Amides - Correct answer-Metabolized in bloodstream. Chemical structure derived from ammonia. Esters - Correct answer-Metabolized in bloodstream. Chemical structure of acid and alcohol. Procaine and cocaine. Electrocardiograph - Correct answer-Used to monitor electrical activity of heart. AED - Correct answer-Automatic external defibrillator. Device automatically assesses heart rhythm and delivers shock if necessary. Defibrillator - Correct answer-Only practical and definitive treatment for ventricular fibrillation Opioid receptor sites - Correct answer-Respond to natural opioids produced in body ie endorphins. Ketamine exerts some effects through these receptors. Central sites - Correct answer-Responsible for euphoric feeling that accompanies opioid administration. Narcotic receptors - Correct answer-3 levels of activity. Opioids affect transmission of painful impulses initially at site of injury, then spinal cord on the way to brain, and finally at receptor sites in brain. Relay center - Correct answer-An ovoid structure in central portion of brain that relays sensory input to cerebral cortex. Room air - Correct answer-20% oxygen Anxiolytic - Correct answer-Anxiety reducing. Neo-cobefrin - Correct answer-Vasoconstrictor compounded with marcaine. Less cardiac and CNS stimulation than epinephrine. Hypnotic - Correct answer-Sleep inducing. Wakefulness system - Correct answer-System in brain that maintains the state of consciousness or wakefulness. Epinephrine - Correct answer-Sympatho- mimetic amine (mimics sympathetic nervous system) with pronounced cardiovascular effects. Symptoms of stroke - Correct answer-Paralysis, localized weakness, headache, numbness, slurred speech, inability to speak (aphasia), memory loss, dizziness, blindness to one eye, confusion, loss of consciousness, double vision, ataxia. Malignant hypothermia symptoms - Correct answer-Genetically transmitted myopathy that is triggered by some inhalation agents and succinylcholine. First sign is tachycardia followed by massager muscle rigidity, elevates temperature, carbon dioxide retention, total body rigidity, or lethal arrhythmias. Symptoms of syncope - Correct answer-Syncope is a loss of consciousness due to sudden sharp, transient drop in blood pressure. This is caused by the shunting of blood flow to extremities by sympathetic nervous system which causes blood to pool in extremities decreasing blood flow to brain. Symptoms include diaphoresis, pallor, nausea, light headedness, and tachycardia Symptoms of acute adrenal insufficiency - Correct answer-Hypotension, pallor, diaphoresis, nausea, tachycardia, headache, extreme fatigue, high fever, shaking, abdominal pain and confusion. Hyperventilation - Correct answer-When patient is breathing at a rate faster than his or her normal breathing pattern or breathing more deeply than the body requires. Pt exhales too much carbon dioxide. Pt will feel anxious and light headed.