Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Molecular Biology Concepts and Techniques, Exams of Nursing

A wide range of topics in molecular biology, including gene expression, dna sequencing, pcr techniques, chromosomal abnormalities, and various detection methods for different viruses and diseases. It provides detailed explanations and answers to multiple-choice questions on these subjects. The document could be useful for students studying molecular biology, genetics, or related fields, as it covers fundamental concepts and practical applications of various molecular biology techniques. The information presented could be helpful for preparing for exams, completing assignments, or gaining a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 09/24/2024

Nursingexamhelp
Nursingexamhelp 🇺🇸

2

(2)

522 documents

1 / 102

Toggle sidebar

Partial preview of the text

Download Molecular Biology Concepts and Techniques and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! (MB) ASCP Exam Latest Question Bank UPDATED Verified Exam Sets Actual Exam Questions Included (MB) ASCP Exam Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide? Phosphate group Anti-codon Ribose sugar Nitrogen base - correct answers ✅Anti-codon According to Chargaff's rule of base pairing, adenine pairs with: - correct answers ✅Thymine What genes would be screened in a breast cancer panel? - correct answers ✅HER2, ERBB2, BRCA1 3'-CTG 5'-GTC - correct answers ✅3'-GAC A patient with impaired judgment, personality changes, signs of abnormal body movements and depression comes to the physician's office for a follow-up visit. The physician suspects a single-gene disorder may be the cause of those clinical manifestations. A blood specimen was then sent to your clinical laboratory for mutation screening in the Huntington gene. Testing with standard PCR indicates that patient has Huntington Disease, HD. Which of the following would be consistent with this diagnosis? 25 CAG repeats in the Huntington gene 85 CAG repeats in the Huntington gene 25 CGA repeats in the Huntington gene 85 CGA repeats in the Huntington gene - correct answers ✅85 CAG repeats in the Huntington gene Which two HPV types are responsible for most cases of cervical cancer? 16 and 18 31 and 59 16 and 58 44 and 59 - correct answers ✅16 and 18 Replication forks, known as origins of DNA replication, are created by this enzyme: Ligase Taq Polymerase Primase Helicase - correct answers ✅Helicase Mutation in what gene is associated with Fragile X syndrome? - correct answers ✅FMR1 Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is caused by what translocation? - correct answers ✅t(11;14) This polymerase is involved in "initiation of DNA replication and has primase activity": - correct answers ✅Pol α Its discovery shed light on why there is simultaneous, though not continuous, synthesis of DNA on both leading and lagging strands of DNA: Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase Okazaki fragments Sanger fragments RNA fragments - correct answers ✅Okazaki fragments What gene is measured following treatment with imatinib (Gleevec)? FLT3 BCR/Abl Jak2 MAPK - correct answers ✅BCR/Abl What is the rate of mammalian DNA replication? 500 nucleotides per second 100 nucleotides per second 50 nucleotides per second 10 nucleotides per second - correct answers ✅50 nucleotides per second Remove formamide from the wash solution buffer - correct answers ✅Increase the concentration of salt in the wash solution buffer What enzyme is involved in LCR? - correct answers ✅DNA Ligase Next Generation Sequencing set-up require: Library preparation and extensive bioinformatics analysis BAC clones Use of translation factors Hybridization - correct answers ✅Library preparation and extensive bioinformatics analysis Which of the subunits of RNA polymerase holoenzyme is responsible for promoter recognition? Beta subunit Sigma subunit Gamma subunit Delta subunit - correct answers ✅Sigma subunit While at the doctor's office with your father, you overheard his physician tell another physician that test results came in, confirming the presence of the Factor V Leiden mutation, a mutation associated with deep venous thrombosis. Which of the following is the mutation your father has: A1691G G1619A 1691G>A C282Y - correct answers ✅1691G>A Consider the probe sequence, CTACCGTAATATTCGACCGT, to be used in a hybridization procedure. What is the melting temperature, Tm, of the sequence? 60°C 58°C 64°C 62°C - correct answers ✅58°C This polymerase acts on DNA and produces Ribosomal RNA: RNA Pol I DNA Pol I RNA Pol II DNA Pol II - correct answers ✅RNA Pol I Sickle cell disease is an autosomal genetic disease due to a point mutation in the beta-globin gene, where glutamic acid is substituted for valine at the sixth codon of the gene, resulting in a faulty hemoglobin S (Hb S). Sickle cell disease is one of many genetic diseases where a single gene controls the expression of many phenotypic traits. The phenomenon where a single gene controls the expression of many phenotypic traits is best referred to as: - correct answers ✅Pleiotrophy What assay amplifies the target using a combination of a three-enzyme system? Branched DNA TMA PCR NASBA PCR NASBA LCR Qβ replicase - correct answers ✅Qβ replicase This restriction enzyme "digests and adds a methyl group from Adenine": Type I Type II Type III DNase I - correct answers ✅Type III What increases the half-life of mRNA? 5' Methyl Cap 3' Methyl Cap Poly-A tail 5' Methionine Cap - correct answers ✅5' Methyl Cap A parent has an autosomal dominant disorder. What percent chance does this parent have to pass down this affected gene to his/her child? 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% - correct answers ✅50% The phrase "central dogma of molecular biology" refers to the flow of genetic data in this manner: DNA --> RNA --> Proteins DNA -->Proteins --> Genes RNA --> DNA --> Proteins RNA --> Proteins --> DNA - correct answers ✅DNA --> RNA --> Proteins What drug is NOT metabolized by CYP2D6? Codeine Omeprazole Warfarin Escitalopram - correct answers ✅Warfarin You have sequenced a gene and observe the following: Reference: atgctggcacgacaggtttcccgactgg Sequenced: atgCctggcacgacaggtttcccgactgg The mutation observed is a: Frame-shift mutation Insertion Silent mutation Non-conservative mutation - correct answers ✅Frame-shift mutation A parent has an autosomal recessive disorder. What percent chance does this parent have to pass down this affected gene to his/her child? 0% 25% Between which phosphate groups is the linkage between the GTP molecule and RNA chain in the 5' cap? Beta-beta Alpha-gamma Gamma-beta Alpha-beta - correct answers ✅Alpha-beta This restriction enzyme "digests and removes a methyl group from Adenine": Type I Type II Type III DNase I - correct answers ✅Type I Primer dimers are due to what complimentary issue? 3' to 3' complementarity of primer pairs 3' to 5' complementarity of primer pairs 5' to 5' complementarity of primer pairs 5' to 3' complementarity of primer pairs - correct answers ✅3' to 3' complementarity of primer pairs The hydroxyl group in a deoxyribonucleotide is expected to be found on which position of the sugar? C1' C2' C3' C4' - correct answers ✅C3' Nucleic acid hybridization methods can be affected by a host of factors. Select all the factors that that can influence this process. G:C ratio of bases pH of the hybridization reaction Hybridization temperature All of the above - correct answers ✅All of the above A technologist uses the spectrophotometer to quantify the amount of DNA extracted from a blood specimen diluted 1:30. The absorbance reading at 260 nm was found to be 2.545. The concentration of DNA in this extract is: 76.35 micrograms/mL 3817.5 micrograms/mL 381.75 micrograms/mL 3054.0 micrograms/mL - correct answers ✅3817.5 micrograms/mL Mutation in UGT1A1 affects metabolism of what drug? - correct answers ✅Ironotecan Testing for HOXB13, BRCA1 and BCRA2 is usually done in patients with: - correct answers ✅Prostate cancer RT-PCR can be used to quantify messenger RNA (mRNA) among other uses. All of the following concerning RT-PCR are true, EXCEPT: RT-PCR is useful in detecting RNA-viruses, such as HIV RT-PCR uses alkaline phosphatase to reverse amplify the signal c-myc-IGH - correct answers ✅BCR-Abl1 As a technologist working in a small clinical laboratory, a nasal swab specimen, suspected to be colonized by a variety of upper respiratory viruses, came to your laboratory. You are tasked with determining whether the specimen is colonized with rhinovirus, coronavirus, and influenza. Which PCR method would best be suitable for this task? Nested PCR Real-time PCR NASBA Multiplex PCR - correct answers ✅Multiplex PCR All of the following methods of amplification are considered target amplification, except: Quantitative PCR NASBA Strand Displacement Amplification Reverse Transcriptase PCR - correct answers ✅NASBA Which of the following reagents will successfully decontaminate a bench top that has been exposed to DNA amplification products? 70% Ethanol 5% Bleach 100% Isopropanol 10% Methanol - correct answers ✅5% Bleach All of the following are components of nucleic acids, EXCEPT: Phosphate group Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, T) Formamide - correct answers ✅Formamide The amelogenin locus, found on the sex chromosomes, is used in gender identification. Amplification at this locus reveals 2 peaks of sizes 212 and 218 base pairs. If this amplification were part of a gender identification procedure, what would be the gender of the individual? Male Female Hermaphrodite Can't be determined from the given information - correct answers ✅Male What assay amplifies the target using DNA polymerase? Branched DNA TMA PCR NASBA LCR - correct answers ✅PCR During DNA replication, the 3' -OH of the growing DNA chain attacks which phosphate of an incoming nucleotide? Alpha Beta Gamma Cystic Fibrosis Sickle-cell anemia Mantle Cell Lymphoma - correct answers ✅Cystic Fibrosis The mother of a 3 year old boy took him to the doctor's office for concerns of an underlying genetic condition. A karyotype order was sent to the Molecular Diagnostic lab. Karyotype results show 47, XY,+21. Based on these results, the boy has: Patau Syndrome Down Syndrome Edward Syndrome Cri du chat Syndrome - correct answers ✅Down Syndrome In real-time PCR, what is amplified? The target The signal The probe All of the above - correct answers ✅The target When sequencing HLA-DR what is targeted? Exon 1 of the α subunit Exon 2 of the α subunit Exon 1 of the β subunit Exon 2 of the β subunit - correct answers ✅Exon 2 of the β subunit What is the rate of DNA translation? 80 nucleotides per second 200 nucleotides per second 60 nucleotides per second 40 nucleotides per second - correct answers ✅60 nucleotides per second This PCR method works by generating a signal at the annealing step (i.e. when the probe binds its target) of the PCR reaction: FRET probes Scorpion primers Molecular beacons Taqman - correct answers ✅Molecular beacons What is the most common mutation in Hemochromatosis? 1691G>A F508del R506Q C282Y - correct answers ✅C282Y Mutation in this gene (Xp21) is associated with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Dystrophin P53 Musculin C-myc - correct answers ✅Dystrophin What is the sequence recognized by poly (A) polymerase? TATAAA CAA CCCGAA HCV type 1 HCV type 2 HCV type 3 HCV type 4 HCV type 1 & 4 HCV type 2 & 3 - correct answers ✅HCV type 1 & 4 If two parents are heterozygous for an autosomal recessive disease, then their offspring will most likely follow this gene frequency pattern: -25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, and 25% homozygous recessive -50% homozygous dominant, and 50% homozygous recessive -100% homozygous for the dominant phenotype -100% homozygous for the recessive phenotype - correct answers ✅25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, and 25% homozygous recessive This polymerase acts on DNA and produces Transfer RNA: RNA Pol II DNA Pol II RNA Pol III DNA Pol III - correct answers ✅RNA Pol III What assay is a signal amplification test and uses Alkaline Phosphatase? Branched DNA TMA PCR NASBA LCR - correct answers ✅Branched DNA What genes would be screened in a lung cancer panel? KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA HER2, ERBB2, BRCA1 KRAS, EGFR, ALK MSH2, PMS2, EPCAM - correct answers ✅KRAS, EGFR, ALK Which of the following molecular methodologies would be the best for detecting a trinucleotide repeat disorder such as Huntington's disease? Heteroduplex analysis Variable number tandem repeat analysis Single strand conformation polymorphism analysis Reverse-Transcriptase PCR - correct answers ✅Variable number tandem repeat analysis Which method would best be used to detect the Leiden mutation? PCR-RFLP bDNA amplification PFGE Ribotyping - correct answers ✅PCR-RFLP Which of the following is not a step in the Southern blot procedure? DNA digest with restriction enzymes Gel resolution of fragments Fragments denaturation This enzyme is known for "unzipping" genes! Alkaline Phosphatase RNA polymerase Apyrase Helicase - correct answers ✅Helicase Given the anti-sense strand of DNA: 5'-AATTGCCGACATAGAT-3' which is the appropriate sense strand? 5'-ATCTATGTCGGCAATT-3' 5'-TTAACGGCTGTATCTA-3' 5'-AATTGCCGACATAGAT-3' 5'-GAGCACGCTATCTTAT-3' - correct answers ✅5'-ATCTATGTCGGCAATT-3' What is the optimum storage condition for any specimen (whole blood, bone marrow, tissue etc.) awaiting RNA extraction? -Remove contaminating RBCs then immediately freeze at -20°C -Prepare a lyophilized cell pellet and store at room temperature -Refrigerate at 4°C indefinitely - correct answers ✅Remove contaminating RBCs then immediately freeze at -20°C Which of the following is not a PCR step? Denaturation Elongation Annealing Termination - correct answers ✅Termination Which PCR method has the highest specificity? qPCR Touchdown PCR Nested PCR Two-step PCR - correct answers ✅Nested PCR All of the following enzymes are part of the DNA replication machinery, EXCEPT: Ligase DNA polymerase Luciferase Helicase - correct answers ✅Luciferase What is the name of the molecule that is added to the 5' end of eukaryotic RNA transcripts? ATP SnRNP GTP Phosphate - correct answers ✅GTP What is multiplex PCR? -A PCR technique to amplify multiple targets -A PCR technique where a preamplified amplicon is amplified to increase sensitivity -A PCR technique where a preamplified amplicon is amplified to increase sensitivity A PCR technique that combines reverse transcription and amplification in one reaction -A PCR technique where various samples can be amplified in one reaction - correct answers ✅A PCR technique to amplify multiple targets Ribotyping - correct answers ✅Ribotyping The nitrogenous base in a nucleotide is expected to be found on which position of the sugar? C1' C2' C3' C5' - correct answers ✅C1' Which of the following is not a mutation found in the HFE gene of hemochromatosis? C282Y H63D 5382insC S65C - correct answers ✅5382insC Clinical laboratories must have clearly written protocols in place describing handling of specimens for clinical testing. Many factors can affect testing performance before the actual testing is conducted. Such factors or variables are collectively known as pre-analytical. From the list below, select all the pre-analytical variables that can have a negative impact on clinical testing (Hint: more than one answer choice!) -Storage conditions -Patient identifiers -Anticoagulant in collection tubes -Transport procedures -Introduction of Heparin in all blood tubes to maintain specimen integrity for testing -Thermo cycling parameters -DNA isolation method used -Testing analysis software used - correct answers ✅-Storage conditions -Patient identifiers -Anticoagulant in collection tubes -Transport procedures What translocation is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma? - correct answers ✅t(8;14) What does the term consanguinity refer to? -The lines on a pedigree used to show relationships between siblings -The first affected family member coming to medical attention -The line of descent on a pedigree used to show relationships between parents and children -Individuals that share a common ancestor or are considered "of the same blood" -Neither of the listed choices - correct answers ✅-Individuals that share a common ancestor or are considered "of the same blood" There are many types of RNA molecules, each of which has a specific function within the cell. Which type of RNA molecule is responsible for transporting amino acids during protein synthesis? Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Messenger RNA (mRNA) Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA) MicroRNA (miRNA) - correct answers ✅Transfer RNA (tRNA) Molecular beacons Scorpion probes - correct answers ✅Taqman Which of the following is not a source of DNA damage? Chemical damage Splicing Attack by water Radiation damage - correct answers ✅Splicing All of the following are trinucleotide repeat disorders, EXCEPT: Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 8 Huntington Disease Asperger Disease Fragile X Disease - correct answers ✅Asperger Disease This polymerase is involved in "short-patch base excision repair": Pol α Pol β Pol γ Pol δ - correct answers ✅Pol β You have sequenced a gene and observe the following: Reference: atgctggcacgacaggtttcccgactgg Sequenced: atgCTGctggcacgacaggtttcccgactgg The mutation observed is a: Frame-shift mutation Insertion Silent mutation Non-conservative mutation - correct answers ✅Insertion The 5' capping process creates what type of linkage? 5'-3' 3'-5' 5'-5' 3'-3' - correct answers ✅5'-5' A reverse dot blot is best performed by: -Immobilizing multiple unlabeled probes onto the membrane and then allowing one labeled sample to hybridize to the unlabeled probes -Immobilizing one labeled probe onto the membrane and allowing multiple labeled samples to hybridize to the labeled probe -Immobilizing multiple unlabeled probes onto the membrane and allowing multiple unlabeled samples to hybridize to the unlabeled probes -Allowing a single labeled sample to hybridize to multiple labeled single stranded probes onto the membrane - correct answers ✅-Immobilizing multiple unlabeled probes onto the membrane and then allowing one labeled sample to hybridize to the unlabeled probes What signals the end of transcription? Stop codon Terminator The end of the DNA chain Imagine you are working in specimen processing for the molecular laboratory and you receive a patient's specimen collected in a lavender top vacutainer tube containing EDTA. The test that is ordered requires that the specimen be collected in a yellow top ACD vacutainer tube. What is the BEST action to take in this instance? -Reject the specimen, inform the supervisor and request a new specimen drawn in ACD -Process the sample according to laboratory protocol because EDTA does not interfere with molecular testing methods -Document the tube additive change, process the sample, run the test, and hold the results until a supervisor or laboratory director signs off -Follow the prescribed laboratory protocol for accepting and rejecting specimens -Both B & D are correct -Both C & D are correct - correct answers ✅-Follow the prescribed laboratory protocol for accepting and rejecting specimens Which of the following is not involved in the splicing reaction? 5' splice site Hairpin loops Branch A point 3' splice site - correct answers ✅Hairpin loops What assay amplifies the target using reverse transcriptase? Branched DNA TMA PCR NASBA LCR - correct answers ✅TMA To what does the AcrAB gene product create resistance to? Tetracycline Penicillin Vancomycin Erythromycin - correct answers ✅Tetracycline The phosphate group in a nucleotide is expected to be found on which position of the sugar? C1' C2' C4' C5' - correct answers ✅C5' Which of the following is not a probe-labeling method? Labeling by random priming Labeling by nick translation End-labeling (using a terminal transferase enzyme) Labeling by hybrid capture - correct answers ✅Labeling by hybrid capture This enzyme is known for "unzipping" genes! Alkaline Phosphatase RNA polymerase Apyrase Helicase - correct answers ✅Helicase A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample for hematologic evaluation should be tested within how many hours of collection? 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours - correct answers ✅1 hour Blood drawn into what type of tube is compatible for Genetic testing? K2EDTA tube Sodium citrate tube Sodium Heparin tube Boric acid, sodium formate tube - correct answers ✅K2EDTA tube MB (ASCP) Exam Questions Answered (Latest Update) Predominant form of DNA - correct answers ✅Right-handed B DNA and histone interaction is due to what type of bond? - correct answers ✅Ionic What stains to the minor groove of DNA duplex? - correct answers ✅SYBR Green What is the most abundant type of RNA? - correct answers ✅Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) What does RNA act as in a retrovirus? - correct answers ✅Genome and mRNA What increases half-life of mRNA? - correct answers ✅5' Methyl Cap What kind of DNA is most likely to be transcriptionally active? - correct answers ✅Euchromatin What is the most common type of eukaryotic DNA? - correct answers ✅Satellite DNA What specimen has the most DNA according to molecular weight? - correct answers ✅White Blood Cells What amino acids compose histones? - correct answers ✅Lysine and Arginine Amino acid that all proteins start with: - correct answers ✅Methionine What protects the DNA strand during replication? - correct answers ✅Single-stranded binding protein What type of restriction enzyme lacks methylation activity? - correct answers ✅Restriction Enzyme Type II What is necessary to make cDNA? - correct answers ✅Reverse transcriptase Number of SNPs in a human genome? - correct answers ✅11 billion (10^7) How many genes (base pairs) are in a human haploid genome? - correct answers ✅3 billion base pairs The polymerization of acrylamide requires: - correct answers ✅Catalyst (APS or TEMED) or Light activation How does agarose gel pore size relate to concentration? - correct answers ✅Inversely proportional What is denatured during a southern blot? - correct answers ✅Hydrogen bonds (inter-strand bonds) Melting temperature formula - correct answers ✅Tm = (4C x GC Pairs) + (2C x AT pairs) Which is likely to interfere with fluorescent probe? - correct answers ✅5' G Proper GC content of primer - correct answers ✅35-65% Inhibitors of PCR - correct answers ✅Hemoglobin, Heparin, Xylene, Phenol, Cyanol, and Bromophenol Blue Order to add to a PCR reaction: - correct answers ✅Master mix > patient sample > positive control > negative control Pre Area - correct answers ✅Positive Pressure Post Area - correct answers ✅Negative Pressure Which PCR requires two steps for specificity? - correct answers ✅Nested PCR Which microorganism is detected by branched DNA amplification? - correct answers ✅DNA or RNA Which technique uses RNA, antibodies, and DNA? - correct answers ✅Hybrid Capture Assay Use of bisulfite treatment of DNA to determine its pattern of methylation - correct answers ✅Bisulfite DNA What tests are isothermal? - correct answers ✅NASBA, TMA, & SDA Which leukemia is associated with FLT3 gene? - correct answers ✅AML T-cell gene rearrangement is seen in what malignancy? - correct answers ✅Sezary Syndrome HCV consensus sequence: - correct answers ✅G-rich Core Gene What responds poorly to ribavarin/interferon treatment? - correct answers ✅HCV Type 1B What virus affects patients after kidney transplant? - correct answers ✅CMV or BKV What exons are tested for HLA Class I? - correct answers ✅Exons 2 & 3 What exons are tested for HLA Class II? - correct answers ✅Exon 2 beta When sequencing HLD-DR what is targeted? - correct answers ✅Exon 2 beta What drug is metabolized by CYP2C19? - correct answers ✅Clopidogrel (Plavix) What drug tolerance is affected by CYP3A5? - correct answers ✅Carbamazepine What drug is metabolized by CYP2C9? - correct answers ✅Warfarin What drug is metabolized by CYP2D6? - correct answers ✅Codeine Mutation in UGT1A1 affectes metabolism of what drug? - correct answers ✅Irinotecan Antibiotic resistance mechanism in MRSA? - correct answers ✅mecA > PBP2a resistance to methicillin Which has highest vancomycin resistance? - correct answers ✅vanA Warfarin causes inhibition of activities on which gene? - correct answers ✅VKORC1 Her2/neu exhibits an overexpression, what would this indicate? - correct answers ✅More aggressive growth and metastasis of the tumor cells in human breast cancer. Best condition for long term storage of RNA? (6 months) - correct answers ✅-70C ethanol How long can blood be stored at room temperature for DNA analysis? - correct answers ✅24 hours Best method listed to collect bone marrow specimens: - correct answers ✅EDTA or ACD tubes How should whole blood be sent? - correct answers ✅Overnight on ice packs Blood should be stored and transported in: - correct answers ✅EDTA (purple/lavender top tubes) or ACD (yellow top tubes) Which bonds hold together the nucleotides in dsDNA? - correct answers ✅Hydrogen bonds ATG CAG GTG (M Q V) ATG CAG GTT (M Q V) - correct answers ✅Silent ATG CAG GTG (M Q V) ATG CCG GTG (M P V) - correct answers ✅Missense ATG CAG GTG (M Q V) ATG CCG Stop (M Q) - correct answers ✅Nonsense Protects the sequence of nucleotides, during DNA synthesis this function gives the enzyme the capacity to proofread. - correct answers ✅Exonuclease Forms phosphodiester bonds between existing DNA strands. - correct answers ✅Ligase Cut and reclose the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone without tangling - correct answers ✅Helicase Interconvert topological isomers or relax super twisted DNA - correct answers ✅Topoisomerase Untangle DNA through double-strand breaks - correct answers ✅Gyrase How many chromosomes are found in interphase? - correct answers ✅46 chromosomes How does higher formamide concentration affect stringency? - correct answers ✅Increases stringency How does high salt concentration affect stringency? - correct answers ✅Decreases stringency How does increasing temperature affect stringency? - correct answers ✅Increases stringency An artifact observed in PCR which are double the size of primers. - correct answers ✅Primer dimer Hybridizes to the start codon of the template DNA (the sense strand) - correct answers ✅Forward Primer Hybridizes to the stop codon of the complementary strand of DNA (the anti- sense strand) - correct answers ✅Reverse Primer If you have a weak PCR product what do you do to increase the yield? - correct answers ✅Decrease annealing temperature In a multiplex PCR the longer products have a low yield, what should be done? - correct answers ✅Decrease KCl Epigenetic Regulation factors - correct answers ✅Histone modification, DNA methylation, and gene silencing Decrease KCl concentration Increase denaturing time Metacentric - correct answers ✅ Submetacentric - correct answers ✅ Acrocentric - correct answers ✅ Telocentric - correct answers ✅ How many chromosomes during M Phase (end of mitosis)? - correct answers ✅46 chromosomes How many chromosomes during G1 Phase? - correct answers ✅46 chromosomes What happens during S Phase? - correct answers ✅DNA is replicated How many chromosomes during G2 Phase? - correct answers ✅92 chromosomes rRNA small subunit (prokaryotes) - correct answers ✅16s rRNA large subunit (prokaryotes) - correct answers ✅23s & 5s rRNA small subunit (eukaryotes) - correct answers ✅18s rRNA large subunit (eukaryotes) - correct answers ✅5.8s & 28s Long stretches of noncoding DNA in newly transcribed mRNA - correct answers ✅Introns Newly transcribed mRNA that contains introns which are removed by splicing - correct answers ✅Heteronuclear RNA (hnRNA) Remaining sequences of mRNA that code for protein products - correct answers ✅Exons Phenotype will be present in individuals w/ one or both chromosomes mutated - correct answers ✅Autosomal-dominant Likelihood of the disease phenotype in offspring is 25% indicating the presence of the recessive mutation in at least one chromosome in each of the parents - correct answers ✅Autosomal-recessive Mostly X-linked inheritance because few genes are carried on the Y chromosome. X-linked are almost always recessive. - correct answers ✅Sex-linked Males are ______________ for X-linked genes therefore are more likely to manifest the disease phenotype - correct answers ✅hemizygous When restriction enzymes bind to and cut sequences other than their defined recognition sequence under nonstandard conditons: - correct answers ✅Star activity AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia) - correct answers ✅t 12;15 Acute Myelogenous Leukemia - correct answers ✅t 1;12 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - correct answers ✅t 17;19 T-Cell Lymphoma - correct answers ✅t 8;14 CYP2C9 - correct answers ✅Metabolizes warfarin Encoded by mecA gene, has low binding affinity for methicillin - correct answers ✅PBP2a HLA B-5701 - correct answers ✅Abacavir hypersensitivity Associated with increased risk of SJS and toxic epidermal necrolysis in response to carbamazepine treatment - correct answers ✅HLA-B*15:02 Detection Method/s for cytomegolovirus (CMV): - correct answers ✅NASBA, hybrid capture Detection Method/s for HCV (quantitative): - correct answers ✅TMA, PCR Detection Method/s for HCV (qualitative): - correct answers ✅bDNA Detection Method/s for HIV (quantitative): - correct answers ✅bDNA, NASBA, RT PCR Detection Method/s for HIV resistance testing: - correct answers ✅Sequencing Detection Method/s for HPV: - correct answers ✅Hybrid capture Detection Method/s for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG): - correct answers ✅Hybrid Capture, TMA, Hybridization protection assay, PCR, SDA Detection Method/s for Vancomycin Resistance - correct answers ✅RT PCR Double-Stranded DNA Viruses - correct answers ✅BKV, CMV, HBV, HSV 1, HSV 2, HPV Single-Stranded DNA Virus - correct answers ✅Parvovirus Double-Stranded RNA Virus - correct answers ✅Rotavirus Single-Stranded RNA Viruses - correct answers ✅HCV, HIV Chromosome affected in Down Syndrome: - correct answers ✅Trisomy 21 Chromosome affected in Edward Syndrome: - correct answers ✅Trisomy 18 Chromosome affected in Patau Syndrome: - correct answers ✅Trisomy 13 Pyrimidines - correct answers ✅Cytosine and Thymine Purines - correct answers ✅Adenine and Guanine Which RNA polymerase synthesizes rRNA? - correct answers ✅RNA pol I Which RNA polymerase synthesizes tRNA? - correct answers ✅RNA pol iii Proteins that bind to DNA to control gene expression are called: - correct answers ✅Trans factors The binding sites on DNA for proteins that control gene expression are called: - correct answers ✅Cis factors What sequence structures in DNA (usually found 5' to structural genes) are frequent sites of DNA methylation? - correct answers ✅CpG islands CGH arrays are performed on: - correct answers ✅DNA Expression arrays are performed on: - correct answers ✅RNA Detect deletions and amplifications of chromosomal regions - correct answers ✅CGH arrays Detect changes in the RNA levels of specific genes - correct answers ✅Expression arrays What occurs when primers hybridize to each other at the 3' ends? - correct answers ✅primer dimers MALDI methods separate ions by: - correct answers ✅Mass and charge What causes stutter anomaly (small peaks in engraftment)? - correct answers ✅strand slippage What is the minimum amount of loci with matched alleles to be considered for legal identification? - correct answers ✅8 (MB) ASCP Study Exam Questions With Correct Answers!! What is metagenome? - Answer Sampling the genome sequence of a community of organisms. Polymorphism involved for Irinotecan? - Answer UGT1A1 NGS related to deletions and insertions, coverage, depth? - Answer -Paired-end reads for detection of indels -Coverage is how much of your target has been read -Depth is how many times a unique position has been covered Polymerase for lagging strand? - Answer Euk - DNA Pol Alpha Pro - DNA Pol I Polymerase for leading strand? - Answer Euk - DNA Pol Delta and DNA Pol Epsilon Pro - DNA Pol III Polymerase used in LAMP? - Answer -Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification utilizes Bst Polymerase -Has helicase activity and activity at annealing/elongating temps Highest resistance gene in enterococcus? - Answer vanA has the highest resistance in enterococcus NGS question about what to do after you've sequenced - Answer Sequence alignment, variant calling, visualization A question about what major cause of Prader Willi - Answer Epigenetic, genomic imprinting IQCP - Answer Individualized Quality Control Plan. Allows labs to develop their own QC for their unique procedures. SNPs in human genome - Answer 10,000,000 = 10^7 Nested PCR question - Answer Most sensitive and specific PCR. Requires 2 sets of primers, 1 pair for two subsequent amps. Couple of primer design questions like pick forward/reverse primers - Answer Primers should be: 20-30 bases long, flanking the target, end in G and/or C on 3' end 40-60% GC content. Tm with a difference of 0-2°C and in the range of 60-65°C What has a Heavy cell T-Cell receptor rearrangement? - Answer Sezary Syndrome CYP2D6 metabolizes what? - Answer Codeine Glassware to rid of RNA? Baking or autoclaving or DEPC? - Answer DEPC inactivates RNAse How mRNA lifespan is lengthened? - Answer poly A tail or 5' methyl cap What gel is used for a linear DNA 200-250 base pairs? - 0.8% agarose - 1.0% agarose - 6% polyacrylamide - 20% polyacrylamide - Answer 6.0% Polyacrylamide Gel What is the most conserved region of the HCV virus - Answer 5' UTR Gene involved with Ironotecan - Answer UGT1A1 Viral Load significant for HIV - Answer 0.5 log10 Why Next Generation Sequencing is preferred over Sanger sequencing? - Answer Higher depths of reads What would be a better sample to extract DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue or 5 year old refrigerated cord blood? - Answer FFPE tissue because the 5 year old cord-blood was refrigerated and not frozen How long until a technologist is required to update their CE's? - Answer 1 year Which would be considered a heteroduplex? - RNA/DNA Hybrid - Looped Protein - ssRNA - Answer RNA/DNA Hybrid What genes are associated with Warfarin? - Answer VKorC1 and CYP2C9 Detection of HPV from what screening method? - Answer FFPE cervical cancer screen Which virus can be tested by liquid-based cytology? - HIV - HBV - HCV - HPV - Answer HPV What bonds are formed between nucleotides? - Answer Phosphodiester Bonds: a covalent bond is formed between the 5' phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3'- OH group of another What bonds are formed between nitrogenous bases? - Answer Hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the "twisted ladder" or double helix of DNA Molecular beacon design - Answer R-5'-sequence-3'-Q Which method uses visible light? - Answer Pyrosequencing In NGS what is coverage referring to? - Answer Number of times a base is read What type of disease is Hemophilia? - Answer X-Linked Disease Topoisomerase vs Helicase - Answer Topoisomerase - Unwinds Helicase - Separates Hybrid Capture amplifies the _____________ by using ____________ - Answer signal RNA probes What are the herpes viruses? - Answer HPV HSV EMV CMV Prader Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome are detected by what? - Answer FISH BRCA 1 mutations are at a high risk of developing what type of cancer? - Answer Ovarian Cancer Sensitivity Formula - Answer [TP/(TP+FN)]*100 PPV (Positive Predictive Value) Formula - Answer [TP/(TP+FP)]*100 Specificity Formula - Answer [TN/(FP+TN)]*100 Euchromatin form is most likely to be ____________________ - Answer transcriptionally active bDNA is used for what type of nucleic acid? - Answer RNA and DNA How many genes in the human haploid genome? - Answer 3.3 billion The DNA strand being copied in transcription is? - Answer Antisense Strand The polymerization of acrylamide uses what? - Answer TEMED and Ammonium Persulfate What structure protects the mRNA from degradation? - Answer 5' Cap Every time the chromosome is copied it would become shorter if not for what enzyme? - Answer Telomere Transferase You received a 9ng DNA sample and have to make 50ul dilution of this sample at 900pg. How many ul of stock do you need? - Answer Convert 9ng to pg 1ng = 1000pg, so 9ng is equal to 9000pg V1 (amt stock) = V2C2 9000pg x ?=50 ul x 900pg answer is 5 A patient is being tested for leukemia and a fusion appears on the patient sample, the positive control and the negative control.( written just like that) What should be done next? Recollect sample and run again, use patient's own RNA, or test for gene rearrangements by Southern blot - Answer test for gene rearrangements by Southern blot How many chromosomes are found in Interphase? - Answer 23 pairs = 46 chromosomes