Midterm Exam: NSG120/ NSG 120 (New 2024/ 2025 Update) Pathophysiology Exam Review, Exams of Nursing

Download Midterm Exam: NSG120/ NSG 120 (New 2024/ 2025 Update) Pathophysiology Exam Review and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Midterm Exam: NSG120/ NSG 120 (New 2024/ 2025 Update) Pathophysiology Exam Review with Questions and Verified Answers| All Units Covered| 100% Correct| A Grade– Herzing 2 Midterm Exam: NSG120/ NSG 120 (New 2024/ 2025 Update) Pathophysiology Exam Review with Questions and Verified Answers| All Units Covered| 100% Correct| A Grade– Herzing QUESTION Malnutrition Answer: disorder of nutrition caused by primary deprivation of protein-energy (seen in poverty or self- imposed starvation) or secondary to deficiency diseases (such as cancer or diabetes). QUESTION fat (lipid)-soluble vitamins Answer: A, D, E, K QUESTION water soluble vitamins Answer: B vitamins and vitamin C QUESTION Malabsorption Answer: group of disorders in which intestinal absorption of dietary nutrients is impaired. 5 Answer: - Elasticity in the lung tissue is reduced. - The costal cartilage between the ribs and the sternum calcifies, reducing rib movement. - Skeletal muscle (eg, intercostal muscles) atrophies and weakens. - Any skeletal change (e.g., rib shape) may reduce thoracic movement. QUESTION periodontal Answer: inflammation and infection in the tissue surrounding the teeth QUESTION Osteoporosis Answer: A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. loss of calcium and bone mass due to aging. Deposition of new bone is reduced, leading to decreased bone mass and density. QUESTION causes of osteoporosis Answer: - Hereditary predisposition - Decreased estrogen levels - Decreased weight-bearing activity or stress on bone (sedentary or inactive lifestyle or immobility) - Decreased intake of calcium, vitamins C and D, at all ages, including childhood - Decreased intestinal absorption of calcium - Decreased osteoblastic activity, which is an increased risk with glucocorticoid/cortisol use 6 QUESTION Obtaining a medical history Answer: First step in establishing a diagnosis QUESTION (complete blood count) Answer: evaluation of cellular components of the blood. QUESTION red blood cells, RBC indices, white blood cells, WBC differential, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count. Answer: 7 types of CBC QUESTION electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) Answer: is a record of electrical activity of the myocardium used to diagnosis ischemia, arrhythmias, conduction difficulties, and activity of cardiac medications QUESTION Fluoroscopy Answer: 7 Real-time imaging process that provides continuous visualization of the area undergoing radiography QUESTION computed tomography (CT) Answer: Radiography technique using a scanner system that provides images of the internal structure of tissue and organs QUESTION magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Answer: Uses a magnetic field instead of radiation to visualize internal tissues QUESTION Radiographs Answer: Visualization of internal organs and structures by electromagnetic radiation QUESTION Immunocompetent Answer: When the immune system reacts appropriately to an antigen and homeostasis is maintained, a person is QUESTION 10 1st and 2nd line of defense 1st line Non- specific or non-selective about what it blocks from entering your body (skin, external defense, hair, oil, sweat) 2nd line of defense: white blood cells (granulocytes, monocytes, protective enzymes and chemicals) QUESTION Adaptive immune response Answer: Arrives after the innate system More specific form of protection Act specifically, destructively, and with memory for every individual antigen it has encountered. QUESTION The innate immune system Answer: is the body's first line of defense against germs entering the body. It responds in the same way to all germs and foreign substances, which is why it is sometimes referred to as the "nonspecific" immune system QUESTION This line of defense includes naturally acquired active immunity, naturally acquired passive immunity, artificially acquired active immunity and artificially acquired passive immunity Answer: 3rd line of defense QUESTION Active immunity 11 Answer: A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease- causing antigens. QUESTION Passive immunity Answer: An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk QUESTION natural active Answer: Pathogens enter body and cause illness; antibodies form in host EX: Person has chickenpox once QUESTION Artificial active Answer: Vaccine (live or attenuated organisms) is injected into person; no illness results, but antibodies form EX: Person has measles vaccine and gains immunity QUESTION Natural passive Answer: 12 a baby receives antibodies from its mother through the placenta and breast milk EX: Placental passage during pregnancy or ingestion of breast milk QUESTION Artificial passive Answer: Antibodies injected into person (antiserum) to provide temporary protection or minimize severity of infection EX: Gammaglobulin if recent exposure to microbe QUESTION primary response Answer: occurs when a person is first exposed to an antigen. During exposure, the antigen is recognized and processed, and subsequent development of antibodies or sensitized T lymphocytes is initiated. This process usually takes 1 to 2 weeks and can be monitored by testing serum antibody titer. Following the initial rise in seroconversion the level of antibody falls. QUESTION secondary response Answer: results when a repeat exposure to the same antigen occurs. This response is much more rapid and results in higher antibody levels than the primary response. Even years later, the memory cells quickly stimulate production of large numbers of the matching antibodies or T cells. QUESTION HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) SYMPTOMS 15 QUESTION Open Trauma Answer: May involve only the skin surface or it may extend to the soft tissue and structures far below the skin QUESTION 3 Lines of Defense Answer: 1. (nonspecific) Mechanical Barriers & body secretions that secrete enzymes or chemicals to inactivate or destroy potentially damaging material. 2. (nonspecific) Phagocytosis (cell eating), Inflammation (limits the effect of injury) , & Interferons (protect uninfected cells against viruses). 3. (Specific) The Immune Response - specific response based on memory. QUESTION neutrophils Answer: - White Blood Cells (First Responders) - Most numerous type of WBC and first to arrive at infection site - increase in them is called leukocytes QUESTION phagocytosis Answer: WBC (monocytes-macrophages) surround and consume foreign material in a 16 process called QUESTION Macrophages Answer: The (big-eaters) that arrive to clean up the dead neutrophils and tissue debris QUESTION Stages of acute inflammatory response Answer: 1. vascular permeability: dilation of blood vessels 2. cellular chemotaxis: pathway for WBCs to cross over into the tissue where the injury has occurred 3. systemic responses: Fever (pyrexia), pain, malaise, weight loss, lymphadenopathy etc. QUESTION Systemic effects of inflammation Answer: fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy QUESTION Cardinal signs of inflammation Answer: redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function 17 QUESTION rest, ice, compression, elevation Answer: RICE method QUESTION Nosocomial Answer: a patient infection caused by microorganisms inherent to the health care facility environment (ex. hospital acquired infections; not present on admission; often antibiotic resistant bacteria) QUESTION opportunistic Answer: caused by a microorganism that flourishes because of a host's deficient immune system (ex. Weakened immune; opportunity; normally harmless microorganisms that would not affect a person) QUESTION Reservoir Answer: home of the infectious agent; host, water, trees, etc QUESTION Vector Answer: when an insect or animal serves as an intermediary host in a dx such as malaria 20 Answer: the period between exposure to an infection and the appearance of the first symptoms QUESTION prodromal period Answer: short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms QUESTION acute period Answer: infectious disease develops fully QUESTION Local signs of infection Answer: pain, swelling, redness, warmth and Lymphadenopathy typically occurs and is manifested by swollen and tender lymph nodes. QUESTION Exudate Answer: refers to a collection of interstitial fluid formed in the inflamed area. The characteristics of the exudate vary with the cause of the trauma: 21 QUESTION Serous Answer: watery exudates consist primarily of fluid with small amounts of protein and white blood cells. Common examples of serous exudates occur with allergic reactions or burns. QUESTION Fibrinous Answer: exudates are thick and sticky and have a high cell and fibrin content. This type of exudate increases the risk of scar tissue in the area. QUESTION Purulent Answer: (Referred to as pus) exudates are thick, yellow-green in color, and contain more leukocytes and cell debris as well as microorganisms. QUESTION abscess Answer: localized pocket of purulent exudate or pus in a solid tissue (e.g., around a tooth or in the brain) QUESTION Bactericidal Answer: kill microbes directly 22 QUESTION bacteriostatic Answer: inhibits bacterial growth QUESTION Epidermis Answer: (outer layer) thin, cellular, multilayered membrane responsible for production of keratin and melanin QUESTION Dermis Answer: middle layer of skin, dense, fibrous layer of connective tissue that gives skin its strength and elasticity. Contains blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. QUESTION Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) Answer: This is a layer of thick fat located under the dermis of the skin, helps to insulate the body. QUESTION Common presenting symptoms that need attention from health care professionals include: 25 QUESTION Malignant melanoma Answer: Most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised. QUESTION Rosacea Answer: Chronic skin disorder of the face with red inflamed areas appearing mostly on the nose and cheeks QUESTION Scleroderma Answer: may occur as a skin disorder, or it may be systemic, affecting the viscera. The primary cause is not known, but increased collagen deposition is observed in all cases. QUESTION Psoriasis Answer: chronic skin condition marked by thick, flaky, red patches of various sizes, covered with characteristic white, silvery scales QUESTION Contact dermatitis 26 Answer: An inflammation of the skin caused by having contact with certain chemicals or substances; many of these substances are used in cosmetology. QUESTION Seborrheic Dermatitis Answer: one of the most common skin disorders, is an inflammatory condition of the sebaceous, or oil, glands. QUESTION Urticaria (Hives) Answer: results from a type I hypersensitivity reaction, commonly caused by ingested substances such as shellfish or certain fruits or drugs. QUESTION Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Answer: Atopic refers to an inherited tendency toward allergic conditions. Frequently the family history includes individuals with eczema, allergic rhinitis or hay fever, and asthma, indicating a genetic component. QUESTION Scabies & Pediculosis Answer: - Caused by human itch mite, Sarcoptes Scabie 27 - Most common parasitic insect to infest humans = Lice are wingless parasites with sucking mouths to feed on human blood & prefer to lay eggs on body hair QUESTION Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Answer: - Acute inflammatory dermatomal eruption of extremely painful vesicles - Vesicular rash occurs in a bandlike pattern along the course of the peripheral nerves or dermatomes (upper back). Ends & stops at spine. -Pain begins 2-3 days before the appearance of lesions. Skin that overlies affected dermatomes becomes reddened & blistered. - Duration of disease, from onset to recovery, is usually 10 days to 5 weeks. - Usually patients 55 yrs or older. - Patients with history of chicken pox & now lays dormant QUESTION paronychia Answer: - Infection of the skin around the nails - Bacterial or fungal infection is the most common cause of nail disease Commonly caused by Candida (yeast) fungal infection or staph infection QUESTION Tinea Corporis (Ringworm) Answer: - Contagious fungus infection - Skin lesions are round, ringed, and scaled with vesicles QUESTION Cellulitis 30 Possibly an autoimmune condition, produces pale irregular patches of skin, often evenly located on one side of the body The patches may enlarge, shrink, or stay the same size. Can occur on any area of the body and affects all races. (Can be stress related) QUESTION Alopecia Answer: the loss or absence of hair, especially on the scalp. Can be temporary or permanent. QUESTION Paronychia Answer: - Infection of the skin around the nails - Bacterial or fungal infections are most commonly the cause of nail disease QUESTION Hyperopia Answer: farsightedness; eyeball is too short QUESTION Myopia Answer: nearsightedness; lack of foresight QUESTION Astigmatism 31 Answer: irregular focusing of the light rays entering the eye. It usually is caused by the cornea not being spherical. QUESTION Presbyopia Answer: the inability of the internal lens of the eye to focus on near objects due to loss of elasticity of the lens. Impaired vision as a result of aging QUESTION Glaucoma Answer: a group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure QUESTION Macular degeneration Answer: loss of central vision, common in older people QUESTION Cataracts Answer: clouding of the lens 32 Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: QUESTION Diabetic Retinopathy damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes QUESTION Ménière's Syndrome chronic disease of one inner ear characterized by vertigo, tinnitus, and periodic hearing loss QUESTION Otitis media inflammation of the middle ear QUESTION Otitis Externa inflammation of the outer ear, called swimmers ear QUESTION Labyrinthitis inflammation of the labyrinth of the inner ear 35 Acute encephalopathy Answer: Toxic effects of cirrhosis on the central nervous system QUESTION Alcoholic liver disease Answer: Disorder in which there is progressive destruction of liver tissue leading eventually to liver failure QUESTION acute pancreatitis Answer: In acute _, all oral intake is stopped, and bowel distention is relieved to reduce pancreatic stimulation QUESTION Peptic ulcer Answer: open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, or can be gastric ulcer, most caused by H. pylori infection Complications: hemorrhage, perforation, obstruction QUESTION Diverticulitis 36 Answer: inflammation of the diverticula, It is a common problem in the Western world, primarily affecting older individuals. Treatment: Increase fiber, increase exercise, increase water intake QUESTION Gallbladder Disorders Answer: cholelithiasis: formation of stones in gallbladder cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder and cystic duct cholangitis: inflammation related to infection of bile ducts choledocholithiasis: Pertains to obstruction by gallstones of the biliary tract QUESTION Diagnostic Tests for renal function Answer: Glomerular Filtration Rate: Best overall indicator of kidney function, filters blood, other tests include ; BUN + serum creatinine, Blood tests and urinalysis QUESTION Prerenal dysfunction Answer: caused by decreased blood flow and perfusion to the kidney QUESTION Intrarenal dysfunction Answer: Any condition that directly harms the kidney (damage to structure within the kidney) 37 QUESTION Postrenal dysfunction Answer: related to obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys QUESTION Chronic Renal Failure Answer: Causes/Risk Factors: Diabetes & Hypertension (two most common), glomerulonephritis Labs: Elevated BUN + serum creatinine,(presence of both may indicate renal failure) and potassium QUESTION Esophageal Varices Answer: Result from increased pressure within the veins when venous return to the liver is impeded. QUESTION Thrush Answer: common fungal infection that occurs in individuals who have received broad-spectrum antibiotics, cancer chemotherapy, or glucocorticoids QUESTION urethritis 40 Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: QUESTION Cellular Adaptation Occurs to maintain homeostasis. caused by stressors placed on cells QUESTION Atrophy decrease in cell size QUESTION Hypertrophy increase in cell size QUESTION Hyperplasia increase in number of cells QUESTION Metaplasia abnormal change in the nature of a tissue 41 QUESTION Dysplasia Answer: abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs