Module 1 Test Pathophysiology - Chapter 1-6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve Questions, Exams of Nursing

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6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

When a staff member asks the nurse what the cell nucleus does, how should the nurse respond? A primary function of the cell nucleus is: - correct answers regulation of cell division. A nurse is correct when stating that the nuclear structure that contains most of the cellular DNA is called the: - correct answers nucleolus A nurse recalls RNA is used to direct: - correct answers protein synthesis A patient has researched ribosomes on the internet. Which information indicates the patient has a good understanding? The chief function of ribosomes is to provide sites for: - correct answers protein synthesis A geneticist is teaching a class over DNA. Which information should be included? DNA contains: - correct answers the genetic code for all parts of the body. A nurse recalls adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are: - correct answers nitrogenous bases. A nurse remembers the triplet of base pairs necessary to code for a specific amino acid is called a: - correct answers codon. Which information by the nurse indicates a good understanding of the base components of RNA? The base components of RNA are: - correct answers A, G, C, and U. When the clinician is discussing the DNA helix, which information should be included? In the DNA helix, guanine pairs with: - correct answers cytosine. The clinician corretly refers to the process by which RNA is formed from DNA for protein synthesis as: - correct answers transcription.

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

Prior to translation, which of the following steps must occur? - correct answers DNA unzipping and complimentary base pairing (mRNA must be formed before it can be translated) A nurse recalls mutations can result in abnormal: - correct answers DNA, RNA, and proteins. Which of the following statements by a clinician about mutations is correct? - correct answers Mutations are alterations in normal DNA sequence. When a staff member asks a nurse what a karyotype is, how should the nurse respond? A karyotype is: - correct answers an ordered photographic display of a set of chromosomes from a single cell Which of the following types of genetic disorders is the most common cause of miscarriage? - correct answers Chromosomal A nurse is correct in saying that a somatic cell that contains a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called: - correct answers an euploid cell. When a nurse is discussing trisomy, which information should be included? Trisomy is a form of: - correct answers aneuploidy. Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome all manifest with which of the following problems? A. Severe mental retardation B. Congenital heart defects C. Sterility D. None of the above - correct answers D. None of the above

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

Which is a characteristic of a eukaryote cell? They: - correct answers a. are smaller than prokaryotes. b. contain organelles c. lack a nucleus d. are deficient in histones The function of the histone in a eukaryotic cell is best described as: - correct answers a. cell division b. cell movement. c. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation. d. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) supercoiling. The outer membrane of the eukaryotic cell is also referred to as the: - correct answers a. nucleolus. b. plasmalemma c. cytoplasm. d. cytosol. In which structure of the cell does oxidative phosphorylation occur? - correct answers a. Golgi complex b. Mitochondria c. Endoplasmic reticulum d. Nucleolus The nature of an amphipathic lipid molecule is best described as: - correct answers a. hydrophobic. b. hydrophilic. c. both hydrophobic and hydrophilic d. nonpolar. Which is a characteristic of a "cellular receptor"? It: - correct answers a. is found only in the nucleus

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

b. can bind with only large molecules. c. delivers protein to the cell's surface. d. can bind with molecules called ligands. Which is correct with regard to cellular energy? - correct answers a. Glycolysis is the building of sugar molecules b. Oxidative cellular metabolism is a single reaction making ATP. c. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. d. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen. The term "diffusion" is best described as: - correct answers a. movement of a solute molecule from high to low concentration. b. movement of water down a concentration gradient. c. transference of both water and a solute down a concentration gradient. d. mechanical pressure of water pushing against the cellular membrane. The appropriate term for an "energy-releasing process" is: - correct answers a. anabolism b. catabolism c. substrate. d. second messenger Which phase represents the period in which RNA and protein synthesis occurs? - correct answers a. G phase b. G2 phase c. M phase d. S phase

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

A nurse is teaching about the basic nutrients required for cellular metabolic processes. Which information indicates successful teaching? Select all that apply. - correct answers Fats Carbohydrates Proteins A nurse is describing the DNA subunit composed of one deoxyribose molecule, one phosphate group, and one base. Which subject is the nurse explaining? - correct answers Nucleotide A nurse is caring for a client with an X-linked recessive disease. The nurse is caring for which client? - correct answers Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Differentiation maturation - correct answers Cells become specialized through this process They each form a specific cellular function. Prokaryotes - correct answers Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), bacteria, and rickettsiae no organelles lacks a distinct nucleus No nuclear membrane. Histone - correct answers DNA binding protein Eukaryotes - correct answers Animal, plants, and human cells

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

Larger Contain organelles (includes well-defined nucleus) 3 components: Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles. Cytoplasm - correct answers gel-like fluid inside the cell autodigestion - correct answers lysosomes digest the resultant debris of cell death these lysosomes are called autolysosomes or authophagosomes. Golgi apparatus - correct answers smooth membranes and vesicles near nucleus Process and package protein into secretory vesicles-migrate intra/extracellular destination. including plasma membrane. Endoplasmic reticulum - correct answers Tubular channels extend through outer nucleus Synthesize and transport protein and lipid to most organelles Protein folding and sensing stress Passive transprt - correct answers water and small electrically uncharge molecules move easily through pores in the plasma membrane lipid bilayer Naturally through semipermeable by osmotic pressure and diffusion.

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

Reactions require coenzymes Occurs in the mitochondria Ribosomes - correct answers RNA protein synthesize in nucleus Protein synthesize. Lysosome - correct answers Contain digestive enzymes (digest cellular fx to amino acid, fatty acids, and carbs)

40 enzymes Nutrient-dependent signal transduction sac-like originates golgi complex intracellular digestive system Mithochondria - correct answers Respiration takes place and energy is produced. Cellular fx: Movement - correct answers muscle cells generate force that produces motion cellular fx: conductivity - correct answers transmit response to stimuli through a wave of electrical impulse Nerve cells. cellular fx: metabolic absorption - correct answers intestines and kidneys

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

take up nutrients and other substances cellular fx: secreation - correct answers mucus synthesize substances and secreate new substance adrenal glands, testis, and ovaries cellular fx: excretion - correct answers rid themself of waste products resulting from metabolic breakdown of nutrients cellular fx: respiration - correct answers occur w/in cells mitochondria cellular fx: reproduction - correct answers all divide not all cells can reproduce itself. ex tissue growth cellular fx: communication - correct answers must communicate w/ each other to stay alive ex. insulin regulation blood glucose lvl.i in the body. Atrophy - correct answers Decreased size of cell. Hypertrophy - correct answers Increased size of cell. Hyperplasia - correct answers Increased number of cells. Anaplasia - correct answers Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures.

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

In which of the following disorders does liquefactive necrosis occur? - correct answers Following a stroke Which of the following tissues enlarge by hypertrophy after birth?

1. skeletal muscle
2. bone
3. urinary bladder
4. brain - correct answers 1 & 2 Which of the following structures are found in human cells but not bacterial cells:
5. Cell membrane
6. robosomes
7. mitochondria
8. nucleus
9. cell wall - correct answers 3, Bacterial cells do not have a _______. - correct answers Nucleus Programmed cell death is referred to as: - correct answers Apoptosis Cellular death: Necrosis - correct answers Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure Occurs after severe and sudden injury Coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, gangrenous, and gas gangrene Aneuploid cells - correct answers Do not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

ex down syndrome results of a nondisjuction error, an error in which homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate normally during meiosis or mitosis DNA replication - correct answers specify amino acid sequence must be able to replicate itself accurately during cell division if it is to serve as the basic genetic material complementary base paring is key to accurate replication. DNA - correct answers carry genetic information of all living organism genes composed of sequences of DNA double helix structure 4 nitrogenous base Adenine-thymine guanine-cytosine Apoptosis - correct answers regulated cell process characterized by the "dropping off" of apoptotic bodies or cellular fragments metaplasia - correct answers reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type Though to develop from a reprograming of stem cells

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

Action potential move along the cell plasma membrane and is transmitted to the adjacent cell. Translation - correct answers RNA directs synthesis of a polypeptide Pinocytosis - correct answers cellular ingestion of extracellular fluid and content by invagination of the cell membrane, then pinched off, forming a small vesicle. endocytosis - correct answers section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the cell, invaginate and separates from the plasma membrane forming a vesicle that moves into the inside of the cell. Nucleus function - correct answers primary fx cell division and control of genetic information replication and repair of DNA transcription of information stored in the DNA DNA polymerase - correct answers primary enzyme in replication Travels along a single strand, adding the correct nucleotides to the free end of the new strand. epigenetic mod: Histone modification - correct answers adding of various chemical group including methylation and acetylation epigenetic mod: DNA methylation - correct answers attachment of a methyl group to a cystone epigenetic mod: miRNAs or miRs - correct answers short nucleotides derived from introns of protein coding genes or transcribed as independent genes Autosomal recessive inheritance - correct answers Rare

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

most common CF Which of the following is TRUE regarding a eukaryotic cell? They: A. are smaller than prokaryotes B. contain organelles C. lack a nucleus D. are deficient in histones - correct answers B. contain organelles Feedback: A eukaryotic cell has a well-defined nucleus, as well as a set of membrane-bound intracellular compartments called organelles, and contains histones and DNA. Eukaryotes are larger and contain a more extensive intracellular anatomy than prokaryotes. The function of the histone in a eukaryotic cell is best described as: A. cell division B. cell movement C. ATP formation D. DNA supercoiling - correct answers D. DNA super coiling Feedback: The histones are the DNA-binding proteins and cause the folding of DNA into chromosomes called supercoiling. Histone function does not involve cell division, movement, or ATP formation. The outer membrane of the eukaryotic cell is also referred to as the: A. nucleolus B. plasmalemma C. cytoplasm D. cytosol - correct answers B. plasmalemma Feedback: The outer membrane can be called the plasmalemma or the plasma membrane. Cytosol is a component of the cytoplasm, which is one of the three components of a typical eukaryotic cell.

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

Feedback: Diffusion is the movement of solute from an area of high to low concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water down a concentration gradient. Filtration is the movement of water and solute through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure on one side of the membrane than the other. Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against a cell membrane. A discussion regarding a solution would include mention that: A. a hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration (more dilute) than body solution. B. a hypertonic solution has a lower solute concentration (more dilute) than body solution. C. osmolality is a measure of the concentration of molecules per volume of solution. D. osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of molecules per weight in a water solution. - correct answers A. a hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration (more dilute) than body solution. Feedback: A hypotonic solution does have a lower solute concentration than a body solution. A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than body solution. Osmolality is a measure of the concentration of molecules per weight of water, whereas osmolarity is a measure of concentration per volume of solution. The appropriate term for an "energy-releasing process" is: A. anabolism. B. catabolism. C. substrate. D. second messenger. - correct answers B. catabolism Feedback: Catabolism is an energy-releasing process. The energy-using process is anabolism. A substrate is a specific substance that is converted to a product in the reaction. A second messenger is a "pass-it-on signal." This occurs when a first messenger activates a receptor that then triggers a pass-it-on signal. The simultaneous movement of two molecules in one direction is best described as: A. symport B. antiport C. uniport

6, Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Evolve

Questions

D. passive transport - correct answers A. symport Feedback: Symport describes two molecules moving simultaneously in one direction. When two molecules move in opposite directions, it is called antiport. Uniport is when a single molecule moves in one direction. Passive transport moves water and small electrically uncharged molecules through pores in the plasma membrane's lipid bilayer. Plasma proteins exert a force called: A. filtration pressure. B. hydrostatic pressure. C. oncotic pressure. D. hyperbaric pressure. - correct answers C. oncotic pressure Feedback: Oncotic pressure is the pressure exerted by colloids such as plasma proteins. Filtration is the force that causes movement of water and solutes through the membrane and is independent of plasma proteins. Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. Hyperbaric pressure pertains to solutions that are more dense than the medium to which they are added. The process by which cells "drink" is referred to as: A. pinocytosis. B. phagocytosis. C. exocytosis. D. potocytosis. - correct answers A. pinocytosis Feedback: Pinocytosis, also called cell drinking, occurs when the cell ingests fluids and solute molecules through formation of small vesicles. Phagocytosis, also called cell eating, is the ingestion of large particles through formation of large vesicles. Exocytosis is a mechanism of cellular secretion, whereas potocytosis is the cellular uptake through the opening and closing of caveolae. The time period of the cell cycle during which RNA and protein synthesis occur is referred to as the: A. G1 phase. B. G2 phase.