Medical Terminology and Concepts, Exams of Nursing

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PLTW: Principles of Biomedical

Sciences, National Exam 2024.

Questions and Correct Answers.

Graded A+

(chem) calories/1000 - ANS(food) Calories 180/100 - ANShypertension crisis 3 main symptoms of sickle cell - ANSanemia, crisis, fatigue 3 Patterns of fingerprints - ANSLoops, whirls, arches 4 macromolecules - ANScarbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins 4 Nitrogenous bases - ANSAdenine--Thymine, Guanine---Cytosine 4 types of blood - ANSA, B, AB, O 4 Types of blood - ANSA, B, AB, O 911 Operator - ANSreferring calls to appropriate law enforcementagencies/emergency medical services, determining the response requirements and prioritizing situation and dispatching units according to a set of established procedures ~High school diploma or equivalent answering inquiries A doctor talks about a patient by name in an elevator. Has HIPPA been breached? - ANSYes A doctor tells a 14 year old's parents that she is pregnant. Has HIPPA been breached? - ANSNo a person had high levels of glucose for a long time during a GTT test - ANSThey can be diagnosed with diabetes Algor Mortis

• ANSCooling of body temperature after death Amino Acid - ANSAn organic monomer which serves as a building block of proteins. Anaphase I - ANSSpindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward an opposite end of the cell angiogram - ANSX-ray record of a blood vessel to visualize occlusions and blockages Angioplasty - ANSMinimally invasive procedure to widen narrowed or obstructed arteries/veins Anna's autopsy - ANSToxicology- No alcohol, No overdose, Acetylsalicylic Acid(Aspirin) present External- Injury to right temple, abdomen distended, swollen ankles (edema), Grey nails (Low Oxygen), right proximal

humorous and left dismal tibia have healed breaks, inflamed injection site Antibody - ANSA protein circulating in plasma around blood cells antibody - ANSa substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body Anticodon - ANSA triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds to a complementary codon in messenger RNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome. Antigen - ANSA protein on the surface of a red blood cell antigen - ANSa toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies. Arrythmia - ANSirregular heart rhythm athrosclerosis - ANSformation of plaque within the arterial wall and is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease Atrial Ventricular (AV) node - ANSRelays and slows conduction, secondary pacemaker B-cells - ANSActivated by T-cells, they hunt antigens, make antibodies, and remember previous invaders Baccilus - ANSrod shaped between the body and right atrium - ANSvena cava between the left ventricle and body - ANSaorta between the lungs and left atrium - ANSPulmonary vein between the right ventricle and lungs - ANSPulmonary artery Biochemist - ANSStudy chemical principles of biological processes using tools such as electron microscopes. Some biochemists simply supply research for the world of science and some apply this research to the work force such as a pharmaceutical company. ~Bachelors, masters or doctorate in biochemistry. PhD is required for applied research. blood glucose lowers then the brain sends a message to the ________ to release insulin - ANSpancreas Blood pressure is the fraction of what? - ANSSystolic pressure/Diastolic pressure blood pressure measurement - ANSsystolic/diastolic Blood Spatter Analyst - ANSexamine the location and shape of blood drops, stains, puddles and pools. Testify in court.

administration provided in support of the diabetes patient education program, Documentation in the education record of the assessment Chargaff's Rule - ANSA=T and C=G Chemical calories - ANScalories Cholesterol - ANSA lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for steroids, vitamin D, and bile acids. Clinical Geneticist - ANSProvide service and genetic counseling for individuals whose family are at risk for hereditary diseases and disorders. ~Masters degree, Additional training for positions Clinical Laboratory Technologist or Technician - ANSCollect samples and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue, and other substances. ~Medical Technology programs Clinical Researcher - ANSTest drugs for their effectiveness, risks and benefits to ensure they are safe to allow on to the market ~Degree or postgraduate qualification in nursing, life sciences or medical sciences. Coccus - ANSSphere-shaped coccus (cocci) - ANSsphere shaped Codon - ANSA three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. Confirmatory Test - ANSIdentifies the specific substance. (Ex: Oxycodone) Control group - ANSA group that does not receive the experimental treatment Cortex - ANSIntermediate layer of hair, has pigment granules that cause hair color Crime Scene Investigator - ANSCollect and examine evidence present at crime scenes, Observe and look for evidence ~Bachelor's degree in science, Complete a Police Academy Cuticle - ANSOutermost layer of hair, textured Dehydration synthesis

• ANSA chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule. dehydration synthesis example - ANSmaking proteins for hair Dependent variable - ANSThe measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. Depolarization - ANSThe process during the action

potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive (all or nothing, positive inside, negative outside) diastolic - ANSpressure in the arteries during ventricle filling, pulmonary/aorta valves closed different methods of delivering insulin - ANSsyringes, pre-filled pens, insulin pumps Digestive System - ANSIncludes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and liver. Breaks down food into nutrient molecules, absorbs nutrients, and rids the body of waste. DNA - ANSDeoxyribose Nucleic Acid (polymer) that holds hereditary information and is shaped as a double helix DNA extraction from a plant - ANSYou must mash the cell in order to break the cell wall to get through to the DNA DNA extraction from an animal - ANSThere is no need to mash the cell because animals don't have cell walls DNA sequencing - ANSDetermining the exact order of the base pairs in a segment of DNA. DNA to RNA - ANStranscription, nucleus echocardiogram - ANSultrasound of the heart to check that its functioning correctly Elevation of bacteria colonies - ANSFlat, Raised, or Convex (rounded) EMT - ANSCare for the sick or injured in emergency medical settings respond to emergency calls ~high school diploma or equivalent and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) certification postsecondary non-degree award Endocrine System - ANSIncludes adrenal gland, pituitary gland, ovaries and testis. Secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism in body cells. Endocrinologist - ANSDiagnose diseases related glands and treat hormonal imbalances like menopause and diabetes ~Medical Degree and 14-15 years of school equal amount of water move in and out of the cell when placed in this blood - ANSisotonic, creates homeostasis Examples of non-specific defense - ANSSKIN, mucus, tears, saliva, complementary proteins (phagocytes, simulate inflammation and fever) Examples of specific defense - ANST-

levels of glucose and normal/high levels of insulin - ANSType 2 diabetes High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - ANSblood fat that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries, thereby protecting against heart disease HIPPA - ANSHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act How are feedback loops signaled? - ANSendocrine system uses chemical signals, hormones How do we obtain glucose? - ANSeating carbohydrates or simple sugars How do you calculate pulse from an EKG? - ANSCount the number of QRS waves on a six second EKG strip and multiple it by 10. How does glucose get into the cell? - ANSInsulin enters the insulin receptor which brings Glut-4 to the surface of the cell. Glut-4 then allows glucose to enter. how does the body burn energy - ANShydrolysis of ATP How does the body receive energy? - ANSbody takes in food through digestion breaks food down into glucose glucose in the blood taken into cells by insulin molecules glucose combined with oxygen through respiratory system cellular respiration forms ATP How does the body stay warm? - ANSbrain sends signal to blood vessels to contract brain sends signal to muscles to shiver and creates heat negative feedback loop How is energy stored in the body? How is energy released? - ANSin chemical bonds that are broken and release stored energy to the body How is glucose stored in humans? - ANSGlucose is stored as glycogen in the liver. How is the amount of energy in food figured out? - ANSburn food to break bonds How is type 1 diabetes treated? - ANSinsulin How is Type 2 diabetes managed? - ANSLifestyle changes (diet and exercise) Hydrolysis - ANSA chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water. hydrolysis example - ANSdigestion Hydrophilic - ANSHaving an affinity for water. Hydrophobic - ANSHaving an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water. Hypertension - ANS130+/80+ hypertension - ANSsystolic 130+ and/or diastolic 80+

Identifying a shoeprint - ANSThe bottoms of different brands of shoes leave different patterns, Individuals walk with different weights or walking habits, and shoe size help If a blood cell has antigen A, which antibody will be found in the plasma? - ANSAnti-B If a blood cell has antigen AB, which antibody will be found in the plasma? - ANSNone, AB is the universal acceptor If a blood cell has antigen B, which antibody will be found in the plasma? - ANSAnti-A If a blood cell has no antigens (O), which antibody will be found in the plasma? - ANSBoth anti-A and anti-B, O is the universal donor If a blood cell has no antigens, which antibody will be found in the plasma? - ANSBoth Anti-A and Anti-B, O is the universal donor If a man who is heterozygous for FH and a woman who is not affected by FH have child, what is the percent chance that their child will have FH? - ANS50% If a man who is homozygous for FH and a woman who is not affected by FH have a child, what is the percent chance that their child will have FH? - ANS100% If blood clumps it is called... - ANSAggulation If the AV node becomes damaged and nonfunctional, what happens? - ANSAn artificial pacemaker is inserted If the SA node becomes damaged and nonfunctional, what takes over? - ANSAV node In DNA extraction of a banana, why would you first need to mash the banana? - ANSbreak the cell wall Independent variable - ANSThe experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. Infectious - ANSAble to be spread Inoculation - ANSThe bacteria smear completed in class Integumentary System - ANSIncludes skin, hair, and nails. Forms the body's external covering , protects deeper tissues, and regulates body temperature. internodal pathways - ANSInterconnect the SA Node with the AV Node, conducts impulses through to the atrial working cells. Irregular EKG - ANSwaves are unequal, QRS wave is negative, waves are not "regular" Is familial hypercholesterolemia

in sexual Meiosis: Number of cell divisions - ANS2 Messenger RNA (mRNA) - ANSA type of RNA, synthesized from DNA and attached to ribosomes in the cytoplasm; it specifies the primary structure of a protein. Metaphase I - ANSPaired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell Microbiologist - ANSStudy organisms that cause infections, including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae and protozoa. ~Degrees in applied biology, biological sciences; biology (specialising in microbiology); biomedical sciences; microbial sciences; microbiology; molecular biology. Minuate - ANSTiny ridge details in a fingerprint Mitosis: change in chromsome number - ANSNo change; stays diploid Mitosis: Difference in alleles between parent cell and daughter cells - ANSnone Mitosis: Form of reproduction - ANSAsexual Mitosis: Number of cell divisions - ANS1 Mitosis: Number of daughter cells - ANS2 mitral valve prolapse - ANSimproper closure of the mitral valve (leak) Molecular Biologist - ANSstudy biochemical processes within living cells of animals, people, plants and other living organisms. ~Doctoral or professional degree Morgue Assistant - ANSHelp prepare deceased before and after examination, for instruction and research ~Highs school grad, Knowledge of human anatomy mRNA - ANScodon Muscular System - ANSIncludes the skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Helps to move the body and substances around the body, as well as maintain body heat. Mutation - ANSA rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity. myocardial infarction (heart attack) - ANSProlonged coronary blockage leading to cell and tissue death Myocardium septum - ANSmuscle in between ventricles where the bundle of his and branches are held negative feedback - ANSGoes back to original form negative feedback loop - ANSA feedback loop in which change always goes back to normal (hot/cold, glucose/insulin)

Negative gram stain - ANSpink, thin membrane, double-membrane Nervous System - ANSIncludes the brain, spinal chord, sensory receptors, and nerves. Responds to internal and external changes by activating specific reactions and processes information. non-insulin medication, weight reduction, dietary change - ANStype 2 normal blood glucose - ANS75-125 Normal blood pressure - ANS120/80 normal resting heart rate - ANS72 bpm Nuclear Medicine Technologist - ANSUse scanner to create images of various areas of a patient's body. They prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to patients undergoing the scans. ~Associate's degree in nuclear medicine technology. nucleic acids - ANSNucleotide, Nucleic acids, DNA/RNA Nucleotide - ANSThe building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Nucleotide bases - ANSAdenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine Nutritionist or Dietician - ANSAdvise people on what they should and shouldn't eat based on a specific health condition or lifestyle goal ~Bachelor's degree, internship License On an EKG, a 5x5 box is how many seconds? - ANS0.20 seconds On an EKG, one box is how many seconds? - ANS0.04 seconds Ophthalmologist - ANSdiagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the eye, degenerative and visual system ~A five-year degree in medicine or a six-year degree with foundation P wave - ANSAtrial polarization (contraction) Pacemaker mark - ANSa vertical line on an EKG that shows a patient has a pacemaker pancreas stores - ANSglucagon and insulin Parts of bacteria smear - ANSLawn and colonies PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) - ANSA way for scientists to amplify DNA (multiply by millions) PCR (polymerase chain reaction) - ANStechnique that allows molecular biologists to make thousands of copies of a particular gene Pedigree - ANSA diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of

injuries of internal organ systems. ~Internal Medicine Residency Program Prions - ANSInfected proteins that eat away at the brain Prophase I - ANScrossing-over occurs between tetrads Prophase II - ANSChromosomes consist of two chromatids, but they do not pair to form tetrads Protein - ANSA three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids. Protein Synthesis - ANSThe creation of a protein from a DNA template. proteins - ANSAmino acids (20), Polypeptide, Hemoglobin/Insulin proteins testing - ANSBiuret Psychologist or Psychiatrist - ANSStudies and assesses the science of behavior and mental processes in a patient or in general/can administer medicine ~Master's degree in psychology/Requires an MD to administer medicine Purines - ANSAdenine and Guanine, 2 rings Purkinje fibers - ANSfibers in the ventricle walls that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract Pyridimines - ANSCytosine and Thymine, 1 ring QRS interval - ANS<0.12 seconds QRS wave - ANSventricular depolarization (contraction) QT interval - ANS0.30-0.40 seconds Qualitative - ANSDescriptions rather than measurements Quantitative - ANSData that is in numbers Radial Pulse - ANSthe pulse felt at the wrist RE (Restriction Enzyme) - ANSProtein that cuts DNA at a specific place in the sequence Regular EKG - ANSwaves are evenly spread out, flat space between a T wave and the next P wave Repolarization - ANSReturn of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell (negative inside, positive outside) Respiratory System - ANSIncludes the lungs, trachea, nasal cavity, and bronchus. Assists with gas exchange, keeps Oxygen moving through blood, and removes Carbon Dioxide. Restriction Enzymes - ANSEnzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) - ANSa variation in the length of restriction fragments produced by a

given restriction enzyme in a sample of DNA Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - ANSA type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses. Right Atrium flows into... - ANSRight Ventricle Right Ventricle flows into... - ANSLungs Rigor Mortis - ANSStiffening of muscles after death RNA to protein - ANStranslation, ribosomes rRNA - ANScomponent of ribosomes sickle cell anemia - ANSchromosome 11 mutation, autosomal, recessive, codon 6 (2 beta-globin), GAG->GUG, T-> A, Glu-

Val, hydrophilic->hydrophobic, sickled rbc shape Sinoatrial (SA) node - ANSpacemaker of the heart Skeletal System - ANSIncludes bones and joints. Protects/supports organs, creates the framework for muscles, helps with movement,and stores minerals. small molecules hooked together - ANSpolymer solute is higher than inside the cell - ANShyperglycemic solute of blood is lower than inside the cell - ANShypoglycemic solute of blood is the same as inside the cell - ANSisotonic Specific defense - ANSdefenses that are effective against particular identified foreign agents (lymphocytes) Specific immune response - ANSLymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells) Spirillus (spirilli) - ANSspiral shaped Starch testing - ANSiodine Stent - ANSa wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed to permanently hold open a widen artery Steps in DNA Analysis - ANS1. DNA analysis 2. PCR- millions of copies 3. Restriction enzymes- cut DNA 4. Gel electrophoresis- separate DNA by size Steps of DNA extraction - ANS1. collect DNA (ex: cheek cells) 2. burst cells open with detergent to release DNA 3. separate DNA from proteins/debris (alcohol solution) 4. isolate concentrated DNA stroke - ANSDamage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply (clot) Structure of a hypothesis - ANSIf independent variable, then

in the mRNA. Translation - ANSThe creation of proteins from RNA, takes place in ribosomes in the cytoplasm of a cell. Treatment for Familial Hypercholesterolemia - ANSlow fat, low cholesterol dietary modifications and statins Triglyceride levels - ANS<150 mg/dL tRNA - ANSanticodon Type 1 diabetes is caused by... - ANSauto- immune disorder Type 2 diabetes is caused by... - ANSlifestyle, obesity, genetics Unit consumers use to look at the amount of energy in food - ANSCalorie Urinary System - ANSIncludes the kidney, bladder, ureter, and urethra. Eliminates waste from the body and regulates the balance of water in blood. valve between the left atrium and left ventricle - ANSbicuspid (mitral) valve valve between the right atrium and right ventricle - ANStricuspid valve vasoconstriction - ANSnarrowing of blood vessels vasodialation - ANSwidening of blood vessels water will enter and swell when placed in this blood - ANShypoglycemic What are ACE inhibitors? - ANSmedication that causes blood vessels to dilate (enlarge) which lowers blood pressure What are hormones? - ANSmessengers that carry signals from cell to cell What are some examples of non-specific defense? - ANSskin, nose hair, mucous, and inflammation, as well as complementary proteins What are the 3 layers of hair? - ANScuticle, cortex, medulla What cells release glucagon? - ANSALPHA cells What cells release insulin? - ANSBETA cells What charge does DNA have? - ANSnegative What chromosome is mutated to cause familial hypercholesterolemia? - ANSChromosome 19 What does a pacemaker look like on an EKG? - ANSA straight line down before the QRS wave What does Glut-4 allow into a cell? - ANSglucose What is a carbohydrate made of? Function? Elements? - ANSsugars provide energy carbon, oxygen, hydrogen What is cholesterol needed for? - ANSCell membrane, learning/memory (coat neurons), Vitamin D, Bile, steroid hormones What is

diabetes? - ANSconditions caused by high blood glucose What is excess glucose stored as? - ANSglycogen What is glucose used for in humans? - ANSreceiving energy through cellular respiration What is hair composed of? - ANSkeratin What is protected by HIPPA? - ANSName, DOB, Social Security, address, health info, services provided, payment info What is the difference between specific and non-specific defense? - ANSSpecific defense- a cell directly targets an infected cell and creates antibodies Non-Specific Defense- Protection that is the same against any infection What is the name of the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle? - ANSBicuspid (Mitral) valve What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle? - ANSTricuspid valve What is the purpose of an autopsy? - ANSto determine cause and manner of death What macromolecule are insulin and glucagon? - ANSproteins What medication does Anna take for hypertension? - ANSACE inhibitors What moves blood from the body to the heart (right atrium)? - ANSVena Cava What moves blood from the left ventricle to the body? - ANSAorta What moves blood from the lungs to the heart (left atrium)? - ANSPulmonary Veins What moves blood from the right ventricle to the lungs? - ANSPulmonary Artery What should be carefully watched in a diabetic diet? - ANScarbohydrates What should be increased in a diabetic diet? - ANSprotein and whole grain What should be limited in a diabetic diet? - ANSsugar and fat Where does cholesterol come from? - ANSyour liver/diet intake (food) Where is blood pressure measured? - ANSJust above the brachial artery in the arm Why can HIPPA be breached? - ANSPayment only to insurance, anything in Public Health Laws, Workman's comp, Legal proceedings, Law enforcement investigations, Legal guardians, Disaster relief, or coroner/ME (Autopsy reports become public info) Why do we need cholesterol? - ANSstructural basis of