Midterm Exam: NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology - Questions with Verified Answers, Exams of Nursing

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Midtermi,-Exam:i,-NR507/i,-NRi,- 507 i,-(Latesti,- 2025 /i,-

2026 i,-Update)i,-Advancedi,-Pathophysiologyi,-|i,-

Questionsi,-withi,-Verifiedi,-Answers|i,-100%i,-

Correcti,-|Gradei,-Ai,-–i,-Chamberlain.

Howi,-doesi,-thei,-laminai,-propriai,-effecti,-thei,-lungsi,-ini,-regardsi,-toi,-

asthmai,-i,- i,-thei,-WBCsi,-protectivei,-featurei,-goesi,-intoi,-overdrivei,-

causingi,-ani,-inflammatoryi,-responsei,-thati,-damagesi,-hosti,-tissue

Asthmai,-i,- i,-Chronici,-diseasei,-duei,-toi,-bronchoconstrictioni,-andi,-ani,-

excessivei,-inflammatoryi,-responsei,-ini,-thei,-bronchioles

Whati,-arei,- 5 i,-s/si,-ofi,-asthmai,-i,- i,-coughingi,-

wheezingi,-

shortnessi,-ofi,-breathi,-

rapidi,-breathingi,-

chesti,-tightness

Pathophysiologyi,-ofi,-asthmai,-(5)i,-i,- i,--airwayi,-inflammation,i,-

bronchiali,-hyper-reactivityi,-andi,-smoothi,-musclei,-spasm

- excessi,-mucusi,-productioni,-andi,-accumulationi,-

• hypertrophyi,-ofi,-bronchiali,-smoothi,-musclei,-
• airflowi,-obstructioni,-
• decreasedi,-alveolari,-ventilation

Whati,-doesi,-thei,-innermosti,-layeri,-ofi,-thei,-bronchiolesi,-containi,-i,- i,-

columnari,-epitheliali,-ellsi,-andi,-mucusi,-producingi,-gobleti,-cells

Whati,-doesi,-thei,-outermosti,-layeri,-ofi,-thei,-bronchiolesi,-containi,-i,- i,-

smoothi,-musclei,-cells

whati,-doesi,-thei,-outermosti,-layeri,-ofi,-thei,-bronchiolesi,-doi,-i,- i,-controli,-

thei,-airwaysi,-abilityi,-toi,-constricti,-andi,-dilate

alveolari,-hyperinflationi,-i,- i,-Wheni,-airi,-isi,-unablei,-toi,-movei,-outi,-ofi,-thei,-

alveolari,-likei,-iti,-shouldi,-duei,-toi,-bronchiali,-wallsi,-collapsingi,-aroundi,-

possiblei,-mucusi,-plugi,-thusi,-trappingi,-airi,-inside

howi,-doesi,-hyperinflationi,-occur?i,-i,- i,-thei,-ongoingi,-inflammatoryi,-

processi,-ofi,-asthmai,-producesi,-mucusi,-andi,-pusi,-plugi,-thati,-thei,-

bronchiali,-wallsi,-collapsei,-around

Effecti,-ofi,-hyperinflationi,-ofi,-thei,-alveolari,-i,- i,--expandedi,-thoraxi,-andi,-

hypercapniai,-(retentioni,-ofi,-CO2)i,-

purposei,-ofi,-thei,-laminai,-propriai,-i,- i,-whitei,-bloodi,-cellsi,-arei,-presenti,-

toi,-helpi,-protecti,-thei,-airways

MOAi,-ofi,-anticholinergici,-drugsi,-fori,-asthmai,-i,- i,-thei,-

parasympathetici,-systemi,-isi,-stimulatedi,-byi,-thei,-vagali,-nervei,-toi,-

releasei,-acetylcholinei,-whichi,-bindsi,-toi,-thei,-cholinergici,-receptorsi,-ofi,-

thei,-respiratoryi,-tracti,-toi,-causei,-bronchiali,-constrictioni,-=i,-decreasedi,-

airflowi,-

• i,-blockingi,-thei,-cholinergici,-receptorsi,-preventsi,-acetylcholinei,-

bindingi,-preventingi,-thei,-bronchiali,-constriction

bronchitisi,-i,- i,-inflammationi,-ofi,-thei,-bronchiali,-tubes

3 i,-characteristicsi,-ofi,-bronchitisi,-i,- i,-bronchiali,-inflammation

hypersecretioni,-ofi,-mucusi,-

chronici,-productivei,-coughi,-fori,-ati,-leasti,- 3 i,-consecutivei,-monthsi,-fori,-ati,-

leasti,- 2 i,-successivei,-years

Perfusioni,-i,- i,-Thei,-supplyi,-ofi,-oxygeni,-toi,-andi,-removali,-ofi,-wastesi,-

fromi,-thei,-cellsi,-andi,-tissuesi,-ofi,-thei,-bodyi,-asi,-ai,-resulti,-ofi,-thei,-flowi,-ofi,-

bloodi,-throughi,-thei,-capillaries.

resultsi,-ofi,-chronici,-bronchitis/i,-lowi,-perfusioni,-i,- i,-cyanosisi,-

righti,-toi,-lefti,-shuntingi,-

chronici,-hypoxemia

Whyi,-isi,-therei,-cyanosisi,-withi,-chronici,-bronchitisi,-i,- i,-therei,-isi,-hypoxiai,-

duei,-toi,-unfavorablei,-conditionsi,-fori,-gasi,-exchange

Righti,-toi,-lefti,-shuntingi,-i,- i,-wheni,-bloodi,-passesi,-fromi,-thei,-righti,-

ventriclei,-throughi,-thei,-lungsi,-andi,-toi,-thei,-lefti,-ventriclei,-withouti,-

perfusion

Causesi,-ofi,-bronchitisi,-i,- i,--longi,-termi,-exposurei,-toi,-environmentali,-

irritantsi,-

• repeatedi,-episodesi,-ofi,-acutei,-infectioni,-(RSVi,-infectioni,-ini,-earlyi,-

infancy)

• Factorsi,-affectingi,-gestationali,-childhoodi,-lungi,-developmenti,-

(pretermi,-birth)

Pathogenesisi,-ofi,-bronchitisi,-i,- i,--Exposurei,-toi,-airbornei,-irritantsi,-

• i,-Irritanti,-activatesi,-bronchiali,-smoothi,-musclei,-constrictioni,-andi,-

mucusi,-secretioni,-

Whati,-doesi,-thei,-migrationi,-ofi,-WBCsi,-toi,-thei,-bronchialsi,-do?i,-i,- i,-

increasesi,-inflammationi,-ofi,-thei,-citei,-andi,-causesi,-fibrosisi,-ini,-thei,-

bronchiali,-wall

Howi,-doesi,-thei,-thickeningi,-andi,-rigidityi,-ofi,-bronchiali,-basementi,-

membranesi,-effecti,-thei,-lungs?i,-i,- i,-leadsi,-toi,-furtheri,-narrowingi,-ofi,-

thei,-bronchiali,-passageways

Whati,-acid-basei,-disorderi,-isi,-seeni,-ini,-chronici,-bronchitis?i,-i,- i,-

respiratoryi,-acidosis

howi,-doesi,-chronici,-bronchitisi,-leadi,-toi,-respiratoryi,-acidosis?i,-i,- i,-

hyperinflationi,-ofi,-thei,-alveolii,-causesi,-CO2i,-retention

Wherei,-doesi,-airi,-enteri,-thei,-body?i,-i,- i,-nasoi,-andi,-oropharynxi,-(mouthi,-

andi,-nose)

Wherei,-doesi,-airi,-goi,-afteri,-iti,-passesi,-throughi,-thei,-nosei,-andi,-mouth?i,-i,-

i,-iti,-passesi,-throughi,-thei,-trachea

Afteri,-airi,-passesi,-throughi,-thei,-tracheai,-wherei,-doesi,-iti,-go?i,-i,- i,-goesi,-

intoi,-thei,-lefti,-ori,-righti,-bronchi

Wherei,-doesi,-airi,-flowi,-afteri,-thei,-bronchi?i,-i,- i,-intoi,-thei,-smalleri,-

bronchioles

Wherei,-doesi,-airi,-flowi,-afteri,-thei,-bronchioles?i,-i,- i,-intoi,-thei,-alveoli

Describei,-howi,-bloodi,-flowsi,-toi,-becomei,-oxygenatedi,-i,- i,--i,-

deoxygenatedi,-systemici,-bloodi,-flowsi,-fromi,-thei,-venai,-cavai,-toi,-Ri,-

atriumi,-

• i,-Tricuspidi,-valvei,-opensi,-toi,-flowi,-toi,-Ri,-ventriclei,-
• Pulmonaryi,-semilunari,-valvei,-opensi,-andi,-bloodi,-flowsi,-toi,-thei,-

alveolari,-capillariesi,-fori,-gasi,-exchangei,-fromi,-thei,-pulmonaryi,-trunki,-

andi,-Li,-&i,-Ri,-pulmonaryi,-arteries

• i,-bloodi,-goesi,-fromi,-alveolari,-capillariesi,-toi,-pulmonaryi,-veinsi,-toi,-

returni,-oxygenatedi,-bloodi,-toi,-thei,-lefti,-atriumi,-

• i,-bicuspidi,-valvei,-opensi,-toi,-allowi,-bloodi,-toi,-goi,-toi,-lefti,-ventriclei,-
• i,-aortici,-semilunari,-valvei,-opensi,-andi,-bloodi,-goesi,-toi,-thei,-aortai,-
• i,-aortai,-pushesi,-oxygenatedi,-bloodi,-outi,-toi,-thei,-body

Whati,-isi,-thei,-formulai,-fori,-cardiaci,-outputi,-i,- i,-COi,-=i,-HRi,-xi,-SV

cardiaci,-reservei,-i,- i,-differencei,-betweeni,-restingi,-andi,-maximali,-CO;i,-

shouldi,-bei,-abouti,- 4 - 5xi,-asi,-highi,-buti,-doesi,-decreasei,-1%i,-peri,-yeari,-afteri,-

agei,- 30

Whati,-arei,-twoi,-commoni,-causesi,-ofi,-hypovolemiai,-i,- i,-dehydrationi,-

andi,-hemorrhage

Afterloadi,-i,- i,-thei,-amounti,-ofi,-resistancei,-toi,-openi,-thei,-semilunari,-

valvesi,-andi,-ejecti,-ofi,-bloodi,-fromi,-thei,-ventricle

whati,-influencesi,-afterloadi,-(3)i,-i,- i,-ventriclei,-walli,-thicknessi,-(musclei,-

strength)

arteriali,-pressurei,-(resistancei,-toi,-ejection)i,-

ventriclei,-chamberi,-sizei,-(bloodi,-volumei,-capacity)

whati,-cani,-causei,-ani,-increasei,-ini,-afterloadi,-i,- i,-systemici,-

hypertensioni,-

valvei,-diseasei,-

COPDi,-(pulmonaryi,-hypertension)

whati,-cani,-decreasei,-afterloadi,-i,- i,-hypotensioni,-ori,-vasodilation

whati,-influencesi,-cardiaci,-contractilityi,-(inotropici,-state)i,-i,- i,-levelsi,-ofi,-

electrolytesi,-

Highi,-levelsi,-ofi,-ATPi,-

leveli,-ofi,-oxygeni,-availablei,-

synchronousi,-musclei,-contraction

Whati,-electrolytesi,-arei,-usedi,-fori,-cardiaci,-musclei,-contraction?i,-i,- i,-

sodiumi,-potassiumi,-andi,-calcium

Whati,-increasesi,-cardiaci,-musclei,-contractioni,-i,- i,-sympathetici,-

stimulation;i,-feari,-anxietyi,-andi,-increasedi,-thyroxine

whati,-decreasesi,-cardiaci,-musclei,-contractioni,-i,- i,-lowi,-ATPi,-levels;i,-

ischemiai,-hypoxiai,-ori,-acidosis

Stimulationi,-ofi,-whati,-seti,-ai,-restingi,-HRi,-(chronotropici,-state)i,-i,- i,-

parasympathetici,-system

whati,-stimulatesi,-thei,-parasympathetici,-systemi,-i,- i,-thei,-vagusi,-nerve

Whati,-doesi,-thei,-parasympathetici,-systemi,-do?i,-i,- i,-Iti,-releasesi,-

acetycholinei,-whichi,-decreasesi,-hearti,-ratei,-andi,-causesi,-vasodilation

Whati,-cani,-extremei,-vagali,-responsei,-resulti,-in?i,-i,- i,-lifei,-threateningi,-

bradycardia

Whati,-causesi,-thei,-semilunari,-valvesi,-toi,-open?i,-i,- i,-Asi,-ventriclesi,-

contracti,-andi,-intraventriculari,-pressurei,-rises,i,-bloodi,-isi,-pushedi,-upi,-

againsti,-thei,-SLi,-valves,i,-forcingi,-themi,-toi,-open

ejectioni,-fractioni,-i,- i,-measurementi,-ofi,-thei,-volumei,-percentagei,-ofi,-

lefti,-ventriculari,-contentsi,-ejectedi,-withi,-eachi,-contraction

Whati,-causesi,-thei,-semilunari,-valvesi,-toi,-close?i,-i,- i,-ventriclesi,-relaxi,-

andi,-intraventriculari,-pressurei,-falls,i,-bloodi,-flowsi,-backi,-fromi,-thei,-

arteries,i,-andi,-filli,-thei,-cuspsi,-ofi,-thei,-semilunari,-valves

Whati,-causesi,-thei,-S2i,-hearti,-sound?i,-i,- i,-closingi,-ofi,-semilunari,-(aortici,-

andi,-pulmonary)i,-valves

Whati,-preventsi,-thei,-backflowi,-intoi,-thei,-ventriclesi,-i,- i,-semilunari,-

valves

Stenosisi,-ofi,-hearti,-valvei,-i,- i,-Ai,-narrowingi,-ofi,-thei,-valvei,-opening,i,-

causingi,-turbulenti,-flowi,-andi,-enlargementi,-ofi,-thei,-emptyingi,-chamber

Stenosisi,-ofi,-ai,-hearti,-valve,i,-mayi,-resulti,-ini,-what?i,-i,- i,-Narrowingi,-ofi,-

thei,-hearti,-valvesi,-meansi,-thati,-bloodi,-movesi,-withi,-difficultyi,-outi,-ofi,-thei,-

heart.i,-Resultsi,-mayi,-includei,-chesti,-pain,i,-edemai,-ini,-thei,-feeti,-ori,-ankles,i,-

andi,-irregulari,-heartbeat.i,-andi,-hypertrophy

hearti,-failurei,-i,- i,-cardiaci,-dysfunctioni,-causedi,-byi,-thei,-inabilityi,-ofi,-thei,-

hearti,-toi,-providei,-adequatei,-COi,-resultingi,-ini,-inadequatei,-tissuei,-

perfusion

Lefti,-sidedi,-hearti,-failurei,-characteristici,-i,- i,-inabilityi,-ofi,-thei,-lefti,-

ventriclei,-toi,-providei,-adequatei,-bloodi,-flowi,-intoi,-systemici,-circulation

Causesi,-ofi,-lefti,-sidedi,-hearti,-failurei,-i,- i,-systemici,-hypertensioni,-

lefti,-ventriclei,-MIi,-

LVi,-hypertrophyi,-

Aortici,-SLi,-valvei,-ori,-bicuspidi,-valvei,-damagei,-

Secondaryi,-toi,-righti,-hearti,-failure

Howi,-doesi,-LVi,-hypertrophyi,-leadi,-toi,-lefti,-sidedi,-hearti,-failurei,-i,- i,-Thei,-

hypertrophyi,-isi,-secondaryi,-toi,-cardiaci,-damagei,-resultingi,-ini,-ani,-

enlargedi,-byi,-weakeri,-structurei,-thati,-holdsi,-morei,-blood

Howi,-doesi,-Aortici,-SLi,-valvei,-ori,-bicuspidi,-valvei,-damagei,-leadi,-toi,-hearti,-

failurei,-i,- i,-damagei,-leadsi,-toi,-backi,-flowi,-intoi,-thei,-lefti,-atriumi,-ori,-

ventriclei,-afteri,-ejection

cori,-pulmonalei,-i,- i,-right-sidedi,-hearti,-failure

righti,-sidedi,-hearti,-failurei,-i,- i,-inabilityi,-ofi,-thei,-righti,-ventriclei,-toi,-

providei,-adequatei,-bloodi,-flowi,-intoi,-thei,-pulmonaryi,-circulation

Causesi,-ofi,-righti,-sidedi,-hearti,-failurei,-i,- i,--i,-pulmonaryi,-disease

• i,-pulmonaryi,-hypertensioni,-
• i,-RVi,-MIi,-
• i,-RVi,-Hypertrophyi,-
• i,-pulmonaryi,-SLVi,-ori,-tricuspidi,-valvei,-damagei,-
• i,-secondaryi,-toi,-lefti,-hearti,-failure

Whati,-isi,-thei,-mosti,-commoni,-causei,-ofi,-righti,-sidedi,-hearti,-failurei,-i,- i,-

pulmonaryi,-hypertension

Progressioni,-ofi,-righti,-sidedi,-hearti,-failurei,-i,- i,--i,-damagei,-causesi,-thei,-

righti,-ventriclei,-toi,-increasei,-contractioni,-forcei,-toi,-eject/unloadi,-thei,-

bloodi,-

• i,-overi,-timei,-EFi,-isi,-reducedi,-andi,-righti,-ventriclei,-usi,-unablei,-toi,-ejecti,-thei,-

normali,-amounti,-ofi,-blood

• i,-thei,-bloodi,-remainingi,-ini,-thei,-RVi,-increasesi,-andi,-RAi,-preloadi,-

increasesi,-untili,-thei,-RAi,-isi,-unablei,-toi,-ejecti,-thei,-normali,-amounti,-ofi,-

bloodi,-intoi,-thei,-RAi,-

• i,-thei,-amounti,-ofi,-bloodi,-remainingi,-ini,-thei,-righti,-atriumi,-increasesi,-

causingi,-ani,-increasei,-ini,-RAi,-preloadi,-

• i,-bloodi,-volumi,-enadi,-pressurei,-theni,-backsi,-upi,-intoi,-thei,-venai,-cavai,-

andi,-systemici,-veins

signsi,-andi,-symptomsi,-ofi,-righti,-sidedi,-hearti,-failurei,-i,- i,-jugulari,-veini,-

distensioni,-

hepatosplenomegalyi,-

peripherali,-edema

Whyi,-doesi,-hepatosplenomegalyi,-developi,-ini,-righti,-sidedi,-hearti,-

failurei,-i,- i,-thei,-largei,-volumei,-ofi,-bloodi,-flowi,-throughi,-thei,-liveri,-andi,-

spleeni,-causesi,-thesei,-areasi,-toi,-bei,-engorged

whyi,-doesi,-peripherali,-edemai,-occuri,-ini,-righti,-sidedi,-hearti,-failurei,-i,- i,-

Increasedi,-pressurei,-forcesi,-fluidi,-fromi,-thei,-systemici,-capillariesi,-intoi,-

thei,-peripherali,-tissuesi,-andi,-floodi,-thosei,-areas

slidingi,-filamenti,-theoryi,-i,- i,-theoryi,-thati,-actini,-filamentsi,-slidei,-

towardi,-eachi,-otheri,-duringi,-musclei,-contraction,i,-whilei,-thei,-myosini,-

filamentsi,-arei,-still

Hematopoiesisi,-i,- i,-formationi,-ofi,-bloodi,-cells

Wherei,-doesi,-bloodi,-celli,-formationi,-occuri,-ini,-ai,-fetusi,-i,- i,- 3 i,-weeksi,--i,-

yolk

weeki,- 8 i,--i,-fetali,-liveri,-andi,-spleeni,-

5thi,-monthi,--i,-bonei,-marrow

Bloodi,-celli,-formationi,-ini,-chidreni,- 0 - 5 i,-yearsi,-oldi,-i,- i,-redi,-marrowi,-ofi,-

alli,-bonesi,-toi,-makei,-bloodi,-cells

bloodi,-celli,-formationi,-ini,-adultsi,-overi,- 20 i,-i,- i,-redi,-marrowi,-ini,-largei,-

bones

• illium,i,-vertebrae,i,-cranium,i,-jaw,i,-sternum,i,-ribs,i,-humerus,i,-andi,-femur

Erythropietini,-i,- i,-Produce:i,-Kidneyi,-(smalli,-amounti,-ini,-liver)

Released:i,-Kidneyi,-

Target:i,-Bonei,-Marrowi,-

Functions:i,-Stimulatesi,-bonei,-marrowi,-toi,-producei,-morei,-redi,-bloodi,-

cells

hematopoietici,-stemi,-cellsi,-i,- i,-Thei,-stemi,-cellsi,-thati,-givei,-risei,-toi,-RBCi,-

WBCi,-andi,-plateletsi,-throughi,-thei,-processi,-ofi,-haematopoiesis.

Howi,-doesi,-ai,-hematopoietici,-stemi,-celli,-producei,-ai,-redi,-bloodi,-celli,-i,- i,-

hematopoietici,-stemi,-cellsi,-producesi,-ani,-unndifferentiatedi,-

hemocytoblasti,-

• i,-erythropoietini,-bindsi,-toi,-iti,-andi,-createsai,-ai,-proerythroblasti,-
• i,-celli,-developsi,-intoi,-ani,-erythrocytei,- 7 i,-daysi,-later

Erythrocytei,-functioni,-i,- i,-transporti,-oxygeni,-andi,-carboni,-dioxide

Erythrocytei,-lifei,-spani,-i,- i,- 120 i,-days

anemiai,-riski,-factorsi,-i,- i,-acutei,-ori,-chronici,-bloodi,-loss,i,-increasedi,-

hemolysis,i,-inadequatei,-dietaryi,-intakei,-ori,-malabsorption,i,-bonei,-

marrowi,-suppression,i,-age