MGT-420 Exam Questions and Answers: Management Theories and Concepts, Exams of Advanced Education

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It depends - Correct Answer-What phrase best summarizes the thesis of the contingency theory/perspective? Planning, Organizing, leading, and controlling - Correct Answer-The 4 functions of management are: Organizing - Correct Answer-___________ is the process of assigning tasks, allocating resources, and arranging activities to implement plans? Glass-ceiling effect - Correct Answer-What effect is an invisible barrier that limits career advancements of minorities? Efficiency - Correct Answer-The measure of the resource cost associated with goal accomplishments is? Prejudice - Correct Answer-___________ is a display of negative, irrational attitudes towards people different from one's self. Classical Approach - Correct Answer-These three branches, scientific management, administrative principles, and bureaucratic organization all belong to which approach? Organization - Correct Answer-A ______________ is a collection of people working together in a division of labor to achieve a common goal. Emotional Intelligence - Correct Answer-____________________ is the ability to understand and manage emotions in one's relationships with others. Conceptual Skills - Correct Answer-Do top managers need more conceptual skills, human skills, or technical skills? Motion Study - Correct Answer-____________ is the science of reducing a task to its basic physical motions Quality - Correct Answer-____________ of work life is an indication of the totality of human experiences in the workplace. Upside-Down Pyramid - Correct Answer-Pyramid where each individual is a value- added worker supporting the front-line employees in order to meet the needs of the end customers

Contingency thinking - Correct Answer-What thinking tries to match managerial responses with the problem and opportunities unique to different situations? Hawthorne - Correct Answer-What effect is the tendency of people singled out for a special attention to perform as expected? Self-fulfilling - Correct Answer-____________ prophesy occurs when a person acts in ways in order to confirm another's expectations Henri Fayol - Correct Answer-_________ __________ identified the five rules or duties of management Effectiveness - Correct Answer-The output measure of a task or goal accomplishment is? Controlling - Correct Answer-____________ is the process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results. Conceptual, human, and technical - Correct Answer-What are the three essential managerial skills? Max Weber - Correct Answer-Who came up with the bureaucracy model? process - Correct Answer-Planning is the __________ of setting objectives and determining what should be done to accomplish them. Discrimination - Correct Answer-What denies some people the full benefits of organizational membership? Ethics - Correct Answer-Code of moral principles that sets the standards of conduct of what is good and right as opposed to bad and wrong is known as ______ Manager's - Correct Answer-A __________ role is to support and be responsible for the work performance of one or more person. Total Quality Management - Correct Answer-_____________________ is managing with commitment to continuous improvement, product quality, and meeting consumer needs Behavior - Correct Answer-Organizational ____________ is the study for individuals and groups in organizations Theory X - Correct Answer-Which theory assumes that people dislike work, lack ambition, are responsible and resistant to change, and prefer to be led?

Technical Skill- - Correct Answer-the ability to apply a special proficiency or expertise to perform particular tasks. Human or interpersonal Skill - Correct Answer-the ability to work well in cooperation with others. Conceptual Skill - Correct Answer-the ability to think critically and analytically to solve complex problems. Father of Scientific Management - Correct Answer-Frederick Taylor Bureaucratic Organization - Correct Answer-An ideal, intentionally rational, and very efficient form of organization. Based on principles of logic, order, and legitimate authority Maslow's Hierarchy - Correct Answer-Self-actualization, esteem, social, safety, and physiological Self-actualization - Correct Answer-Need for self-fulfillment; to grow and use abilities to fullest and most creative extent Esteem - Correct Answer-Need for respect, prestige, recognition and self-esteem, personal sense of competence, mastery Social - Correct Answer-Need for love, affection, sense of belongingness in one's relationships with other people Safety - Correct Answer-Need for security, protection, and stability in the events of day- to-day life. Physiological - Correct Answer-Most basic of all human needs, need for biological maintenance, food, water, and physical well-being McGregor's Theory X - Correct Answer-Assumes that people dislike work, lack ambition are irresponsible and resistant to change and prefer to be led McGregor's Theory Y - Correct Answer-Assumes that people are willing to work accept responsibility and are capable of self-direction & creativity Contingency Thinking - Correct Answer-Tries to match managerial responses with problems and opportunities unique to different situations. No "one best way" to manage. Appropriate way to manage depends on the situation. Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor) - Correct Answer-Develop rules of motion, standardized work implements, and proper working conditions for every job. Carefully select workers with the right abilities for the job.

Carefully train workers and provide proper incentives. Support workers by carefully planning their work and removing obstacles. Scientific Management (Gilbreths) - Correct Answer-Motion Study; Eliminating wasted motions improves performance. Administrative Principles (Henri Fayol) - Correct Answer-Foresight, organization, command, coordination, control, scalar chain, unity of command, and unity of direction. Related to the four functions of management Administrative Principles - Correct Answer-Based on the attempts to document & understand the experiences of successful manager Scientific Management - Correct Answer-Involves a job science that includes careful selection & training of workers and proper supervisory support Administrative principles (Mary Parker Follet) - Correct Answer-Viewed organizations as communities in which managers and workers should labor in harmony, without one party dominating the other and with the freedom to talk over and truly reconcile conflicts and differences Hawthorne Studies - Correct Answer-Initial study examined how economic incentives and physical conditions affected worker output. No consistent relationship found. "Psychological factors" influenced results. Elton Mayo. Social and human concerns are keys to productivity. Hawthorne effect - Correct Answer-people who are singled out for special attention perform as expected. Argyris's Theory of Adult Personality - Correct Answer-Classical management principles and practices inhibit worker maturation and are inconsistent with the mature adult personality. Management practices should accommodate the mature personality by: Increasing task responsibility Increasing task variety Using participative decision making Three Levels of Management - Correct Answer-Top managers, middle managers, and team leaders or supervisors Top Managers - Correct Answer-responsible for performance of an organization as a whole or for one of its larger parts. Middle Managers - Correct Answer-in charge of relatively large departments or divisions.

Shamrock Organization - Correct Answer-The shamrock leaf shape is a symbolic representation of an organization with three types of workforce: core workers, contract workers, and part-time workers. Sometimes customers. Competitive Advantage - Correct Answer-a core competency that clearly sets an organization apart from competitors and gives it an advantage over them in the marketplace How is competitive advantage related to a core competence? - Correct Answer-It distinguishes them from other competitors. General Environment Factors - Correct Answer-Economic conditions, social-cultural conditions, legal-political conditions, technological conditions, and natural environment conditions. Specific Environment Factors - Correct Answer-Customers, suppliers, competitors, and regulators Managing Diversity - Correct Answer-Is building an inclusive work environment that allows everyone to reach full potential Diversity vs Managing Diversity - Correct Answer-valuing diversity is different from managing diversity Affirmative Action - Correct Answer-Program commits the organization to hiring & advancing minorities & women Glass ceiling effect - Correct Answer-Is an invisible barrier limiting the advancement of women and minorities Customer Relationship Management - Correct Answer-establishes and maintains high standards of customer service in order to strategically build lasting relationships with and add value to customers Continuous Improvement - Correct Answer-Involves always searching for new ways to improve operations quality and performance Total Quality Management - Correct Answer-Is managing with commitment to continuous improvement, product quality & meeting customer needs Information Technology - Correct Answer-In a world where technological change is occurring at an accelerating rate, computer literacy must be mastered and continuously developed as a foundation for a career success. Is breaking barriers and changing organizations.

Knowledge Management - Correct Answer-Is the process of using intellectual capital for competitive advantage Learning Organization - Correct Answer-Is able to continuously change and improve based on the lessons of experience Creative Decision Making - Correct Answer-Creativity is the generation of a novel idea or unique approach that solves a problem or crafts an opportunity. Management - Correct Answer-The process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the use of resources to accomplish performance goals Short-Range Plan - Correct Answer-One year or less Intermediate Plan - Correct Answer-One to two years Long-Range Plan - Correct Answer-Three to more years Strategic Plan - Correct Answer-Is comprehensive and addresses longer term needs and directions of the organization Operational Plan - Correct Answer-Of limited scope and addresses activities to implement strategic plans Production Plans - Correct Answer-Dealing with the methods and technology needed to create valuable goods and services Financial Plans - Correct Answer-Dealing with the money required to support various operations Facilities Plans - Correct Answer-Dealing with the facilities and work layouts required to support task activities Marketing Plan - Correct Answer-Dealing with the requirements of selling & distributing goods or services Human Resource Plan - Correct Answer-Dealing with the recruitment, selection, and placement of people into various jobs Policy - Correct Answer-Communicates broad guidelines for decisions and action Procedure - Correct Answer-Describes exact rules to be followed in specific situations Project Schedule - Correct Answer-Is a single-use plan accomplishing a specific set of tasks

Participative Planning - Correct Answer-Includes the people who will be affected by plans and/or asked to help implement them Crisis Problem - Correct Answer-An unexpected problem that can lead to disaster if not resolved quickly and appropriately Utilitarian - Correct Answer-Delivers the greatest good to the most people Individualism - Correct Answer-Advances long-term self-interests Moral rights - Correct Answer-Maintains fundamental rights of all human beings Justice View - Correct Answer-Fair and impartial treatment of people according to legal rules and standards Group Decision Making - Correct Answer-Greater amounts of information, knowledge, and expertise are available. More action alternatives are considered. Increased understanding and acceptance of outcomes. Increased commitment to implement final plans. DISADVANTAGES Pressure to conform. Minority domination may occur. Decision making takes longer. Management by Objectives (MBO) - Correct Answer-A structured process of regular communication. Supervisor/team leader and workers jointly set performance objectives. Supervisor/team leader and workers jointly review results Satisficing - Correct Answer-Involves choosing the first satisfactory alternative that appears Escalating Commitment - Correct Answer-Is the tendency to continue to pursue a course of action even though it is not working Degree of complexity - Correct Answer-How many PESTEL have changed Rate of Change - Correct Answer-How fast PESTEL is changing Supply Chain Management - Correct Answer-strategic management of all operations relating to an organization's resource suppliers Organizational Effectiveness - Correct Answer-sustainable high performance in using resources to accomplish mission and objectives. Systems resource, internal process, goal, and strategic constituencies

Socialization - Correct Answer-to the culture. builds strong cultures by acclimating new members. Process for new members to learn organizational culture. Observable culture - Correct Answer-What one sees and hears when walking around an organization. Heroes, stories, rites and rituals, and symbols. Core culture - Correct Answer-Underlying Values. What you should try to change in an organization Iceberg demonstration - Correct Answer-Observable culture on top and core culture on bottom. Counter-culture - Correct Answer-a way of life and set of attitudes opposed to or at variance with the prevailing social norm Ethnocentrism - Correct Answer-The belief that ones subculture is superior to all others Value-based management - Correct Answer-Describes managers who actively help to develop, communicate, and enact shared values Workplace Spirituality - Correct Answer-Practices that create meaning and shared community among organizational members. Valuing diversity - Correct Answer-commits the organization to education and training programs Managing diversity - Correct Answer-commits to building an organizational culture that allows all members to reach their full potential Intelligence Information - Correct Answer-Gathered from stakeholders and external environment Internal Information - Correct Answer-Flows up, down, around, and across organizations Public Information - Correct Answer-Disseminated to stakeholders and external environment Internal and External Information Flow - Correct Answer-Intelligence information --> internal information --> public information Performance deficiency - Correct Answer-Actual performance being less than desired performance

Constructive - Correct Answer-Members are encouraged to work together in ways that meet higher order human needs. Achievement, self-actualization, humanistic- encouraging, affiliatative Aggressive/Defensive - Correct Answer-Members tend to act forcefully in their working relationship to protect their status and position. Oppositional, power, competitive, perfectionist Data - Correct Answer-Raw facts & observations Information - Correct Answer-Data made useful for decision making Framing Error - Correct Answer-The tendency to evaluate and resolve a problem in the context in which it is perceived - either positively or negatively Confirmation Error - Correct Answer-the tendency to focus only on information that confirms a decision already made Multidimenstional thinking - Correct Answer-applies both intuitive and systematic thinking Effective multidimensional thinking - Correct Answer-requires skill at strategic opportunism Bounded Rationality - Correct Answer-the idea that when individuals make decisions, their rationality is limited by the available information, the tractability of the decision problem, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the time available to make the decision Cognitive Limitations - Correct Answer-limits to human information-processing capabilities