Microbiology Exam 1 Newsome: Comprehensive Guide to Exam Preparation, Exams of Microbiology

Download Microbiology Exam 1 Newsome: Comprehensive Guide to Exam Preparation and more Exams Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity! MICROBIOLOGY EXAM 1 NEWSOME QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 Microbiology deals with living things too small to be seen without a microscope Microorganisms single cells or clumps of cells Virus "Viral agents" Not a cell -- live inside a euk/pro cell (no metabolism outside cell) Eukaryotic Cell Size Comparison Euk Cell --> Bacteria --> Virus Anton van Leeuwhoek invented the microscope -- first person to see bacteria 1600s Louis Pasteur Disproved spontaneous generation -- invented Pasteurization 1860s Pasteurization process of mild heating to kill susceptible spoilage microorganisms and vegetative pathogens -- does not kill spores Vegetative State of Bacteria metabolically active Spore State of Bacteria If in unfavorable environmental conditions, no longer multiplying or metabolically active Germ Theory Thought that bacteria can cause specific diseases Robert Koch creator of Koch's Postulates 1870s Koch's Postulates criteria that must be met before one can say a disease is caused by a specific microorganism 1. microbe found in every case of disease and absent in healthy individuals 2. microbe must be isolated from infected person and grown in pure culture 3. Inoculate a healthy host and observe the same resultant disease 4. Isolate same microbe from diseased host Joseph Lister applied Germ Theory to surgery by using chemical disinfectants on surgical instruments greatly reducing number of post-surgical wound infections (late 1800s) Chemotherapeutic Agents Early 1900s, chemical that has chemotherapeutic value Paul Erlich German chemist who found cure for neurological syphilis (arsenic) early 1900s Why is chemotherapy harmful? It is not specific, so it can hurt good cells Sulfa Drugs prevents creation of folic acid thus inhibiting bacteria growth Alexander Fleming Scottish microbiologist credited for creation of antibiotics (late 1930s) Penicillin inhibits cell wall synthesis Antibiotic (definition/functions) chemical substance from a microorganism that can inhibit/kill another microbe even in minute amounts inhibition of: cell wall synthesis protein synthesis DNA synthesis metabolism cytoplasmic membrane function Eukaryotic Cell features Nucleus -- chromosome location, DNA wrapped around histone proteins Mitochondria -- has own DNA that replicates inside cell, get all mitochondria from mother Prokaryotic Cell features Bacteria have no nucleus DNA not wrapped around histone proteins DNA is circular not linear ALL bacteria have a single circular chromosome Peptidoglycan (definition/importance) cell wall composition Humans lack cell wall so things that inhibit peptidogylcan synthesis do not affect human cells Bacteria features