Midterm Exam Review: Advanced Pathophysiology, Exams of Nursing

Download Midterm Exam Review: Advanced Pathophysiology and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NR507- Midterm Advanced Patho- cardiac, pulmonary, hematology, renal- questions with ANSWERS Hematopoiesis - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ blood cell formationFetus- liver and spleenAdult- bone marrow Anemia - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ A condition in which the blood is deficient in redblood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume. Erythropoiesis - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ formation of red blood cellsIn kidney in response to hypoxia macrocytic normochromic anemia - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Large RBC's, normal hemoglobinFolic acid or Vitamin B12 deficiency microcytic hypochromic anemia - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ small, abnormally shaped erythrocytes that are not able to carry normal hemoglobinThalassemia- mediterranean normocytic normochromic anemia - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Characterized by red cells that are relatively normal in size and normal hemoglobinAplastic, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, sickle cell iron deficiency anemia - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cellsAffects children, poverty, child bearing age Erythrocytes - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ red blood cellsMost abundant cell in the bodyResponsible for tissue oxygenationMitotic division- 100-120 days sickle cell anemia - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ A genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape (Hb-s) Thalassemia - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background. pernicious anemia - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream hemolytic anemia - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red bloodcells by the spleenPancytopenia- reduction in all 3 types of blood cells (RBC, WBC, Plt) Erythropoietin (EPO) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Hormone secreted by the kidney tostimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrowIn response to hypoxiaIn the fetus the liver produces this Hemoglobin - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells4 molecules of O2Made of polypeptide, heme, iron anemia due to gastrectomy - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Iron def anemia is major cause after this Determined by: preload/ afterload/ contractility cor pulmonale - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease. can be caused by long term pulmonary hypertension Causes of heart failure - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ "MI, afib, infection, shock/trauma, thyroid disease, PE, excess salt, medication noncompliance, beta blockers, NSAIDs"Over time, reduces contractility right sided heart failure - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ 1. Jungular Vein Distention 2. Ascending Dependent Edema3. Weight Gain 4. Hepatomegaly (Liver Enlargement) Left sided heart failure symptoms - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ -Left = lungs (and heart)-Crackles, increased HR, SOB, palpitations, dizzy, lightheaded, confused, restless, cough, dyspnea Hypertension - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure, increases in cardiac output or total peripheral resistance or both. CO is increased by any condition that increases HR or SV, whereas peripheral resistance is increased by any factor that increases blood viscosity or reduces vessel diameter (vasoconstriction) primary hypertension - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Essential or idiopathic hypertensionGenetic and environmental factorsAffects 92% to 95% of individuals with hypertension secondary hypertension - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease. Example (renal artery stenosis, kidney atrophy, increase in plasma renin) calcium binding - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Binding of calcium to subunit of troponin Induces conformation change in troponinTroponin-tropomyosin complex movedMyosin binding sites of actin exposed Troponin - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium. Integral to muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle Cardiac Output (CO) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minuteCO= HRx SV factors that affect cardiac output - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ preloadafter-loadheart ratemyocardial contractility Ejection Fraction (EF) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ calculation of how much blood a ventricle can eject with one contractionSV / EDV55-70% of ventricular blood ejected/ systole cardiac contractility (inotropic) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Force generated at any given end diastolic volumeIncreased:sympathetic stimulation (anxiety, increased thyroxine) Decreased:low ATP levels (inschemia, hypoxia, acidosis) preload (venous return) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole Increased: CHF, hypervolemiaDecreased: cardiac tamponade, hypovolemia AFTERLOAD (arteries) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ resistance to left ventricular ejection (systole) Increased: COPD, hypertension, valve dx (all r/t pulm htn) Decreased: hypotension, vasodilation (shock) Laplace's Law - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Wall tension = (pressure x radius)/ (2 x wall thickness) heart must work harder- increased tension Systole (OUT) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ ventricular contraction that ejects blood out of the ventricules to the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Diastole (IN) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Relaxation period when blood fills the relaxed ventricles AV valves - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ tricuspid- right side/ pulmonarybicuspid- left side/ aortic side glomerulus - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman'scapsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. Bownman's capsule - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ cup shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus mesangial cells - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ control blood pressure and filtration within glomerulus. they also have phagocytic properties similar to monocytes and release inflammatory cytokines and growth factor. renal corpuscle - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ glomerulus and bowman's capsule glomerular - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ filtration proximal convoluted tubule - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ reabsorption65% of salt and water and most organic substances are reabsorbed in the PCTRemainder absorbed throughout tubule system- ADH and aldosterone influence amounts antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ promotes retention of waterby kidneys Aldosterone - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water Loop of Henle - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ The part of a kidney tubule that forms a long loop in the medulla of the kidney, from which water and salts are resorbed into the blood. distal convoluted tubule - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ reabsorption and secretion collecting duct - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ reabsorption of water/ secretion Formation of urine steps - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ 1. glomerular filtration2. tubular reabsorption3. tubular secretion function of kidneys - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Filter blood and produce urinemaintain homeostasisPHBPWaste (urea) glomerular filtration - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ the movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into bowman's space nephron damage - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ 1 thing that causes an increase in creatinine. number of nephrons decrease with age. Change in renal vasculature causing shunt between efferent and afferent arterioles. specific gravity in elderly tends to be low. renal failure - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ loss of kidney function resulting in its inability to remove waste products from the body and maintain electrolyte balanceElevated blood urea and creatinine levels homeostasis in kidneys - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ remove waste from blood, leave nutrients alone, maintaining the acid-base, regulating water and electrolyte balance renal calculi - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ calcium stones that lodge in the renal pelvisor pass through the ureterssupersaturation of one or more salts in the urine Struvite stones - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Ammonium magnesium phosphate Uric acid stones - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ patients who excrete uric acid in the urine (gouty arthritis) Treatment of renal calculi - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ -treat pain, eradicate infectionif necessary-Surgery, ultrasound destruction BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Age-associated prostate gland enlargement that can cause urination difficulty.non-cancerous BPH treatment - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ -Alpha blockers [relax bladder neck muscles in the prostate making urination easier]; alfuzosin (Uroxatral), doxazosin (Cardura), tamsulosin (Flomax), and silodosin (Rapaflo), -5-alpha reductase inhibitors [shrink your prostate by preventing hormonal changes that cause prostate growth]; finasteride (Proscar), dutasteride (Avodart) prerenal causes - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Severe decrease in perfusion to the kidneysCaused by:hypovolemiatrauman/v/dshockmassive PErenal artery/ vein occlusion Intrarenal causes (intrinsic) - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Systemic disease or drug toxicityDICtumor growth