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32A

THE UNIVERSAL FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION COURT

IN

THE UNIVERSAL COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

THE 2012 OXFORD PRICE MEDIA LAW MOOT COURT COMPETITION

OPENBEMIDIA & ORS.

(APPLICANTS)

V.

REPUBLIC OF BEMIDIA

(RESPONDENT)

MEMORIAL FOR THE APPLICANT

4940 WORDS

II

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ______________________________________________ IV

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES _______________________________________________ VI

STATEMENT OF RELEVANT FACTS ___________________________________XXVI

STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION _______________________________________XXXI

QUESTIONS PRESENTED ____________________________________________ XXXII

SUMMARY OF ARGUMENTS ________________________________________ XXXIII

ARGUMENTS ____________________________________________________________ 1

A. THE REQUIREMENT OF COLLECTION AND VERIFICATION OF USER INFORMATION

CONTRAVENES PROVISIONS OF UDHR _________________________________________ 1

I. The requirement restricts Article 19, UDHR ________________________________ 1 II. The requirement imposes a restriction on Article 20, UDHR ___________________ 6 III. The requirement imposes a restriction on Article 12, UDHR __________________ 7 IV. The requirement violates Article 17, UDHR _______________________________ 9 V. The restriction is not permissible under Article 29(2), UDHR __________________ 9 B. THE REQUIREMENT TO DISCLOSE IDENTITY, FOLLOWING, AND HISTORICAL LOCATION INFORMATION CONTRAVENES PROVISIONS OF UDHR _____________________________ 15 I. The requirement imposes a restriction on Article 19, UDHR ___________________ 15 II. The requirement restricts Article 20, UDHR _______________________________ 16 III. The requirement imposes a restriction on Article 12, UDHR _________________ 16 IV. The requirement violates Article 8, UDHR _______________________________ 19 V. The restriction is not permissible under Article 29(2), UDHR _________________ 20

III

C. THE REQUIREMENT TO REPORT LOCATION INFORMATION ABOUT USERS OF THE MLM

FORUM IN REAL TIME CONTRAVENES PROVISIONS OF UDHR ______________________ 21

I. The requirement is a restriction on Article 12, UDHR ________________________ 22 II. The requirement restricts Article 13, UDHR _______________________________ 26 III. The requirement contravenes Article 8, UDHR ____________________________ 27 IV. The restriction is not permissible under Article 29(2), UDHR ________________ 27 D. THE REQUIREMENT TO DELETE THE CONTENTS OF THE CARLA TRACKER, TALIA TRACKER AND DARIA TRACKER FORUMS CONTRAVENES ARTICLE 19, UDHR _________________ 28 I. The requirement imposes a restriction on Article 19, UDHR ___________________ 29 II. The restriction is not permissible under Article 29(2), UDHR. _________________ 30 PRAYER ________________________________________________________________ 34

IV

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

¶ Paragraph AfCHR African Convention on Human and Peoples’ Rights ACtHPR African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights ACHR American Convention on Human Rights AIR All India Reporter App no Application Number art Article cl Clause EC European Council EU European Union ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ECtHR European Court of Human Rights ECmHr European Commission of Human Rights EHRR European Human Rights Reports FFPA First Family Privacy Act HRC Human Rights Committee IACHR Inter American Court of Human Rights

V

ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights IRA Internet Responsibility Act NJ New Jersey prin Principle s Section UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UK United Kingdom UN United Nations US United States of America

VI

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

CASES OF THE AFRICAN COURT OF HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS

Referred to in: Article19 v Eritrea (2007) AHRLR 73 (ACtHPR 2007) 6 Jawara v Gambia (2000) AHRLR 107 (ACtHPR 2000) 6 Marques de Morais v Angola (2005) AHRLR 3 (2005) 14 Media Rights Agenda and Others v Nigeria (2000) AHRLR 200 (ACtHPR

2, 3

Scanlen and Holderness v Zimbabwe (2009) AHRLR 289 (ACtHPR 2009) 5 CASES OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS Referred to in: Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, Advisory Opinion OC-5/85, Inter-American Court of Human Rights Series A No 5 (13 November 2003)

5, 6

Herrera-Ulloa v Costa Rica Petition no 12367 (IACtHR, 2 July 2004) 9 Ricardo Canese v Paraguay Inter-American Court of Human Rights Series C No 111 (31 August 2004)

VII

CASES OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Referred to in: Amann v Switzerland [2000] ECHR 87 9, 11, 27 App no 14661/81 (ECtHR, 9 July 1991) 8 App no 9804/82 (ECtHR, 7 December 1982) 8 Association for European Integration and Human Rights and Ekimdzhiev v Bulgaria [2007] ECHR 533

Autronic AG v Switzerland App no 12726/87 (ECtHR, 22 May 1990) 2 Busuioc v Moldova App no 61513/00 (ECtHR, 21 December 2004) 29 Dudgeon v United Kingdom App no 7525/76 (ECtHR, 23 September

Eerikäinen & Ors v Finland App no 3514/02 (ECtHR, 10 February 2009) 29 Ekin v France (2001) ECHR 473 5, 10 Evans v United Kingdom App no 6339/05 (ECtHR, 7 March 2006) 14 Gaweda v Poland App no 26229/95 (ECtHR, 14 March 2002) 2, 10 Gillan and. Quinton v United Kingdom App no 4158/05 (ECtHR, 12 January 2010)

Giorgi Nikolaishvili v Georgia App no 37048/04 (ECtHR, 13 January

Goodwin v United Kingdom [2002] 35 EHRR 447 10 Hachette Filipacchi Associés v France App no 71111/01 (ECtHR, 23 July 2009 )

VIII

November 2004)

IX

National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education v United Kingdom App no 28910/95 (ECtHR, 16 April 1998)

Peck v United Kingdom (2003) 36 EHRR 41 31 PG and JH v UK App no 44787/98 (ECtHR, 25 September 2001) 17, 19 Rekvényi v Hungary App no 25390/94 (ECtHR, 20 May 1999) 10 Republican Party of Russia v Russia App no 12976/07 (ECtHR, 12 April

Rotaru v Romania (2000) 8 BHRC 449 (ECtHR) 8, 9 S and Marper v United Kingdom [2008] ECHR 1581 8, 14 Silver and Others v United Kingdom (1983) 5 EHRR 347 10 Surek v Turkey App no 24122/94 (ECtHR, 8 July 1999) 9 The Observer and The Guardian v United Kingdom App no 13585/ (ECtHR, 26 November 1991)

5, 13 , 29

The Sunday Times v United Kingdom App no 13166/87 (ECtHR, 26 November 1991)

5, 6, 9, 10, 13

The Sunday Times v United Kingdom (1979-80) 2 EHRR 245 10 Thorgeirson v Iceland (1992) 14 EHRR 843 12 Uzun v Germany App no 35623/05 (ECtHR, 2 September 2010) 22, 27, 28 Van der Velden v The Netherlands App no 29514/05 (ECtHR, 7 December

Von Hannover v Germany ECHR 2004-VI 54 29, 32

X

Weber and Saravia v Germany App no 54934/00 (ECtHR, 29 June 2006) 11, 27 Worm v Austria (1997) 25 EHRR 454 9 X v Iceland [1967] ECHR 24 22 X v United Kingdom App no 9072/82 (ECtHR, 6 October 1982) 8 Zana v Turkey (1997) 27 EHRR 667 14 CASES OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Referred to in: Denev v Sweden (1989) 59 DR 127 (ECmHR) 9 CASES OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE Referred to in: The Queen v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and Secretary of Health, ex parte Fedesa and Ors [1990] ECR I-4023 (ECJ)

AMERICAN CASES

Referred to in: Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation et al v Bush et al 451 F Supp 2d 1215 (NDCA 2009)

Amnesty International et al v John McConnell et al, 646 F Supp 2d 633 (SDNY 2009)

XI

Anderson v Hale 159 F Supp 2d 1116 (ND Ill 2001) 7 Application for Order of a Pen Register 402 F Supp 2d (SDNY 2005) 17 Baird v State Bar of Arizona 401 US 1 (1971) 7 Bantam Books Inc et al v Sullivan 372 US 58 (1963) 5 Bates v Little Rock 361 US 516 (1960) 7 Berlin Democratic Club v Rumsfeld 410 F Supp 144 (Dist of Columbia

Board of Trustees of State Univ of NY v Fox 492 US 469 (1989) 10 Bret Michaels v Internet Entertainment Group Inc and Ors Lexsee 5 F Supp 2d 823 (CD Cal 1998 )

30, 32

Burrows v Superior Court 529 P 2d 596 (Cal 1974) 17 Cantwell v Connecticut 310 US 296 (1940) 13 Columbia Ins Co v Seescandy.com 185 FRD 573 (ND Cal. 1999) 3 , 5 Daily Times Democrat v Graham 162 So 2d 474 (Ala 1964) 31 Dendrite Int'l Inc v Doe No 3 775 A 2d 756 (NJ 2001) 1, 4, 20 Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium Inc v FCC 518 US 727 (1996)

Doe v Cahill 884 A 2d 451 (Del 2005) 6, 20 Dow Chemical v United States 476 US 227 (1986) 23, 24 Farmers Educational and Co-operative Union, North Dakota Division v WDAY Inc 360 US 525 (1959)

XII

Gertz v Robert Welch Inc 418 US 323 (1974) 31 Gibson v Florida Legislative Investigation Committee 372 US 539 (1963) 7 Grosjean v American Press Co 297 US 233 (1936) 3, 5 In the Matter of the §2703(d) Order relating to Twitter Accounts: wikileaks, rop_g; ioerror; and birgittaj Misc No 10GJ3793 (Eastern District of Virginia)

Internet Archive et al v Michael B Mukasey No C 4:07-06346 CW (ND Cal 2007 )

19, 20

Katz v United States 389 US 347 (1967) 8, 16 , 18, 22, 25 Kingsley International Pictures Corp v Regents 360 US 684 (1959) 20 Kyllo v United States 533 US 27 (2001) 24, 25 Laird v Tatum 408 US 1 (1972) 4 Lamont v Postmaster General 381 US 301 (1965) 4, 6 Lubin v Agora Inc 882 A 2d 833 (Md Ct App 2005) 5 McIntyre v Ohio Elections Commission 514 US 334 (1995) 1, 3 Meeropol v Nizer 560 F 2d 1061 (2nd^ Cir 1977) 31 NAACP v Alabama 357 US 449 (1958) 7 NAACP v Button 371 US 415 (1963) 4 Near v Minnesota 283 US 697 (1931) 5, 12 , 29 Nebraska Press Association v Stuart 427 US 539 (1976) 5, 14

XIII

• Handyside v United Kingdom [1976] ECHR 5 13,
• Herczegfalvy v Austria (1993) 15 EHRR
• Hinczewski v Poland App no 34907/05 (ECtHR, 5 October 2010)
• Hirst v United Kingdom [2005] ECHR
• Iatridis v Greece App no 31107/96 (ECtHR, 25 March 1999)
• Incal v Turkey ECHR 1998 - IV 1547 12,
• Karhuvaara and Iltalehti v Finland App no 53678/00 (ECtHR,
• Kennedy v United Kingdom [2010] ECHR 682 4,
• Klass v Germany (1979-80) 2 EHRR 214 14,
• Kopp v Switzerland App no 23224/94 (ECtHR, 25 March 1998)
• Krone Verlag GmbH & Co KG v Austria (2006) 42 EHRR
• Kruslin v France (1990) 12 EHRR 547 10, 11,
• KU v Finland App no 2872/02 (ECtHR 2 March 2009)
• Leander v Sweden (1987) 9 EHRR 433 9,
• Liberty and Others v the United Kingdom [2008] ECHR 568 11,
• Lingens v Austria App no 9815/82 (ECtHR, 8 July 1986)
• Malone v United Kingdom (1984) 7 EHRR 14 10, 17, 19,
• Moseley v United Kingdom [2011] ECHR 774 29, 32,
• New York Times Co v United States 403 US 713 (1971) 11,
• New York Times Co v Sullivan 376 US 254 (1964)
• Ontario v Quon 560 US ___ (2010)
• People v Weaver 12 NY 3d 433 (2009) 23,
• Reno v ACLU 521 US 844 (1997) 1,
• Ronald Galella v Jacqueline Onassis 487 F 2d 986 (
• Cir 1973) 24, nd
• Schneider v Smith 390 US 17 (1968)
• Shelton v Tucker 364 US 479 (1960) 7,
• Silverman v United States 365 US 505 (1961)
• Smith v California 361 US 147 (1959)
• Smith v Maryland 442 US 735 (1979) 17,
• Southeastern Promotions Ltd v Conrad 420 US 546 (1975)
• State v Jackson 76 P 3d 217 (Wash 2003) 23,
• Talley v California 362 US 60 (1960)
• Tattered Cover Inc v City of Thornton 44 P.3d 1044 (Colo 2002) 1,
• United States v Forrester 512 F 3d 500 ( 9 th Cir 2007)
• United States v Chadwick 433 US 1 (1977)
• United States v Jacobson 466 US 109 (1984)

XIV

United States v Karo 468 US 705 (1984) 25, 28 United States v Kennedy 81 F Supp 2d 1103 (D Kan 2000 ) 16 United States v Knotts 460 US 276 (1983) 23 United States v Maynard 615 F 3d 544 (2010) 22, 23, 24 United States v Miller 307 US 174 (1939) 16 United States v Rumely 345 US 41 (1953) 7 United States v Torres 523 US 224 (1998) 27 Virginia State Pharmacy Board v Virginia Citizens Consumer Council 425 US 748 (1976)

Woodard v Hutchins 464 US 377 (1984) 30 Zeran v America Online Inc 524 US 937 (1998) 29 Zupnik v Associated Press 31 F Supp 2d 20 (D Conn 1998) 31 ENGLISH CASES Referred to in: A v B and Anr [2002] EWCA Civ 337 (UK) 30, 31, 32 Reynolds v Times Newspapers [1999] 4 All ER 609 (UK) 32 Sir Elton John v Associated Newspapers [2006] EMLR 2 7 (UK) 31 Theakston v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd. [2002] EWHC 137(QB) (UK) 30

XV

HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE

Referred to in: Albert Womah Mukong v Cameroon Communication No 458/1991, UN Doc CCPR/C/51/D/458/1991 (10 August 1994)

Coeriel et al v The Netherlands Communication No 453/1991, UN Doc CCPR/C/52/D/453/1991 (1994) (HRC)

Hak-Chul Shin v Republic of Korea Communication No 926/2000, UN Doc CCPR/C/80/D/926/2000 (2004) (HRC)

Keun-Tae Kim v Republic of Korea Communication No 574/1994, UN Doc CCPR/C/64/D/574/1994 (1999) (HRC)

Tae Hoon Park v Republic of Korea Communication No 628/1995, UN Doc CCPR/C/64/D/628/1995 (1998) (HRC)

Vladimir Petrovich Laptsevich v Belarus Communication No 780/1997, UN Doc CCPR/C/68/D/780/1997 (2000) (HRC)

Vladimir Velichkin v Belarus Communication No 1022/2001, UN Doc CCPR/C/85/D/1022/2001 (2005) (HRC)

Zeljko Bodrozic v Serbia and Montenegro Communication No 1180/2003, UN Doc CCPR/C/85/D/1180/2003 (2006) (HRC)

CANADIAN CASES

Referred to in: Gauthier v Canada [1931] SCR 416 (Canada) 5

XVI

GERMAN CASES

Referred to in: Vorratsdatenspeicherung [Data Retention] BVerfG 2 March 2010, 1 BvR 256/08 (Germany)

INDIAN CASES

Referred to in: Bennett Coleman & Co v Union of India AIR 1973 SC 106 (India) 3 District Registrar and Collector, Hyderabad v Canara Bank 2005 (1) SCC 496 (India)

ROMANIAN CASES

Referred to in: Decision no. 1258, 8 October 2009 (Romania) 14 NEW ZEALAND CASES Referred to in: Hosking v Runting [2004] NZCA 34 (NZ) 31

XVII

STATUTES

Referred to in: Reader Privacy Act 2011 (California) 1, 5 Electronic Communications Privacy Act 1986 (US) 20 , 28 Pen Register Act 1986 (US) 21 Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act 2001 (Canada)

Right to Financial Privacy Act 1978 (US) 21 Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 (Australia) 20, 28 USA PATRIOT Act 2001 (US) 8 REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS Referred to in: African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (adopted 27 June 1981, entered into force 21 October 1986) (1982) 21 ILM 58

6, 19, 26

American Convention on Human Rights (adopted 22 November 1969, entered into force 18 July 1978)

5, 6 , 7 , 19

European Convention on Human Rights (adopted 4 November 1950, entered into force 3 September 1953)

5 , 6,7, 9, 18, 19

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171

5 , 8, 19, 26

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948 5, 6, 9, 18, 26

XVIII

UNGA Res 217 A(III) ARTICLES Referred to in: Alekhya Prakasha and P Pallavi, ‘No End of Trouble?: Intermediary Liability after Perfect 10 v. Visa International ’ (2008) 1 IJIPL 74

Amber Melville-Brown, ‘Private Lives’ [2010] European Lawyer 30 Andrew J DeFilippis, ‘Securing Informationships: Recognizing a Right to Privity in Fourth Amendment Jurisprudence’ (2006) 115 Yale LJ 1086

Casey Holland, ‘Neither Big Brother Nor Dead Brother: The Need for a New Fourth Amendment Standard Applying to Emerging Technologies’ (2005-06) 94 Ky LJ 393

Christopher S Yoo, ‘Free Speech and the Myth of the Internet as an Unintermediated Experience’ (2009) Scholarship at Penn Law Paper 289 http://lsr.nellco.org/upenn_wps/289 accessed 9 November 2011

Christopher Slobogin and Joseph E Schumacher, ‘Reasonable Expectations of Privacy and Autonomy in Fourth Amendment Cases: An Empirical Look at “Understandings Recognized and Permitted by Society”’ (1993) 42 Duke LJ 727

Christopher Slobogin, ‘Subpoenas and Privacy’ (2005) 54 DePaul L Rev 805

Daniel J Solove, ‘Digital Dossiers and the Dissipation of Fourth Amendment Privacy’ (2002) 75 S Cal L Rev 1083

Daniel J Solove, ‘A Taxonomy of Privacy’ (2006) 154 U Pa L Rev 477 26 David Cole, ‘The Poverty of Posner's Pragmatism: Balancing Away Liberty After 9/11’ (2007) 59 Stan L Rev 1735

XIX

Deborah Buckner, ‘Internet Search and Seizure in United States v. Forrester: New Problems in the New Age of Pen Registers’ (2008) 22 BYU J Pub L 499

Diane L Zimmerman, ‘Requiem for a Heavyweight: a farewell to Warren and Brandeis’s Privacy Tort’ (1983) 68 Cornell Law Review 291

Gavin Phillipson, ‘The “right” of privacy in England and Strasbourg compared’ in Andrew T Kenyon and Megan Richardson (eds), New Dimensions in Privacy Law: International and Comparative Perspectives (CUP 2006) 226

Gerald G Ashdown, ‘The Fourth Amendment and the “Legitimate Expectation of Privacy”’ (1981) 34 V and L Rev 1289

Hal Roberts and John Palfrey, ‘The EU Data Retention Directive in an Era of Internet Surveillance’ in Ronald J. Deibert and others (eds), Access Controlled: The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace (MIT Press 2010)

Ian Brown and Douwe Korff, ‘Terrorism and the Proportionality of Internet Surveillance’, [2009] Eur J Criminology 8 http://ssrn.com/abstract=1261194 accessed 20 January 2012

J Beckwith Burr, ‘The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986: Principles for Reform’ (2010) http://digitaldueprocess.org/files/DDP_Burr_Memo.pdf accessed 9 November 2011

18, 19

James C White, ‘People, Not Places: A Policy Framework for Analyzing Location Privacy Issues’ (Electronic Privacy Information Center, 2003) <epic.org/privacy/location/jwhitelocationprivacy.pdf> accessed 9 November 2011

Julie Cohen, ‘A Right to Read Anonymously: A Closer Look at “Copyright Management” In Cyberspace’ [1996] 28 Conn L Rev 981

Kevin McLaughlin, ‘The Fourth Amendment and Cell Phone Tracking: Where are we?’ (2 006 - 07) 29 Hastings Comm & Ent LJ 421

17 , 28

XX

Lilian Edwards and Charlotte Waelde, ‘Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement’ (2005) WIPO Workshop Keynote Paper <http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/2305/1/wipo- onlineintermediaries.pdf> accessed 9 November 2011

2, 3

M Kim, ‘The Right to Anonymous Association in Cyberspace: US Legal Protection for Anonymity in Name, in Face, and in Action’, (2010) 7: SCRIPTed 51 http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/ahrc/script-ed/vol7-1/kim.asp accessed 20 January 2012

MA Sanderson, ‘Is Von Hannover v Germany a step backward for the substantive analysis of speech and privacy rights?’ (2004) 6 European Human Rights Law Review 631

Mark A Lemley, ‘Rationalising Internet Safe Harbours’ (2007-08) 6 J on Telecomm. & High Tech L 101

Mathias Vermeulen, ‘Unilateral Exceptions to Fundamental Rights in the Use of Detection Technologies in the Fight against Terrorism: Permissible Limitations of the Right to Privacy’ (2011) European University Institute Working Paper

Matthew D Lawless, ‘The Third Party Doctrine Redux: Internet Search Records and the Case for a “Crazy Quilt” of Fourth Amendment Protection’ (2007) UCLA J L & Tech 1

Matthew Mazzotta, ‘Balancing Act: Finding Consensus on Standards for Unmasking Anonymous Internet Speakers’ (2010) 51 BCL Rev 833

NA Moreham, ‘Privacy in public places’ (2006) 65(3) Cambridge Law Journal 606

NANM van Eijk and others, ‘Moving Towards Balance: A Study into Duties of Care on the Internet, Institute for Information Law’ (Liebniz Centre for Law, University of Amsterdam, 2010) 53 http://www.ivir.nl/publications/vaneijk/Moving_Towards_Balance.pdf accessed 9 November 2011

Patrick Breyer, ‘Telecommunications Data Retention and Human Rights: 2, 3, 9, 14

XXI

The Compatibility of Blanket Traffic Data Retention with the ECHR’ (2005) 11(3) ELJ 365 Paul M Schwartz, ‘Beyond Lessig’s Code for Internet Privacy: Cyberspace Filters, Privacy-control and Fair Information Practices’ (2000) Wisc L Rev 743

Ronald Deibert, ‘Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance and the Militarization of Cyberspace’ (2003) 32 J Int’l Stud 501

Ryan Singel, ‘Twitter’s Response to the WikiLeaks Subpoena Should Be the Industry Standard’ ( Wired , 10 January 2011) http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/01/twitter/ accessed 9 November 2011

Seth F Kreimer, ‘Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries and the Problem of the Weakest Link’ [2006-07] 155(11) U Pa L Rev 31

Sherry F Colb, ‘What Is a Search? Two Conceptual Flaws in Fourth Amendment Doctrine and Some Hints of a Remedy’ (2002) 55 Stan L Rev 119

SJ Edgett, ‘Double-Clicking on Fourth Amendment Protection: Encryption Creates Reasonable Expectation of Privacy’ (2002) 30 Pepp L Rev 339

Stephen E Henderson ‘Learning from All fifty states: how to apply the fourth amendment and its state analogs to protect third party information from unreasonable search’ (2006) 55 Catholic University Law Review 373 available at http://works.bepress.com/stephen_henderson/3 accessed 20 January 2012

17, 23

Steven J Murdoch and Ross Anderson, ‘Tools and Technology of Internet Filtering’ in Ronald Deibert and others (eds), Access Denied: Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering (MIT Press 2008)

Thomas I Emerson, ‘The Doctrine of Prior Restraint’ (1955) Faculty Scholarship Series Paper 2804 http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/2804 accessed on 9

5, 29

XXII

November 2011 Thomas R Litwack, ‘The Doctrine of Prior Restraint’ [1977] Harv CR-CL L Rev 519

W Wat Hopkins, ‘The Involuntary Public Figure: Not So Dead After All’, (2003) 21 Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal 1 Warren and Brandeis, ‘The Right to Privacy’ (1890) 4 Harv L Rev 193 8, 32 BOOKS AND TREATISES Referred to in: Lessig, Code: Version 2.0 (Perseus Books 2006) 8 Christopher Slobogin, Privacy at Risk: The New Government Surveillance and the Fourth Amendment (2007)

Helen Fenwick and Gavin Phillipson, Media Freedom under the Human Rights Act (2006)

Nihal Jayawickrama, The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law: National, Regional and International Jurisprudence (1st^ edn, CUP 2002)

6, 22

Richard A Posner, Not A Suicide Pact: The Constitution in a Time of National Emergency (OUP 2006)

Richard Clayton and Hugh Tomlinson, The Law of Human Rights ( 1 st^ edn, OUP 2000)

1, 29

Sarah Joseph and others, The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Cases, Materials and Commentary (2 nd edn, OUP 2005)

6, 16

Wayne R Lafave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment (2004)

XXIII

CONSTITUTIONS

Referred to in: Constitution of Sweden 1991 1, 3 MISCELLANEOUS Referred to in: ‘Constitutional Law. Freedom of Speech. State Police Intelligence System Focusing on Public Protesters Declared Unconstitutional. Anderson v. Sills, 106 NJ Super 545, 256 A. 2d 298 (Ch. 1969), Appeal Docketed, No. A- 150 - 69 (Super. Ct., App. Div. 1969)’ 1970 83(2) HLR 935.

Article 19: Global Campaign for Free Expression, Statement on the Right to Communicate (London, 2003) <http://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/publications/right-to- communicate.pdf> accessed 9 November 2011

Brief of Amici Curiae Electronic Frontier Foundation and American Civil Liberties Union of the National Capital Area in Support of Appellant Jones in United States v Lawrence Maynard and Antoine Jones No 08 - 3030/08- 3034 (US)

Brief of Center for Democracy & Technology, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Matt Blaze, Andrew J Blumberg, Roger L Easton, and Norman M Sadeh as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondent in United States v Antoine Jones No 10- 1259 (US)

23, 24, 25, 29

Center for Democracy & Technology, Intermediary Liability: Protecting Internet Platforms for Expression and Innovation (2010) <http://www.cdt.org/files/pdfs/CDT- Intermediary%20Liability_(2010).pdf> accessed 9 November 2011

Council Directive 2002/58/EC of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic

XXIV

communications sector [2002] OJ L201/37 Council Directive 2006/24/EC of 15 March 2006 on the retention of data generated or processed in connection with the provision of publicly available electronic communications services or of public communications networks and amending Directive 2002/58/EC [2006] OJ L105/54

Council Directive 95/46/EC of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data [1995] OJ L281/31

12, 18, 19

Council of Europe, ‘Declaration on Freedom of Communication on the Internet’ (2003)

1, 3 , 5

European Commission, 'Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Evaluation report on the Data Retention Directive (Directive 2006/24/EC)' COM(2011) 225 final (Brussels 18 April

2011. <http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010- 2014/malmstrom/archive/20110418_data_retention_evaluation_en.pdf> accessed 20 January 2012

European Digital Rights, ‘What the European Commission owes 500 million Europeans’ (2010) http://www.edri.org/files/Data_Retention_Conference_031210final.pdf accessed 9 November 2011

Johannesburg Principles on National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access to Information, UN Doc E/CN 4/1996/39 (1996)

11, 12

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ‘Workshop Summary: The Role of Internet Intermediaries in Advancing Public Policy Objectives’ (Paris, 2010) 9 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/8/59/45997042.pdf accessed 9 November 2011

Privacy International, ‘Memorandum of laws concerning the legality of data retention with regard to the rights guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights’ (2010) <https://www.privacyinternational.org/countries/uk/surveillance/pi_data_re tention_memo.pdf> accessed 9 November 2011

XXV

Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, UN Doc E/CN 4/1985/4

12, 13, 14

UNCHR ‘Final Report of Special Rapporteurs on Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expressions’ (1992) UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/9

UNCHR ‘General Comment 10’ in ‘Article 19 (Freedom of Opinion)’ (1983) UN Doc CCPR/C/GC/10

10, 11

UNCHR ‘General Comment 34’ in ‘Article 19 (Freedom of Opinion and Expression)’ (2011) UN Doc CCPR/C/GC/34

UNCHR, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression’ (2011) UN Doc A/HRC/17/27

1, 29

UNHRC, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism’ (2009) UN Doc A/HRC/13/37

19, 20, 26