Biology Exam Study Guide: Membranes, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration - Prof. Steven W, Study notes of Biology

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EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE

Use the following as a guide to study the material for this exam. While it is intended to cover most of the important topics for this exam, the ultimate source for exam questions is the material presented in lecture and I reserve the right to ask any questions related to this material.

MEMBRANES

Function of membranes

Explain the semipermeability of biological membranes Explain the diffusion of molecules what is the driving force? Understand osmosis and influence on cells Define and be able to use isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic Explain what is meant by facilitated diffusion What is the role of channels and carriers in this process? define symport and antiport carriers Explain active transport Why is energy needed? What are examples of active transport? Be able to diagram an active transport process What is meant by large scale movement of molecules Explain the role of membranes and vesicles in this process Define endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis.

METABOLISM

Define the term as well as anabolism and catabolism Compare and contrast anabolism and catabolism

Chemical reactions

What is the role of chemical reactions in metabolism? Define reactants, products, equilibrium, free energy, exergonic & endergonic reactions, and activation energy of a reaction. What is meant by conservation of mass during a reaction? What is happening when a chemical reaction is at equilibrium? What is the relationship between equilibrium and free energy change? Understand the graphs describing energy changes during a chemical reaction.

Enzymes

Be able to explain what enzymes do. What are the key structural features of enzymes?

What accounts for the specificity of enzymes? How does an enzyme influence a chemical reaction? Understand the difference between binding site and active site What forms each of these? explain the rate of a chemical reaction and the influence of an enzyme on this rate explain the effect of substrate cone, on the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction what are cofactors and coenzymes; what do they do? what is the effect of an enzyme inhibitor on an enzyme? what are the types of inhibitors and how is the effect generated? Explain coupled reactions, the role of enzymes and transfer of energy In a general sense, what are the types of enzymes found in cells?

Energy currency

Explain the concept? What are the forms of energy currency used in cells? For each, explain how energy is stored and released What is the approximate energy value for each?

Metabolic pathways

How do enzymes function in metabolic pathways? What determines the order of reactions in a pathway? What is meant by a metabolite pool? understand input and output into or out of this pool How does the cell control the flow through a pathway? Define allosteric enzyme and feedback inhibition

Cellular Respiration

What is the overall equation? What are the three phases? What are the products of each phase (both C and energy currency)? When is O used and CO2 produced?

Glycolysis

What molecule "fuels" this pathway? what are the three phases and their function? Which of these phases require energy and which yield energy? What forms of energy currency are used or produced and how much of each? What is the product of glycolysis? Be able to fill in any component shown in the red handout Be able to explain what each arrow in the handout represents

Krebs cycle

Under what conditions does this occur? What are the three phases of the Krebs cycle? In what form is energy recovered during each phase of the cycle Be able to fill in any component shown in the red handout. Be able to explain what each arrow in the red handout represents What is the role of the C4 intermediate and citric acid in this pathway? Be able to diagram an energy recovery chemical reaction of the Krebs cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation

What is the function of oxidative phosphorylation? What is the role of electrons in this process? What is the role of electron-driven proton pumps? What forms of energy currency are used or produced in this process? Be able to fill in any blank in the handout Be able to explain what each arrow and structure in handout represents What are the three phases of oxidative phosphorylation? Who proposed the chemiosmosis theory? What are the central postulates of this theory? How does it work? What is the role of the proton gradient? Where does the proton gradient come from? How does ATP synthetase make ATP?

Fermentations

Under what conditions does this occur? What are the basic types of fermentations? Why is it necessary to do fermentations?

Other aspects of Metabolism

Be able to explain how proteins and lipids are broken down during cellular respiration What are the two major contributions of cellular respiration to anabolism?

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Why is photosynthesis so important for life on this planet? What effect does it have on you? What are the basic phases of photosynthesis?

Light

What are the relevant properties of light? What is the relationship between energy of a photon and its wavelength Explain what happens during the absorption of light? What can happen to an excited electron and which of these events are important for photosynthesis? Explain resonance transfer of energy? What parameters must be met for this to occur?

Light harvesting and energy conversion

Describe a light harvesting complex and a reaction center. What are the three phases of light harvesting? Where is the special chlorophyll located? What is the role of the special chlorophyll and how does it function? What is meant by light-driven electron flow? What is a photosystem? What are the events of noncyclic photophosphorylation? What is the source of electrons? What causes them to move? What is the role of the proton pump and how does it work? Why are two photosystem required? Compare and contrast each of the two photosystems How many photons does it take to move 1 electron from water to NADP+? How many ATP's are made in this process? How is this ATP made? Compare and contrast cyclic and noncyclic phosphosphorylation What is the role of ferredoxin? What form of energy currency is formed in each Why are they important? Be able to fill in components shown in the green handout Be able to explain what each arrow or structure represents

Calvin Cycle

What are the three basic phases? Where is energy used? What enzyme catalyzes the first step? What is the substrates and products of this enzymes? How are the products that are converted into sugars? What is meant by the regeneration reactions? How many times does the cycle have to operate before there is a net "profit"? Be able to fill in blanks in the handout Be able to explain what each arrow or structure represents