Microbiology and Immunology Concepts, Exams of Microbiology

Download Microbiology and Immunology Concepts and more Exams Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity! IRENE GOLD MICROBIOLOGY BOARDS FINAL EXAM NEWEST ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+ Measles family? - ANSWERParamyxoviridae Mumps family? - ANSWERParamyxoviridae RSV family? - ANSWERParamyxoviridae Influenza family? - ANSWEROrthomyxoviridae Rabies family? - ANSWERRhabdoviridae Ebola family? - ANSWERFiloviridae Hantavirus family? - ANSWERBunyaviridae Rotavirus family? - ANSWERReoviridae Rhinovirus family? - ANSWERPicornaviridae Poliovirus family? - ANSWERPicornaviridae ECHO virus family? - ANSWERPicornaviridae Coxsackie virus family? - ANSWERPicornaviridae Rubella family? - ANSWERTogaviridae W/E equine encephalitis family? - ANSWERTogaviridae Dengue virus family? - ANSWERFlaviviridae Yellow fever virus? - ANSWERFlaviviridae St. Louis encephalitis family? - ANSWERFlaviviridae Norwalk virus family? - ANSWERCaliciviridae Secretory Ab found in mucous membranes. Transferred through breast milk - ANSWERIgA Ab that helps IgG - ANSWERIgD Ab that increases in Hodgkin's - ANSWERIgE Most numerous Ab. Transferred in utero. Anamnestic response. First to increase in repeat exposure - ANSWERIgG Largest and heaviest Ab. Pentamer. Non specific. First to increase in initial exposure - ANSWERIgM Lymphocyte activating factor made by macrophages for brain and nervous tissue - ANSWERIL-1 T cell growth factor made by CD4 cells - ANSWERIL-2 IL made by bone marrow for blood and lymph - ANSWERIL-3 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 1 is recognized by what cells - ANSWERT cells and B cells Major histocompatibility complex (MHC 2) is recognized by what cells - ANSWERB cells only Gram positive organisms - ANSWERBacillus Listeria monocytogenes Clostridium Cornybacterium diptheriae Staph Strep (BLCCSS) Staph aureus diseases - ANSWERScalded skin syndrome Toxic shock Osteomyelitis Impetigo (MCC) Carbuncles (STOIC) Strep pyogens diseases - ANSWERStrep throat Inanimate object is vector - ANSWERFomite Partial antigen. Does not stimulate immune response - ANSWERHapten Toxin that affects the nervous system - ANSWERNeurotoxin Function of opsonin? - ANSWEREnhance phagocytosis Acellular protein that denatures other proteins - ANSWERPrion Inactivated toxin - ANSWERToxoid Hypersensitivity type 1 - ANSWERAnaphylactic/immediate Hypersensitivity reaction type: asthma, allergy, bee sting, hay fever - ANSWERType 1 Hypersensitivity with IgE, mast cells, basophils - ANSWERType 1 Hypersensitivity type 2 - ANSWERCytotoxic Hypersensitivity reaction type: min-hours. Goodpasteur's, erythroblastosis fetalis, blood transfusions, myasthenia gravis, Grave's - ANSWERType 2 Hypersensitivity with IgG. Antigen and antibody - ANSWERType 2 Hypersensitivity type 3 - ANSWERImmune-complex mediated Hypersensitivity reaction type: 3-10 hours. Glomerulonephritis, lupus, RA. Arthus reaction (local necrosis). Serum sickness (systemic) - ANSWERType 3 Hypersensitivity with IgG and complement. Antigen and Ab and complement - ANSWERType 3 Hypersensitivity type 4 - ANSWERDelayed/cell-mediated Hypersensitivity reaction type: 48 hours. TB, contact dermatitis, transplant rejection - ANSWERType 4 Hypersensitivity with T cells and lymphocytes - ANSWERType 4 Microbe that eats inorganic material - ANSWERAutotroph Microbe that eats organic material - ANSWERHeterotroph Microbe that eats dead/decaying material - ANSWERSaprophyte Microbe that eats off living organisms - ANSWERParasite Microbe that prefers oxygen - ANSWERFacultative aerobe Microbe that prefers no oxygen - ANSWERFacultative anaerobe Microbe that requires oxygen - ANSWERObligate aerobe Microbe that requires no oxygen - ANSWERObligate anaerobe Microbe that lives with reduced oxygen - ANSWERMicroaerophile What type of microbe is grown in candle jar culture - ANSWERMicroaerophile 2 populations living together - one or both benefit - ANSWERSymbiosis 2 populations living together - both benefit - ANSWERMutualism 2 populations living together - both benefit and accomplish what neither can do alone - ANSWERSynergism 2 populations living together - one benefits and the other is unaffected - ANSWERCommensalism Transfer of disease from animal to human - ANSWERZoonosis Single flagella on one pole - ANSWERMonotrichus Multiple flagella on one pole - ANSWERLophotrichus Flagella on both poles - ANSWERAmphitrichus Flagella all the way around - ANSWERPeritrichus Test for carcinogenicity/mutagenicity - ANSWERAmes test Ames test uses what pathogen - ANSWERSalmonella typhimurium Test for anthrax - ANSWERAscholi test Test for rheumatic fever (for strep pyogens Ab) - ANSWERASO titer Test for % of butterfat in milk - ANSWERBabcock test Test for pneumococci vs alpha hemolytic strep viridans - ANSWERBile solubility test Best test for water pollution - ANSWERBOD (biological oxygen demand) Complement fixation test - ANSWERBordet Gengou phenomenon Test to differentiate staph from strep - ANSWERCatalase (staph+) Culture for growing viruses (obligate intracellular parasites) - ANSWERChick embryo or tissue culture Agar for growing gonorrhea - ANSWERChocolate agar (Thayer Martin agar/Heated blood agar) Test to differentiate staph aureus from other staph - ANSWERCoagulase (aureus+) Test for E. Coli in water - ANSWERColliform test Test for hemolysis - ANSWERComplement fixation test Test for RBC antigens, hemolytic anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, Rh factor - ANSWERCoombs test Test for scarlet fever - ANSWERDick test Test for protozoa - ANSWERGiemsa stain Test for seronegative arthritides (PEAR) - ANSWERHLA B27 Test for AIDS - ANSWERHLA DR5/CD4 EILSA test specifically tests.. - ANSWERDNA Western blot test specifically tests.. - ANSWERProtein Test for staph - ANSWERMannitol salt CSF test for meningitis would show? - ANSWERLow glucose Heterophile agglutination test for mononucleosis - ANSWERPaul Bunnel test Test to determine if all phosphatase enzyme is destroyed in milk pasteurization - ANSWERPhosphatase test Test for swelling of capsule of strep pneumoniae - ANSWERQuellung reaction test Test for fungi - ANSWERSabouraud agar Drug for gram- organisms. Competes with PABA - ANSWERSulfa Drug that inhibits protein synthesis in gram+ and gram- organisms. Turns teeth gray/yellow/brown - ANSWERTetracycline Person who developed humoral/phagocytic theory of immune response - ANSWERBurnet/Metchinkoff Person who discovered bacteriophage (altered virus) - ANSWERFelix D'Herelle Person who developed magic bullet sulfa drugs. First syphilis treatment - ANSWEREhlich Person who discovered penicillin - ANSWERFlemming Person who discovered the first virus (tobacco mosaic virus) - ANSWERIwanowski Person who developed the smallpox vaccine - ANSWERJenner Person who proved that bacteria causes disease and formulated the anthrax vaccine - ANSWERKoch Person who classified streptococcus - ANSWERRebecca Lancefield Person who developed the first microscope - ANSWERLeeuwenhoek Person who developed antisepsis using carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments - ANSWERLister Father of pathology/germ theory. Disproved spontaneous generation. Developed rabies vaccine - ANSWERPasteur Pasteur pasteurized what before milk? - ANSWERWine Person who discovered prions - ANSWERStanley Pyusner Person who discovered yellow fever - ANSWERWalter Reed Person who developed oral live polio vaccine - ANSWERSabin Person who developed first polio vaccine (dead injection) - ANSWERSalk Person who came up with washing hands before delivering a baby and reduced puerperal fever/childbed fever - ANSWERSemmelweiss Description of morphology of agar plate colonies. DHMORS - ANSWERD - dwarf H - spreading M - mucoid capsule O - compact (O vs. H) R - rough S - smooth Koch's 4 postulates - ANSWER1. Find microorganism in people with disease 2. Isolate and grow it in a culture 3. Should cause disease in healthy individual when introduced 4. Reisolate microorganism from inoculated people Acid fast stain is used to test for - ANSWERMycobacterium Blood agar is used to categorize - ANSWERStreptococcus Alpha hemolysis in a blood agar will show - ANSWERPartial hemolysis - green ring Strep pneumoniae and strep viridans are examples of which hemolysis type - ANSWERAlpha What pathogen causes subacute bacterial endocarditis secondary to rheumatic fever - ANSWERStrep viridans Beta hemolysis in a blood agar will show - ANSWERComplete hemolysis - clear ring Strep pyogenes is an example of which hemolysis type - ANSWERBeta Gamma hemolysis in a blood agar will show - ANSWERNothing - no change Strep mutants is an example of which hemolysis type - ANSWERGamma Giemsa stain is used for - ANSWERProtozoa Gram stain procedure - ANSWERPrimary - crystal violet or methylene blue Fixer - iodine Decolorizer - acetone or ethyl alcohol Counterstain - saffarin (red/pink) Mannitol salt is used for - ANSWERStaphylococcus Term for plasmid DNA transfer via sex pilus - ANSWERConjugation Term for bacteriophage transferring genetic material between bacteria - ANSWERTransduction Term for direct uptake of free DNA for cell reproduction - ANSWERTransformation CDC produces.. - ANSWERStatistics Agency that monitors soil/air/water quality - ANSWEREPA Agency that controls FDA, CDC, USPHS - ANSWERHHS NIH produces.. - ANSWERResearch Agency responsible for milk and milk products - ANSWERUSDA Leading causes of death for infants (2) - ANSWER1. Congenital malformations 2. Prematurity Leading causes of death for US adults (5) - ANSWER1. Heart disease 2. Cancer 3. Stroke 4. Respiratory infection 5. Accidents Leading causes of death for adults worldwide (2) - ANSWER1. TB 2. Malaria Water purification steps (8) - ANSWER1. Filtration 2. Flocculation (aluminum trichloride) 3. Sedimentation 4. Sludge digestion (add anaerobic bacteria) 5. Sand filtration (removes bacteria) 6. Aeration (decreases BOD) 7. Chlorination 8. Fluoridation (optional) A tapeworm is a type of.. - ANSWERFlatworm A fluke is a type of.. - ANSWERFlatworm Common name for tapeworm - ANSWERCestode Common name for roundworm - ANSWERNematode Common name for fluke - ANSWERTrematode Worm with flat ovoid body - ANSWERFluke/trematode Worm with cylindrical unsegmented body - ANSWERRoundworm/nematode What virus causes small pox -> Guarneri bodies - ANSWERVariola What virus causes childhood dysentery - hand/foot/mouth disease - ANSWERCoxsackie virus B Echo virus causes? - ANSWERSkin rash, heart disease, enteric reaction Hantavirus is spread via - ANSWERRodents Virus spread via oral/fecal that affects anterior horn - ANSWERPolio Virus that causes conjunctivitis and pharyngitis - ANSWERAdenovirus Virus with antigenic shift (big mutation) or drift (small mutation) - ANSWERInfluenza What virus causes mumps (parotiditis) and can lead to Bell's palsy - ANSWERSidomegalic paramyxoid virus What virus causes croup and bronchiolitis usually in children - ANSWERRSV What virus causes birth defects and disseminated disease in AIDS patients - ANSWERCMV Bullet shaped virus that causes Negri bodies in brain - ANSWERRabies Negative reaction to aspirin taken for viral infection. Leads to fatty liver and encephalopathy - ANSWERReyes syndrome MC fungal infection in AIDS - ANSWERPneumocystitis carinii MCC of AIDS death - ANSWERPneumocystitis carinii MC parasitic infection in AIDS - ANSWERToxoplasmosis How is toxoplasmosis spread - ANSWERCat feces MCC of death by cancer in AIDS - ANSWERKaposi sarcoma Opportunistic AIDS infection that causes mucousy diarrhea - ANSWERGiardia lamblia MC protozoal infection in AIDS - ANSWERToxoplasmosis Hepatitis spread via oral/fecal - ANSWERHep A Hepatitis spread via sex/IV drug use and causes liver cancer. Only DNA virus. Most lethal in acute phase. Endemic in Asia - ANSWERHep B Hepatitis spread via tattoos/blood transfusions and causes liver cancer - ANSWERHep C Hepatitis that co-infects with Hep B - ANSWERHep D Are equine encephalitis diseases group A or B arbovirus? - ANSWERA Is yellow fever group A or B arbovirus? - ANSWERB Is dengue fever group A or B arbovirus? - ANSWERB Common name for eastern equine encephalitis - ANSWERWest Nile virus Vector for yellow fever - ANSWERAedes agypti mosquito First sign of dengue fever - ANSWERArthralgia What arbovirus causes breakbone fever/bone crusher disease - ANSWERDengue fever Arbo-bacteria spread via rat flea (xenopsylla cheopis) that causes neck and axillary lymph node enlargement. Death by asphyxiation - ANSWERBubonic plague Pathogen that causes bubonic plague - ANSWERYersinia/pasteruella pestis Arbo-bacteria spread via rabbits - ANSWERTuleremia Pathogen that causes tuleremia - ANSWERFrancisella tularensis Foodborne bacteria that causes floppy baby syndrome. Diploplia -> death - ANSWERClostridium botulinum What is added to meat to prevent botulism - ANSWERNitrates MCC of gastritis, diarrhea, and food poisoning. Abdominal pain, blood/pus in stool, fever - ANSWERCampylobactor jejuni Bacteria in deli meats and soft cheeses - ANSWERListeria monocytogenes Bacteria in eggs and poultry. Infection causes fever - ANSWERSalmonella entrides Bacteria in creams and custards. Heat stabile toxin - ANSWERStaph aureus Bacteria that causes rose colored spots on abdomen and hides in GB and ileum Peyer's patches. Dx with Widal test - ANSWERSalmonella typhi - typhoid fever Water borne bacteria also in milk that causes Bang's disease. Undulant fever and spontaneous abortions in cattle - ANSWERBrucella abortus Water borne bacteria that causes rice water stools and vomiting - ANSWERVibrio cholera Water and soil borne bacteria that causes dysentery - ANSWERShigella Pathogen that causes traveler's diarrhea/Montezuma's revenge - ANSWEREnterotoxigenic E. Coli Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli causes - ANSWERHamburger's disease Soil borne bacteria spread via spore inhalation from animals - ANSWERBacillus anthracosis (gram+) Soil borne bacteria that causes lockjaw/trismus by inhibiting GABA and glycine (blocking inhibitory NTs) - ANSWERClostridium tetani Soil borne bacteria that causes gas gangrene - ANSWERClostridium perfingings/welchi Causes of otitis media (2) - ANSWER1. Hemophilus influenza 2. Strep pneumoniae Causes of otitis external (2) - ANSWER1. E. Coli 2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Spirochete in water that causes Weil's syndrome (hemorrhagic jaundice) - ANSWERLeptospira interrobang/ictohemorrhagica - Leptospirosis Spirchete spread via deer tick/lxodes scapular that causes erythema chronicum migricans/bull's eye rash - ANSWERBorrelia burgdorferi - Lyme's disease Spirochete spread via ticks/lice/rabbits that causes a relapsing fever - ANSWERBorrelia recurrentis Spirochete STD that causes syphilis - ANSWERTreponema pallidum Spirochete spread via skin contact that causes non-venereal syphilis. Tropical infection of skin/bone/joint - ANSWERTreponema pertenue - Yaws What test differentiates treponema pallidum and pertenue - ANSWERDark field microscopy Endemic fungus in SW deserts. San Joaquin valley fever - ANSWERCoccidiomycosis Endemic fungus in MI/OH valleys. Causes calcific lesions in lung similar to TB - ANSWERHistoplasmosis Fungal infection in pigeon droppings. MCC of death in AIDS - ANSWERPneumocystis carinii Fungal infection in rose bush thorns - ANSWERSporotherix schenckii - Sporotrichosis Bacterial shape: "many shapes" - ANSWERPleomorphic What shape is strep - ANSWERLinear A cluster of bacteria - ANSWERStaph Comma shaped bacteria - ANSWERVibrio Bacterial virulence factor for B hemolytic strep that dissolves clots - ANSWERStreptokinase Bacterial virulence factor for staph that catalysts formation of fibrin from fibrinogen - ANSWERCoagulase Bacterial virulence factor for staph that breaks down RBCS - ANSWERHemolysin Bacterial virulence factor exotoxin for staph or strep that kills WBCs - ANSWERLeukocidin Bacterial virulence factor for staph, strep, or clostridia that breaks down tissue "cement" of hyaluronic acid and facilitates dissemination - ANSWERHyaluronidase Bacteria that grow at 15C or lower - ANSWERPsychophilic Bacteria that grow at 25-40C (optimal is 37C - human temp) - ANSWERMesophilic Type of bacteria that are killed by fever - ANSWERMesophilic Bacteria that grow at 45C or above - ANSWERThermophilic MCC of meningitis in newborns (2) - ANSWER1. E. Coli 2. Listeria MCC of meningitis in children (2) - ANSWER1. Strep pneumoniae 2. Neisseria meningitides Which meningitis is the only that presents with a rash - ANSWERNeisseria meningitides MCC of meningitis in adults - ANSWERStrep pneumoniae Most lethal meningitis that causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis - ANSWERNaegleria fowleri Protozoa in food and water that causes amoebic dysentery (mild diarrhea). Cyst is infective - ANSWEREntamoeba histolytica - Amebiasis Protozoa that is in stream water and causes flatulence, poor absorption, mucousy diarrhea. Cyst is infective - ANSWERGiardia lamblia - Giardiasis (beaver fever) Protozoa spread by sandflies. Viscerotropic - ANSWERLeishmania donovani - Kala- Azar disease/Leishmaniasis Protozoa spread by female anopheles mosquito. Causes anemia and chronic splenomegaly - ANSWERPlasmodium vivax - Malaria MC form of malaria - ANSWERPlasmodium vivax What allele protects against malaria - ANSWERSickle cell allele Plasmodium vivax is injected as a _________ and spreads through the body as ________ - ANSWERInjected as a sporozoite Spreads through body as merozoites (pathogenic stage) Protozoa spread by anopheles mosquito and causes most fatal form of malaria. Black water fever (urinating oxidized blood) - ANSWERPlasmodium falciparum Protozoa in cat feces and uncooked meat that causes miscarriages - ANSWERToxoplasma gondii - Toxoplasmosis Protozoa spread by kissing reduviid bug that causes Chaga's disease - ANSWERTrypanosoma cruzi - Trypanosomiasis Protozoa spread by Tsetse fly that causes African sleeping sickness - ANSWERTrypanosoma gambiense- Trypanosomiasis Fungal virulence factor that attacks skin - ANSWERKeratinase Fungal virulence factor that attacks muscle - ANSWERProteinase Fungal virulence factor that attacks CT - ANSWERElastase Fungal infection in nuts and grains that causes a fungus ball to grow in lungs. Aflatoxin causes primary liver cancer - ANSWERAspergillus fumigatus - Aspergillosis Endemic fungus on Eastern seaboard - ANSWERBlastomycosis Endemic fungus in SW deserts. San Joaquin valley fever - ANSWERCoccidiomycosis Endemic fungus in MI/OH valleys. Causes calcific lesions in lung similar to TB - ANSWERHistoplasmosis Fungal infection in pigeon droppings. MCC of death in AIDS - ANSWERPneumocystis carinii Fungal infection in rose bush thorns - ANSWERSporotherix schenckii - Sporotrichosis Common name for cutaneous mycoses - ANSWERRingworm/dermatophytoses Superficial fungal infection of skin - ANSWERCutaneous mycoses/ringworm/dermatophytoses How are cutaneous mycoses/ringworm diagnosed? (2) - ANSWER1. Woods lamp (UV light) 2. Skin scrapings tested in KOH Ringworm of beard - ANSWERTinea barbae Ringworm of scalp - ANSWERTinea capitis Ringworm of body - ANSWERTinea corporis Ringworm of groin - Jock itch - ANSWERTinea cruris Ringworm of foot - Athlete's foot - ANSWERTinea pedis Ringworm of nail - ANSWERTinea unguinum Rickettsial pox is caused by what pathogen - ANSWERRickettsia akari Which Rickettsia pathogen causes epidemic typhus (Bril-Zinsser's disease) - ANSWERRickettsia prowazeki Which Rickettsia pathogen causes trench fever - ANSWERRickettsia quintana Which Rickettsia pathogen causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever with a dermacenter andersoni rash - ANSWERRickettsia rickettsii Orthomyxoviridae - ANSWERWhat is the virus family for the RNA human viruses influenza virus A, B, and C? Rhabdoviridae - ANSWERWhat is the virus family of the RNA human virus rabies? Filoviridae - ANSWERWhat is the virus family of the RNA human viruses ebola and marburg virus? Picornaviridae - ANSWERWhat is the virus family of the RNA human viruses Rhinovirus, Poliovirus, ECHO virus, and coxsackie? Togaviridae - ANSWERWhat is the virus family of the RNA human viruses Rubella, Western and Eastern Equine encephalitis? Flaviviridae - ANSWERWhat is the virus family for the RNA human viruses Dengue virus, yellow fever, and St Louis Encephalitis? Caliciviridae - ANSWERWhat is the virus family of the RNA human virus Norwalk virus (causes gastroenteritis)? IgA - ANSWERWhich antibody is a secretory antibody, in mucous membranes (saliva, tears), and seen in breast milk? IgD - ANSWERWhich antibody helps IgG? IgE - ANSWERWhich antibody are seen in parasitic(worms) infections, allergic reactions, and increases in Hodgkin's disease (Reed-Sternberg cells)? IgG - ANSWERWhich antibody is first to increase in SECOND exposure, most numerous, only one that crosses the placenta, and has an anamnestic response? IgM - ANSWERWhich antibody is a pentameter (10 binding sites), is the largest and heaviest, and first to increase in FIRST exposure? I - ANSWERInterleukin ________ = lymphocyte activating factor, made by macrophages, and for brain and nervous tissue II - ANSWERInterleukin _______ = T-cell growth factor, made by CD4 cells, (CD4 = T- helper cell "quarterback of immune system" and directs response of immune system) III - ANSWERInterleukin ________ = made by big bone marrow and in blood and lymphatic system major histocompatibility complex (MHC) - ANSWER_______________________ act as a post on surface (self vs non-self), involved with tissue graft reflection and organ rejection. MHC I -- MHC I&II - ANSWERT-cells recognize ____________ B-Cells recognize _____________ Positive -- negative - ANSWERThere are only 6 gram ______ and the rest are gram _______. Bacillus, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Staph, Strep Pneumonic = BLCCSS (blocks) - ANSWERList all the gram positive organisms. "BLCCSS" Staph aureus - ANSWER__________________ produces alpha toxin aka alpha hemolysin Scalded Skin Syndrome, Toxic Shock, Osteomyelitis, Impetigo, Carbuncles - ANSWERList the 5 disease caused by Staph Aureus. "STOIC" Impetigo - ANSWERWhich disease caused by staph aureus is an infection of child, around the mouth, with a "honey crusted" lesion around the mouth? strep pyogenes - ANSWER_____________ = Group A Lancefield, Beta Hemolytic Strep throat, Erysipelas, Rheumatic Fever, Glomerulonephritis, Impetigo, Scarlet Fever - ANSWERWhat are the 6 diseases of strep pyogenes? "SERGIS" Erysipelas - ANSWER___________________ is a strep pyogene disease, AKA "Saint Anthony's Fire", and is a superficial form of cellulitis Enhances phagocytosis or cellular lysis - ANSWERWhat is the purpose of the complement system? C3B - ANSWERThe Classical (Ag-Ab) and Alternate (e.g. Sheep RBC's) complement system pathways meet at _________ Membrane attack complex - ANSWERC5b-C9 complement pathway = 1. Aschoff 2. Babes Ernst granules 3. Councilman cells 4. Downey cell 5. Epithelioid hystiocyte 6. Gohn complex 7. Guarneri bodies 8. Gummas 9. Koplik spots 10. Lipfuscin 11. Levy bodies 12. Mallory bodies 13. Negri Bodies 14. Reed sternberg 15. Russell bodies - ANSWERInclusion Bodies: (bodies present in nucleus or cytoplasm of certain cells in infection by filterable viruses) Fill in the Blank: 1. ______________ = Rheumatic fever (extensive - McCallums Patch) 2. _____________ = metachromatic granules seen in diphtheria (pseudomembrane in throat) 3. _____________ = viral hepatitis 4. _____________ = mononucleosis ("Don't let MONO get you DOWN") 5. _____________ = Tuberculosis 6. _____________ = tuberculosis (inactive phase). Calcium "jail" around mycobacterium 7. _____________ = small pox (variola) 8. _____________ = tertiary syphilis 9. _____________ = measles (rubeola/red measles). On buccal mucosa, While/Bluish spots 10. ____________ = "old age pigment". Lip residue --> build up of lipfuscin in organs = "Brown's atrophy" 11. _____________ = Parkinson's, aka Paralysis Agitans, Shuffling/festinating gait. 12. ____________ = hepatitis (alcoholism) 13. ____________ = rabies (hydrophobia) 14. ____________ = Hodgkin's 15. ____________ = in plasma cells. Consists of Antibodies. From chronic inflammation, and malignant disorders. Associated with Multiple Myeloma Options: Goan complex, Koplid Spots, Lewis Bodies, Aschoff, Mallory Bodies, Epitheloid Hystiocyte, Babes Ernst granules, Gummas, Negri Bodies, Reed Sternberg, Councilman Cells, Guarneri Bodies, Lipofuscin, Russell Bodies Natural active immunity - ANSWER_______________ = exposed to the disease ---> body reacts and makes own antibodies (e.g. Measles, chicken pox triggers antibody production) artificial active immunity - ANSWER_________________ = injection of attenuated organism (e.g. Tetanus Toxoid = inactivated portion that triggers immune system to make antibody) Natural passive immunity - ANSWER______________ = given antibody in uterine, breastfeeding - in uterine - IgG (GEE mom, thanks" - breastfeeding - IgA 14. _________________ = 2 populations living together - one benefits, other is unaffected Choices: Autotroph, heterotrophs, saprophyte, parasite, facultative Aerobe, Facultative Anaerobe, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobes, microaerophilic, symbiosis, mutualism, synergism, commensalism, zoonosis Monotrichus -- lophotrichus -- amphitrichus -- peritrichus - ANSWERFlagella arrangement ______________ = single flagella on one pole ______________ = multiple flagella on one pole (tuft at one end) ______________ = "both" flagella on both poles ______________ = "around" - flagella everywhere Ames test - ANSWER___________________ lab test = carcinogenicity, mutagenicity. Uses Salmonella Typhimurium Ascholi test - ANSWER________________ lab test for anthrax ASO titer - ANSWER_______________ lab test = antistreptolysin O Titre. Test Strep pyogenes antibodies. Rheumatic fever Babcock test - ANSWER__________________ lab test = % of butterfat in milk Bile solubility - ANSWER___________________ lab tests - Pneumococci vs. alpha hemolytic strep viridans BOD (biological oxygen demand) - ANSWERWhich lab test is best for water pollution? Chocolate agar - ANSWER_________________ lab test - AKA Thayer Martin Agar, aka heated blood Agar). FOR gonorrhea Colliform - ANSWERWhich lab test checks for E. Coli in water purification. Fecal contamination in water Coombs - ANSWERWhich lab test, tests RBC antigens, Hemolytic anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, and Rh factor? Tzank test - ANSWER__________________ lab test = look for altered epitheloid cells Herpes Zoster & Simplex, also Varicella Holding/batch method -- flash continuous, ultrahigh, sterilization/Autoclave - ANSWERPasteurization methods ________________ = temp is 145 F/~56 C, time is 30 min ________________ = temp is 161 F / ~65 C, time is 15 sec ________________ = temp is 191 F / ~80 C, time is 2-5 sec ________________ = temp is 274 F / ~121 C, time is 15 min Sterilization/autoclave - ANSWER_________________ = steam heat under pressure. Denatures membranes and is ineffective against prions. Blue/green -- red -- white -- yellow -- yellow/green - ANSWERThe color of Pus (purulent) _____________ = pseudomonas aeruginos. Open burn infection. Unsanitized hot tub _____________ = serratia marcenscens _____________ = chlamydia _____________ = staph aureus _____________ = gonorrhea 1. Formaldehyde 2. Iodine 3. Silver nitrate 4. Penicillin 5. Streptomycin 6. Sulfa 7. Tetracycline - ANSWERDrugs 1. _____________ = fix gross specimens 2. ____________ = pre-op disinfectant 3. ____________ = was used for newborns eyes but no longer used and erythromycin is used instead 4. ____________ = for gram positive, inhibits cell wall synthesis 5. ____________ = for gram negative, inhibits protein synthesis 6. ____________ = for gram negative, competes with PABA 7. ____________ = for gram negative and positive, inhibits synthesis. Turns teeth gray or yellow brown Pasteur - ANSWERWho is the father of pathology, father of Germ Theory (most famous). Disproved spontaneous generation. Pasteurization of wine, then milk? Semmelweiss - ANSWERWho came up with washing of hands before delivering baby and significantly reduced Peurperal Fever. Koch - ANSWERWho proved bacteria causes disease. 4 postulates. Anthrax vaccine Flemming - ANSWERWho discovered penicillin? 1. Find microorganism in people suffering from the disease 2. Isolate and grow microorganism in culture 3. Should cause disease in healthy individual when introduced 4. Reisolate microorganism from the inoculated people - ANSWERWhat are the 4 Koch's postulates? Blood agar - ANSWERWhich stain categorizes Streptococcus and demonstrates type of hemolysis (destruction of RBC)? Acid fast - ANSWER______________ stain = mycobacterium Alpha - ANSWERWhich type of hemolysis is partial destruction of RBC, green ring with show, and will see in strep pneumoniae and strep viridans? Beta - ANSWERWhich type of hemolysis is a complete destruction of RBC, clear ring and seen in strep pyogenes? Gamma - ANSWERWhich type of hemolysis is no destruction of RBC, shows a red ring, and seen in strep mutans? Chocolate agar - ANSWERWhich stain is AKA "heated blood agar" or "Thayer Martin Agar" and checks for Gonorrhea? Gram stain - ANSWERWhich stain categorizes based on cell wall (Gram + vs. Gram -) Primary stain -- fixer -- decolorizer -- counterstrain - ANSWERGram stain procedures: ______________ = crystal violet or methylene blue (Gram positive stains purple/blue) ______________ = iodine --> "Mordant" ______________ = acetone or Ethyl alcohol (alcohol wash). Removes crystal violet from thin walled (gram -) organisms ______________ = saffarin (red/pink color goes into Gram - organisms) Conjugation -- transduction -- transformation - ANSWERCell sex of life: _____________ = plasmid DNA transfer via sex pilus. Bestows antimicrobial resistance _____________ = bacteriophage (altered virus) transfers genetic material b/w bacteria _____________ = direct uptake of free DNA Center for Disease Control (CDC) - ANSWERWhich governmental agency is not for research, complies morbidity and epidemiological statistics? Environmental protection agency (EPA) - ANSWERWhich governmental agency monitors soil, air, and water quality? Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - ANSWERWhich governmental agency regulates health products released to public? National institute of Health (NIH) - ANSWERWhich governmental agency is for RESEARCH, not statistics? 1. Emerging 2. Endemic 3. Epidemic Herpes simplex - ANSWER_______________ = fever blister. Type 1 is above belt, type 2 is below belt (Genital warts) Herpes zoster - ANSWER_______________ = shingles. Does not cross midline. Along dermatologist. Hides in DRG Histoplasmosis - ANSWER_________________ = Ohio/Mississippi valley fever. Calcific lesions in lung similar to TB HTLV-III virus - ANSWER_________________ = AIDS, HIV virus Klebsiella pneumonia - ANSWER_________________ = red current jelly sputum Legionella pneumophila - ANSWER________________ = legionnaire's disease from contaminated ventilation water droplets. "Pontiac Fever" = mild form of Legionnaire's disease Leishmania Donovani - ANSWER______________ = Kala-Azar. Viscerotropic. Sand fly vector Leptospira icterohemorgagiae - ANSWER______________ = Weil's disease. Hemorrhagic jaundice. AKA "Leptospira interrogans" Loa Loa - ANSWER_____________ = River eye worm (African eye worm). Vector = files. In Africa Listeria monocytogenes - ANSWER_____________ = Listeria. Deli meats and soft cheeses Molluscum contagiosum - ANSWER_____________ = pink cauliflower lesion on female genitalia Mycobacterium tuberculosis - ANSWER_______________ = tuberculosis. Acid Fast (+) Mycobacterium leprae - ANSWER________________ = Leprosy = Hansen's disease. Acid fast (+). Destroys sensory nerves and skin Mycoplasma pneumonia - ANSWER_______________ = #1 cause atypical pneumonia. AKA "walking pneumonia". Penicillin ineffective b/c mycoplasm lack cell wall. Necator americanus - ANSWER_______________ = Hookworm. Most common hookworm in US Neisseria gonorrhoeae - ANSWER________________ = #1 PID/Salpingitis. Gr- Diplococcus. Chocolate agar. Coffee bean shape Neisseria meningitidis - ANSWER________________ = Miningitis. Only meningitis to get a rash. Can be fatel onchocerciasis volvulus - ANSWER_______________ = river blindness. Vector = flies. In Africa Papovavirus (papillomavirus) - ANSWER_______________ = warts. Transmitted by casual contact (skin contact). Persistent (latent) Plasmodium falciparum - ANSWER_______________ = most fatal form of malaria. Black water fever plasmodium vivax, malariae, ovale - ANSWER_____________ = most common form. Infective stage = sporozoite (mosquito injects). Pathogenic stage = merozoite (infected RBC bursts and lets them out) Ring worm, dermatophytoses, superficial fungal infection of skin -- "Woods Lamp" = UV light or Skin scraping - ANSWERCutaneous mycoses is also know as __________________ and can be detect by? 1. Beard 2. Scalp 3. Body 4. Groin "jock itch" 5. Foot "athletes foot" 6. Nail - ANSWER1. Tinea Barbae = 2. Tinea capitis = 3. Tinea corporis = 4. Tinea cruris = 5. Tinea pedis = 6. Tinea ungunium = Rickettsia prowazeki - ANSWER_________________ = epidemic typhus, aka "Bril- Zinsser's disease". Vector is Louse Rickettsia rickettsii - ANSWER________________ = Rocky Mountain spotted fever. "Dermacenter Andersoni". Rash on wrists and ankles. Use bug repellent. Vector is wood tick Rickettsia typhi ( Mooseri) - ANSWER_________________ = Murine typhus, endemic typhus. Vector are fleas Prions - ANSWER________________ = Acellular protein particles. Causes Mad Cow, Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis (BSE), Creutzfield Jacob's Disease (CJD), Scrapie (sheep), Kuru (New Guinea). Discovered by Stanley Pyusner Pseudomonas aeruginosa - ANSWER________________ = open burn infection. Blue/green pus. Most common cause of pneumonia in cystic fibrosis. Found in hot/warm & moist places, e.g. Contact lenses and hot tubs Respiratory syncytial virus - ANSWER_______________ = "RSV". Cause Croup and bronchiolitis. Most common respiratory infection in kids Rubella - ANSWER_______________ = German Measles. 3-day measles. Mild fever. Congenital rubella syndrome Rubeola - ANSWER_______________ = (Red) measles. Koplik (white/blue) spots on buccal mucosa. High fever. 3 Cs (coryza, conjunctivitis, cough). Atypical measles causes subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) Salmonella enteriditis - ANSWER_________________ = salmonella food poisoning. Heat labile Serratia marcescens - ANSWER______________ = red pus Shigella - ANSWER____________ = bacillary dysentery Sidomegalic paramyxoid virus - ANSWER________________ = mumps. Parotiditis --> LMN CN7. Sequelae = oophritis, orchitis Sporotherix schenckii - ANSWER________________ = rose bush thorns, gardeners at risk streptococcus mutans - ANSWER_______________ = gamma hemolytic strep. Dental caries Streptococcus pyogenes - ANSWER_______________ = Beta Hemolytic strep. Group A Lancefield. Catalase(-). Pneumonic = SERGIS. Strep throat, Erysipelas, Rheumatic fever, Glomerulonephritis, Impetigo, Scarlet fever. Jones major criteria for rheumatic fever. Aschoff bodies on cardiac valves from rheumatic fever Streptococcus pneumoniae - ANSWER________________ = alpha hemolytic strep. M/c cause of typical Pneumonia Streptococcus viridans - ANSWER______________ = alpha hemolytic strep. Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) Taenia saginata - ANSWER______________ = beef tapeworm Toxoplasma gondii - ANSWER______________ = toxoplasmosis (vector = cat feces)