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MICROBIOLOGY STRAIGHTERLINE TEST FINAL
EXAM 2025.COMPLETE ACCURATE EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS
(100% CORRECT ANSWERS) //ALREADY GRADED
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Studies by Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrated that inactivated toxins can induce the synthesis of antitoxins in the blood of rabbits. These antitoxins (antibodies) are the basis of... a. humoral immunity b. cell-mediated immunity c. antibiotic immunity d. phagocyte-mediated immunity Accurate Answer - a. humoral immunity Who of the following first discovered that some blood leukocytes could engulf disease-causing bacteria? a. von Behring b. Meister c. Metchnikoff d. Ivanowski Accurate Answer - c. Metchnikoff Who is credited with developing a vaccine against chicken cholera? a. Koch b. Pasteur c. Jenner d. Lister Accurate Answer - b. Pasteur The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called...
a. biogenesis b. cell theory c. spontaneous generation d. germ theory Accurate Answer - c. spontaneous generation Protists contain all of the following forms of life EXCEPT... a. protozoa b. fungi c. slime molds d. algae Accurate Answer - b. fungi Cells with a relatively simple cell morphology that do not have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called... a. prokaryotes b. eukaryotes c. urkaryotes d. nokaryotes Accurate Answer - a. prokaryotes The ribosomal RNA studies that led to the division of prokaryotic organisms into the Bacteria and the Archaea were begun by... a. Pasteur b. Woese c. Needham d. Watson Accurate Answer - b. Woese In a search for new antibiotics, a previously unknown organism has been recovered from the soil. It is nonmotile and is composed of long threadlike structures formed from nucleated cells. It is not- photosynthetic and absorbs its nutrients. This organism will most likely be classified among the...
Regions of a specimen with higher electron density scatter ___________ electrons and, therefore, appear __________ in the image projected onto the screen of a transmission electron microscope. a. more; lighter b. more; darker c. fewer; darker d. fewer; lighter Accurate Answer - b. more; darker In the Gram-staining procedure, the mordant is... a. iodine. b. safranin. c. crystal violet. d. alcohol. Accurate Answer - a. iodine. Acid-fast organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis contain lipids constructed from ________________in their cell walls. a. proteins b. carbohydrates c. mycolic acids d. peptidoglycan Accurate Answer - c. mycolic acids Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis is particularly important in public health because in this application, microbiologists seek to identify specific microbial pathogens in ______. a. food and water b. patient samples c. genomic analysis d. genetic diseases Accurate Answer - a. food and water Genomic DNA sequences seem to support the idea that the first eukaryotic cell arose from within the _____ lineage.
a. archaeal b. bacterial c. viral d. last universal common ancestor (LUCA) Accurate Answer - a. archaeal An unrooted tree containing four unrelated species can become rooted by adding a. a descendant group related to two of the species. b. an unrelated outgroup. c. a distantly related outgroup. d. a descendant related to only one of the species. Accurate Answer
- c. a distantly related outgroup. A general term used to describe groups based on mutual similarity or evolutionary relatedness is ______. a. class b. taxa c. system d. group Accurate Answer - b. taxa The temperature at which half of the strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule have separated from each other is called the __________ temperature. a. separation b. melting c. destabilizing d. mobilization Accurate Answer - b. melting Which of the following is true about Bergey's Manual?
d. All of the choices are correct. Accurate Answer - d. All of the choices are correct. Lipids with polar and nonpolar ends are said to be... a. amphipathic. b. amphibolic. c. bilateral. d. None of the choices are correct. Accurate Answer - a. amphipathic. Which of the following contribute(s) to the differences between the members of the Domain Archaea and the Domain Bacteria? a. Archaea lack muramic acid. b. Archaea have isopranyl glycerol ethers rather than fatty acid esters in their membrane lipids. c. Archaea differ from bacteria in their tRNA composition, ribosome structure, and antibiotic sensitivity. d. All of the choices are correct. Accurate Answer - d. All of the choices are correct. The food vacuoles and phagocytic vacuoles are most similar to... a. mitochondria. b. chloroplasts. c. lysosomes. d. Golgi apparatus. Accurate Answer - c. lysosomes. Membrane delimited intracellular structures that perform specific functions in cells are called... a. organelles. b. organs. c. tissues.
d. systomis. Accurate Answer - a. organelles. An arrangement of microtubules located in the matrix of cilia and flagella is called the __________. a. axial bundle b. axial filament c. axoneme d. axillary tubule Accurate Answer - c. axoneme Virion size ranges from... a. 1-40 nm. b. 10-400 nm. c. 600-1,000 nm. d. 1,000-10,000 nm. Accurate Answer - b. 10-400 nm Glycoprotein spikes protruding from the outer surface of viral envelopes function as... a. toxins. b. factors that bind to host cells. c. cell lysis factors. d. factors needed for site specific recombination. Accurate Answer
- b. factors that bind to host cells. Which of the following is not true of viroids? a. Viroids are small circular ssRNA molecules. b. Viroids have no protein capsids. c. Viroid RNA does not serve as mRNA nor does it direct the synthesis of mRNA. d. Extracellular viroids have a lipid bilayer envelope. Accurate Answer - d. Extracellular viroids have a lipid bilayer envelope.
a. freshwater b. mud c. soil d. the human intestine e. insects Accurate Answer - d. the human intestine The fungus used in the production of saki and soy sauce is _________. a. Aspergillus oryzae b. Aspergillus fumigatus c. Aspergillus nidulans d. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Accurate Answer - a. Aspergillus oryzae Which of the following organisms produces the toxin associated with St. Anthony's Fire (ergotism)? a. Aspergillus nidulans b. Claviceps purpurea c. Amanita phalloides d. Stachybotrys chartarum Accurate Answer - b. Claviceps purpurea A basidium... a. is found within basidiocarp (fruiting body). b. is produced at the tip of hyphae. c. is club-shaped. d. All of the choices are correct. Accurate Answer - d. All of the choices are correct. Which enzyme is used by RNA viruses to directly replicate the viral RNA genome? a. Reverse Transcriptase
b. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase c. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase d. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase Accurate Answer - c. RNA- dependent RNA polymerase What is the result of successful communication between rhizobia and their plant hosts? a. Rhizobia consume the plant tissue as an energy and carbon source, causing disease in the plant. b. The plant consumes rhizobiaas an energy source and carbon, destroying the invading bacteria. c. The rhizobia invade the plant root and begin to fix nitrogen with the assistance of the plant. d. The plant supplies organic forms of nitrogen to the rhizobia. Accurate Answer - c. The rhizobia invade the plant root and begin to fix nitrogen with the assistance of the plant. The limitation on microbial growth rate at high nutrient levels is/are a. the rate of protein synthesis. b. the rate of DNA replication. c. the saturation of the transport proteins for nutrient uptake. d. All of the choices are correct. Accurate Answer - c. the saturation of the transport proteins for nutrient uptake. A culture system with constant environmental conditions maintained through continual provision of nutrient and removal of wastes is called __________ culture system. a. continuous b. batch c. fed-batch d. semicontinuous Accurate Answer - a. continuous
Which of the following is the major glycolytic pathway used by plants and animals? a. Tricarboxylic acid cycle b. Embden-Meyerhof pathway c. Entner-Doudoroff pathway d. Pentose phosphate pathway Accurate Answer - b. Embden- Meyerhof pathway In higher eukaryotes, most aerobically generated ATP is produced by a. glycolysis. b. the TCA cycle. c. a membrane-bound proton translocating ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation. d. all of these generate equal amounts of ATP. Accurate Answer - c. a membrane-bound proton translocating ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation. Because bacterial LPS is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, a specialized transporting system, _____, is required for membrane transport and insertion. a. Lpt b. cytidine diphosphate carrier protein c. Tol d. acyl-carrier protein Accurate Answer - a. Lpt In bacteria, synthesis of long chain polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, have glucose donated to the end of the growing chain by _____. a. ADP-glucose b. UTP-galactose c. ATP-mannose d. UDPG Accurate Answer - a. ADP-glucose
In the Hershey and Chase experiment, how did labeling DNA and protein with different radioactive isotopes demonstrate that DNA, rather than protein, carried the genetic information in the T2 virus? a. Researchers could track which part of the virus entered a bacterial cell. b. Researchers could use radio labeling to inactivate DNA and protein in the bacteria. c. Researchers could distinguish bacterial DNA from viral protein. d. Researchers could better elucidate DNA or protein structure. e. Researchers could monitor how DNA interacted with protein in the virus. Accurate Answer - a. Researchers could track which part of the virus entered a bacterial cell. The coding sequence in the DNA of __________ is normally continuous; that is, it is not interrupted by noncoding sequences. a. prokaryotes b. plants c. mammals d. most insects Accurate Answer - a. prokaryotes You and a classmate are discussing early experiments in genetics, and you state that Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty provided the first evidence that DNA carries genetic information. Your classmate argues that Griffith was the first to demonstrate this. Which statement best defends your argument? a. Although Griffith first demonstrated transformation, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty provided evidence that DNA rather than protein or RNA was the transforming agent. b. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty worked with purified DNA extracts while Griffith worked with bacterial strains.
c. Low temperatures cause repression of certain housekeeping genes. d. Serratia cells undergo a genotypic change that is proportional to changes in temperature. Accurate Answer - a. Serratia genes for pigment production are induced at certain temperatures. ______________ is used to control transcription of some anabolic pathways involved in amino acid biosynthesis. a. Attenuation b. Catabolite repression c. Induction d. All of the choices are correct. Accurate Answer - a. Attenuation The region at which the RNA polymerase binds is the __________ region. a. leader b. promoter c. coding d. trailer Accurate Answer - b. promoter Alternate forms of genes resulting from mutations are called... a. isoforms. b. alterons. c. alleles. d. lethal. Accurate Answer - c. alleles. A public health microbiologist plans to screen a particular bacterial species that was isolated from several patients in an intensive care unit to detect if any of the cells are penicillin-resistant mutants. What is the first step in conducting this experiment? a. Determine whether or not wild type cells of the same bacterial species are susceptible to penicillin.
b. Test the cells to see if they can grow on media to which penicillin has been added. c. Perform an antibiotic susceptibility test on the cells using antibiotics other than penicillin that are known to be effective. d. Set up an Ames test to see if any of the isolates are mutagenic. Accurate Answer - a. Determine whether or not wild type cells of the same bacterial species are susceptible to penicillin. The first product to be commercially treated by pasteurization was... a. milk b. wine c. beer d. cheese Accurate Answer - b. wine Which of the following inhibits bacterial growth but does not kill bacteria? a. Lysozyme b. Bactericidal agent c. Bacteriostatic agent d. Antiseptic agent Accurate Answer - c. Bacteriostatic agent Which of these is an agent that is used to sterilize the plastic tubing of heart-lung machines? a. Phenol b. Mercaptoethanol c. Ethylene oxide d. 70% ethanol Accurate Answer - c. Ethylene oxide Genes for drug resistance may be present... a. on the chromosome. b. on plasmids.
a. Normal microbiota may significantly impact human health and disease. b. The presence of Gram-positive bacteria in the human gut causes obesity and type 2 diabetes. c. Gram-positive bacteria compose the majority of normal microbiota in the human gut of people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. d. Obesity and type 2 diabetes is caused by normal microbiota in the human gut. Accurate Answer - a. Normal microbiota may significantly impact human health and disease. In which of the following areas of the human body do secretions play the greatest role in preventing microbial colonization? a. Stomach b. Large intestine c. Genital tract d. Upper respiratory tract Accurate Answer - a. Stomach Which is not a cardinal sign or symptom of inflammation? a. Humor b. Rubor c. Calor d. Dolor e. Tumor Accurate Answer - a. Humor A mast cell is similar to a basophil in that both... a. are types of white blood cells. b. are agranulocytic. c. release vasoactive mediators. d. act as primary phagocytes. e. None of the choices are correct Accurate Answer - c. release vasoactive mediators.
Type III hypersensitivity conditions such as arthritis involve... a. the activation of mast cells. b. a cytotoxic reaction. c. delayed, cell-mediated immune reactions. d. the formation of immune complexes. e. All of the choices are correct. Accurate Answer - d. the formation of immune complexes. Which of the following antibodies is (are) involved in opsonization? a. IgG b. IgG c. IgD d. Only IgG1 and IgG3 Accurate Answer - d. Only IgG1 and IgG The toxic component of lipopolysaccharide is called _________. a. lipid A b. exotoxin c. hemolysin d. O antigen polysaccharide Accurate Answer - a. lipid A The condition in the host that results from pathogenic parasitic organism growing and multiplying within or on the host is called... a. an infection. b. an infectious disease. c. pathogenesis. d. All of the choices are correct. Accurate Answer - a. an infection. Which of the following has no effect on the outcome of the host- parasite relationship?
