MPOETC Exam #14 Crash Investigation With 100% Correct And Verified Answers, Exams of Advanced Education

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MPOETC Exam #14 Crash Investigation

With 100% Correct And Verified Answers

Un-stabilized Situation - Correct Answer-An un-stabilized situation is a set of events not under human control. It originates when control is lost and terminates when control is regained or when all persons and property are at rest Crash - Correct Answer-A crash is the result of an un-stabilized situation which includes at least one incident of personal injury or property damage that is not a direct result of a cataclysm or deliberate intent. Non-Collision Crash - Correct Answer-Any crash other than a collision crash. A crash report should be prepared if the resultant incident meets the definition of a reportable crash, i.e., there is an injury or property damage that requires towing.

• The incident must occur on a highway or traffic way that is open to the public by right or custom and involve at least one motor vehicle in transport. EX:
• Sudden stop causes an occupant to be injured.
  • Vehicle overturning.
• Breakage of any part of the vehicle, resulting in injury or further property damage.
• Explosion of any part of the vehicle.
• Fire starting in the vehicle while in motion (not parked). • Fall or jump from the vehicle.
• Occupant hit by an object in or thrown against some part of the vehicle.
• Object falling on the vehicle. Department Vehicle Crash - Correct Answer-Any crash in which a Department vehicle is involved. Also includes a crash in which Department personnel drive, or are custodians of, a Turnpike Commission vehicle; other Commonwealth-owned or -leased vehicle; a personal vehicle authorized for official use; a vehicle which a member legally utilizes in a self-activated response to a serious police matter as prescribed in Field Regulation 1- 2, Duty Requirements; or a vehicle loaned to the Department for on-duty use. Hit-and-Run Crash - Correct Answer-A hit and run crash is a motor vehicle collision in which a driver involved fails to comply with any legal requirements regarding stopping, giving aid and giving ID.
• Attempt to find all parties. Did they leave the scene by foot, vehicle, or got a ride? Is this really a hit and run?

Reportable Crash - Correct Answer-The incident must occur on a highway or traffic way that is open to the public by right or custom and involve at least one motor vehicle in transport. Section 3746(a) of Title 75 states a crash is reportable if it involves: - Injury to or death of any person; and/or - Damage to any vehicle to the extent that it cannot be driven under its own power in its customary manner without further damage or hazard to the vehicle, other traffic elements, or the roadway, and therefore requires towing. Non-Reportable Crash - Correct Answer-A non-reportable crash involves a crash with no injury or death of any person, in which there is no towing due to the damage to the vehicle at the time of the crash.

• Furthermore, if the incident occurred on private property or was a result of deliberate intent or cataclysm, the crash is not reportable.
• A non-reportable crash does not require a Police Crash Report Form to be completed or submitted to PENNDOT. Motor Vehicle in Transport - Correct Answer-A motor vehicle in transport is any motorized vehicle moving or stopped (not parked) being used in the transportation of person(s) or property. There must be at least one motor vehicle in transport involved in every crash reported to PENNDOT. Cataclysm - Correct Answer-A cataclysm is a cloudburst, cyclone, earthquake, flood, hurricane, lightning, tidal wave, torrential rain, tornado, volcanic eruption, etc. Crashes that result from a cataclysm are not reportable.
• Motor vehicles driven into water when a bridge is washed out during a hurricane or flood.
  • Motor vehicles driven into falling materials covering a roadway during a landslide or avalanche. Harmful Event - Correct Answer-is an occurrence that actually causes damage or injury. It must be observable like "hitting a tree" or "overturning."
• The event itself causes the damage or injury. There can be up to four harmful events per unit per crash. If there are more for a particular vehicle, use the first four harmful events in event sequence (how it happened) and ignore the remaining event If the most harmful event is not one of the first four, make it the fourth harmful event and ignore the original fourth harmful event in sequence.
• The investigating officer will determine the most damaging or injury-producing event for each unit based upon his/her investigation.

Deliberate Intent - Correct Answer-The classification given to the cause of an event which occurs when a person acts deliberately to cause the event or deliberately refrains from prudent acts which would prevent occurrence of the event. Includes suicide, self- inflicted injury, homicide injury or damage purposely inflicted. Crashes that result from deliberate intent are NOT reportable. Legal Intervention - Correct Answer-A category of deliberate intent in which the person who acts or refrains from acting is a law-enforcing agent or other official. To be considered legal intervention the officer must be chasing someone and physically use the officer's vehicle to stop the person being chased.

• Crashes that result from Legal Intervention are not reportable. Examples:
• If a lawbreaker crashes, either intentionally or unintentionally, into a roadblock set up by police to stop him/her, then the crash is considered a result of legal intervention.
• If a driver, other than the lawbreaker, crashes into the roadblock, then the crash is not considered to be a result of legal intervention and is therefore reportable. Phantom Vehicle - Correct Answer-is a unit involved in the crash but where there is no contact between it and any other unit in the crash. In a sense, it is a unit that causes something to happen but is not directly involved in it. (There must be evidence or witness statements to corroborate existence of a phantom vehicle). Examples:
• A car slams on the brakes to avoid a pedestrian. The vehicle following it swerves to avoid contact and strikes the curb causing damage to the front bumper requiring towing.
• The first car in this scenario is a phantom vehicle because there was no contact with the second vehicle. The pedestrian could also be considered a phantom, but since it is not a vehicle, would not be included. Involved Parties - Correct Answer-All involved operators, occupants and property owners Series of Events - Correct Answer-Pre-scene series of events:
• The events that led up to the driver's point of possible perception of a hazard.
• This includes normal driving and anything that occurs prior to the collision scene. On-scene series of events:
• The events that occur within the on-scene area, which includes the point of possible perception.

• The "scene" of the collision includes everything from the point of possible perception to final res Point of Possible Perception: - Correct Answer-The place and time at which a normal person could perceive a hazard.
• This is the point at which a normal, sober, attentive driver could (and probably should) see a problem. Point of Actual Perception: - Correct Answer-The point where a situation is comprehended or perceived as being what it is, such as a hazard.
• This is the point at which a driver sees a problem and the brain figures out that it is a problem. Perception Delay: - Correct Answer-The time involved from the point of possible perception to the point of actual perception.
• This is how much delay there was between when the driver could have seen a problem and when he/she did see it Perception Time: - Correct Answer-The average human perception time is approximately one second.
• Earlier research states that perception time is approximately 3/4 of a second.
• This is only an average. Some people might perceive a problem in less time and some people may take more time. An intoxicated subject may take two or three seconds to perceive a problem. Perception Distance: - Correct Answer-The distance traveled during perception delay.
• The vehicle will travel a certain distance while the driver perceives a problem.
• Example: A vehicle traveling 55 miles per hour (which is 80 feet per second) would travel 80 feet during perception. - 80 f.p.s. x one second = 80 feet traveled. Reaction Time: - Correct Answer-The length of time from where a person perceives a given situation as a hazard to when he/she reacts to his/her perception.
• This is the delay between the brain and the hand or the foot (the brain delivers a message to the foot to push on the brake or to the hand to turn the wheel, etc.). The average human reaction time is 6/10 of a second. • Earlier research states that average reaction time is 3/4 of a second.
• As with perception, this is only an average. Some people may react faster and some people may react slower.

Point of No Escape: - Correct Answer-The place and time after or beyond which the collision cannot be prevented by a particular traffic unit. Point of Impact: - Correct Answer-The place where a traffic unit (1) strikes another traffic unit or some other object or (2) overturns. Primary Contact: - Correct Answer-The first contact between two traffic units or a traffic unit and another object, or a vehicle's first contact with a highway surface during an overturn. Maximum Engagement: - Correct Answer-The point of traffic unit's maximum penetration into another traffic unit or object during collision. Engagement: - Correct Answer-The initial penetration of one traffic unit into another traffic unit or object during primary, secondary or post-secondary contact Secondary Engagement: - Correct Answer-A contact occurring when a traffic unit disengages from a primary contact and strikes another traffic unit or object. Final Rest Position: - Correct Answer-The location where a traffic unit comes to rest after collision.

• A traffic unit may come to rest by two different methods: Controlled and Uncontrolled. AA 500 - Correct Answer-Is the name of the form you will complete for a crash report. Collision Severity-Five Categories: - Correct Answer-1.-Disabling Damage: damage which precludes departure of the vehicle from the scene of the collision in its usual operating manner. The vehicle has to be physically removed from the scene. 2.-Functional Damage: damage, other than disabling damage which affects the operation of the vehicle or its parts but it could possibly leave the scene under its own power. 3.-Other Motor Vehicle Damage: this type of collision may result from an object striking the vehicle either from the roadway or that fell or came off of another vehicle. - You may also have a vehicle that caught fire while in motion. 4.-Property Damage Collision: result of the collision is only to another persons property. 5.-No Damage Collision: An Injury Is bodily Harm to a Person: - Correct Answer--Fatal (Killed) -Incapacitating Injury (Major) -Non-Incapacitating (Evident Injury) -Possible Injury (Complaint of Pain) -Not Injured Injuries Should be classified on their condition at the scene

The Single Exception to that is FATAL COLLISIONS - Correct Answer-**IF injury results in death within 30 days of the collision in which the injury occurred the injury classification must be changed to a fatal collision. For PENNDOT statistic purposes which may also result in you filing charges. Advance Warning Area - Correct Answer-All advance warning devices should be placed so that they will provide enough warning for vehicles to slow before reaching the incident and any queue that might form Air Bags - Correct Answer-ARE DESIGNED TO REDUCE INJURY< NOT TO PREVENT INJURY Scars on the Roadway - Correct Answer-1. Chip or Gouge

2. Groove: A long narrow indentation or furrow. - Often caused by a bolt or similar protrusion. - Grooves can indicate direction of travel. - Circular grooves indicate a spinning vehicle. - Match to corresponding vehicle part
3. Hole:A round, smooth, walled cavity. - Usually caused by protruding bolts, broken rods, or similar objects.
4. Scrape: A wide superficial wound or a wide clean graze mark. - Caused by a vehicle part sliding over the roadway.
5. Scratch:A long, narrow, superficial wound. - Usually caused by a sliding vehicle part.

• Can appear as striations (several parallel scratches)

6. Undercarriage - Scrape on undercarriage should be matched to the scar on the roadway. - Mark(s) on undercarriage may appear as shiny and clean. - Debris from the roadway may be clinging to damaged vehicle part(s).
7. Debris: Liquids, such as vehicle fluids, blood, liquid cargo. - Solids, such as underbody debris, vehicle parts, miscellaneous cargo. - Granular cargo, such as grain, feed, fertilizer. - Road materials, such as gravel, pebbles. - Clothing, such as shreds of clothing, shoes. - Paint, such as paint chips or paint rubbed off. Debris may be found as:

• Spatter, such as an exploding radiator. •Dribble (will form a trail).
• Puddle is from a vehicle at rest.
• Runoff is from fluids flowing downhill.

1. Tire Prints - Correct Answer-- Caused by a rotating tire leaving the pattern of its tread on the roadway.

• May occur when a tire rolls through a liquid then onto a dry surface.

• May occur in soft materials, such as mud, sand, etc.- Prints are an indication that the wheel was NOT sliding.

2. Underinflated Tire Marks - Correct Answer-A rotating underinflated tire leaves two thin parallel marks on the outside edges of the tire.

• A similar tire mark can result from excessive weight on the tire.
• A skid that appears similar can result from weight shift to the front tires.

3. Overinflated Tire Marks - Correct Answer-As a print, an overinflated tire will appear narrower and the outside edges will be light or not appear at all.

• An overinflated skid mark will appear narrow.
• Weight shift off the rear tire may cause a similar narrow skid.
• Skid may narrow only where the tire was at the point of impact

4. Deflated or Blowout Tire Marks - Correct Answer-Appears as a scalloped or wavy mark.

• Usually from the outside edge of the tire.
• The sidewalls of the tire "flop" under the wheel rim.
• Commonly known as a "flat tire."

5. Skid Marks - Correct Answer-A skid mark is a tire mark that results from a tire sliding over a surface, which is caused by:

• A locked wheel as a result of braking.
• A locked wheel as a result of damage to the vehicle.
• A wheel that is being forced sideways. -Skid marks on asphalt surfaces appear darker than on non-asphalt surfaces as a result of smearing of the asphalt caused by heat from the skidding tire. -Skid marks on cement are more difficult to see and may appear as a "scraping" or "cleaning" mark. They also include burned off tire particles, which are short-lived items of evidence Skid marks on very cold asphalt surfaces will appear like on cement. Skid marks on wet surfaces are not always visible, but may become visible when the pavement dries. Skid marks on wet surfaces may appear as an erasing, cleaning, or squeegee mark, but this evidence can be extremely short lived. On a surface with loose material, such as dust or sand, the material may return over the skid mark. The material should be brushed aside and the surface examined for a skid mark. The end of the skid mark is usually the darkest part and there may be a deposit of roadway material at this point.

When attempting to locate skid marks, the investigator should view the marks from a position that is low and far back from the skid mark. Having the sun behind the investigator may improve the view of the mark. Polarized sunglasses (or filters if taking photographs) may provide a clearer view. In a straight skid, the tire mark will usually be the width of the tire, and will often leave marks corresponding to the ribs of the tire. Skid marks may be wider when the front wheels are turned. Due to weight shift, the outsides of the front tires and the insides of the rear tires may leave darker, or the only marks. In a straight skid, the rib pattern of the skid may Skid marks are useful in determining: - Correct Answer-The minimum speed. • A vehicle's location on the roadway. • The path of travel before and after collision. • The action of the vehicle. • Rotation, change of direction. • The approximate point of impact.

• Offset marks.

6. Scrub Marks - Correct Answer-Made by a tire that is locked or jammed during collision. - Usually caused by a sideways movement of the vehicle during collision.

• Can help to determine a point of impact.
• May contain striations.
• If the direction of the skid is in line with the wheel, it will appear similar to a skid mark.

7. Spin Skid Marks - Correct Answer-- Caused by a vehicle rotating around its center of mass.

• Leaves a figure eight pattern.

8. Skip Skid Marks - Correct Answer-- Consist of marks and spaces where there are no marks.

• Length of the spaces less than the length of the vehicle, usually one to three feet long.
• Can also be caused by contact and weight shift.
• When measuring, measure the entire skid to include the skip.

9. Gap Skid Marks - Correct Answer-- Also called intermittent.

• Gap skids consist of marks and spaces without marks. - The spaces are longer than the length of the vehicle.
• Need to measure the lengths of the marks and the gaps independently Offset Marks - Correct Answer-Occur when a skidding vehicle is struck by another object, which is usually a vehicle.
• Skid marks suddenly change direction.
• There is often a scrub mark at the point of impact.
• Location of the vehicle and direction of applied force can often be determined.

11. Pavement Grinding - Correct Answer-- Grinding of the pavement.

• Results in scratches on the roadway. Grinding from studded tires is a prime example.

• Also can result from debris embedded in the tire, such as gravel, metal, etc

12. Pavement Erasing - Correct Answer-- Comparable to an eraser removing chalk from a chalkboard.

• The skidding tire removes dirt, gravel, etc., from the roadway and can drag it along and deposit it at the end of the skid.
• Erasing is short-lived evidence.

13. Smear - Correct Answer-- A smear is generally found when a tire slides through loose, wet material, such as slush or mud.

• Very short-lived evidence.

14. Marks on Asphalt: - Correct Answer-- Will appear as dark, black marks on bituminous material.

• Marks may be left by the tire ribs only, not the grooves between the ribs.
• These are long-lived evidence.

15. Splatter - Correct Answer-- Splatter is the soft material that is squirted to the side when a tire travels through loose, wet material.

• Is also commonly found as a result of an exploding radiator.

16. Squeegee Marks - Correct Answer-- Occur as a sliding tire wipes moisture off a surface.

• Moisture may be evaporated as a result of the heat from a skidding tire.
• Very short lived.

17. Stippling - Correct Answer-- Tar from the roadway which is drawn up into the tread of the tire, as a result of the heat generated from skidding.

• May also contain gravel and debris.
• Looks like miniature Hershey kisses on the road.

18. Tire Grinding - Correct Answer-- Grinding of the tire.

• Particles of rubber and tire dust are ground off the tire surface.
• May accumulate at the end of the skid.
• Very short lived.

19. Tire Rub Off - Correct Answer-- Rubber ground from a sliding tire.

• Most skid marks on asphalt are a result of "melting" of the asphalt, but they may be a combination of "melting" and rub off.
• Most are to some degree a combination.

20. Impending Skid - Correct Answer-- The part of the tire mark just prior to the skid.
    • Braking effect is greatest at this point.

• The portion of the mark after the impending skid and prior to the dark skid mark may be called shadow. The tire is skidding, but has not produced enough heat to create a dark mark.

• Impending skid may also be called incipient (but rarely)

21. Ruts, Trenches, and Furrows - Correct Answer-- A rotating tire in soft material causes a rut.

• A skidding or side-slipping tire in soft material causes a trench or furrow.
• A rotating tire traveling over grass flattens the grass.
• A skidding or side-slipping tire causes grass to be pulled from the roots and make a furrow.

22. Acceleration Marks - Correct Answer-- Beginning of the mark is the darkest; especially the outside ridges, and then fades quickly.

• Tire tread rib marks may be visible.
• A clean tread for the full tire is an indication that the tire was spinning.
• The tire tread may contain scratches or striations if the surface was gravel, etc. Scuff Marks or Side-Slip Marks - Correct Answer-- Made by a rotating tire that is also side-slipping (skidding sideways).
• The critical speed of a curve is the maximum speed at which a vehicle can successfully negotiate the curve.
• In a normal turn, the rear wheels of a vehicle track inside the front wheels.
• At high speeds, the rear tires may begin to track outside the front tires in a curve.
• Once the rear tires track completely outside the front tires, the vehicle is considered to be in a critical speed yaw. Yaw Marks - Correct Answer-- The mark is only considered a yaw after the crossover. The rear tires crossing over and beginning to track outside of the front tires.
• The side-slipping tires will always create striations, unless they are totally bald.
• The mark will be curved.
• The outside front tire will create the darkest and clearest mark.
• Yaw marks can be measured to determine the actual speed of the vehicle.
• Always begin the measurements directly after the crossover.
• Always measure the inside of the mark to the inside of the mark or the outside of the mark to the outside of the mark, this is the CHORD measurement.
• Measure at least 30 feet of the mark. A.B.S. Braking Marks - Correct Answer-- Appear above 30 miles per hour.
• Appears similar to impending skid, both are created by threshold braking.
• May not be visible unless viewed from the proper location (low and prior to the skid).
• Do not refer to them as skids (they are not made by a locked sliding tire). Airborne Vehicles - Correct Answer-- Need to document the distance traveled in the air. Damage to Fixed Objects - Correct Answer-Document any damage to signs, trees, guide rails, curbs, fences, etc.

What are the two main classifications of vehicle damage? - Correct Answer-Contact & Induced Damage Contact Damage - Correct Answer-Damage that occurs at the point of contact, which is wherever the vehicle touches some other object. Induced Damage - Correct Answer-Damage that occurs as a result of forces elsewhere on the vehicle.

• Ex. Gas lid popping open, a trunk lid opening, a rear window shattering not form impact or a wrinkled roof. Imprints - Correct Answer-Marks pressed onto or into vehicle body parts as a result of a collision with some other object. Direction of Force - Correct Answer-The primary of principle direction of force (PDOF) affecting a vehicle is indicated by an arrow.- PDOF can be determined by examining CONTACT damage.- The direction of force that damaged the vehicle is the same as the direction in which the contact damage is pushed. Collision Photography - Correct Answer-- Photography should be used as a supplement to the investigation.
• Photographs assist in remembering in what was seen & used in court. What do I photograph? - Correct Answer-- At least 4 photographs of each vehicle involved in the collision.
• Overall views of the scene, taken from 360 degrees.
• Obtain photographs of important evidence. What to measure FIRST? - Correct Answer-- The position of the vehicles & other objects that my be moved later.
• Short-lived evidence that must be processed & photographed. Examples of short-lived evidence - Correct Answer-- Gas spills, water stains, puddles
• Tire prints in snow or soft material
• Light debris that my be blown or swept away
• Bodies that will be moved
• Blood or blood stains Examples of long-term evidence - Correct Answer-The following long-term evidence my last for serval days, if not months:
• chips
• gouges
• grooves
• damage to road or roadside objects

Field Sketch - Correct Answer-A rough drawing made quickly & as soon as possible after the investigator arrives on the scene.

• The prime purpose is to record positions & measurements of items that will soon be moved, altered, or destroyed.
• Provides the investigator with adequate data to complete an accurate scale diagram. What are the two types of references points? - Correct Answer-Tangible & Intangible Tangible Reference Points - Correct Answer-Items you can put your hands on, such as:
• posts, trees, fire hydrants
• buildings
• signs
• bridges Intangible Reference Points - Correct Answer-Temporary points, such as:
• crayon or spray marks on the roadway.
• constructed or temporarily marked curb extension lines.
• should be related in some way to a tangible reference point. Methods of Measuring - Correct Answer-- Measuring tape
• Rolling wheel
• Heel to toe (last resort)
• Pacing (need to know pace count)- Odometer (for greater distances)
• Electronic measuring devices, such as laser (total station) or infrared technology When to use Coordinate Method - Correct Answer-- Roadway edges are straight or have a very slight curvature.
• Points to be measured are not further than 30ft from the roadway edge.
• Items/ points are measured at right angles.
• Measured in an N, S, E, W manner.

• A baseline is formed from a reference point, usually along a curb line or edge line of the roadway; the reference point is usually the zero point on the baseline. What is the shortest distance between two points? - Correct Answer-Straight line The shortest distance from an object to the baseline forms? - Correct Answer-Right angle When to use Triangulation Method - Correct Answer-- Two or more reference points are available (tangible or intangible).

• Points to be measured are 30ft or more off the roadway.
• Irregular curb lines or roadway edges .- Curves & geometry of the roadway makes the use of right angles undesirable.

• Select 2 reference points (min of 20ft apart), measure distance between reference points first and then measure the shortest distance between each reference point to the spot or point to be measured. Definition of Crash - Correct Answer-A crash is the result of an un-stabilized situation which includes at least one incident of personal injury or property damage that is not a direct result of a cataclysm or deliberate intent. What is Deliberate Intent? - Correct Answer-The classification given to the cause of an event which occurs when a person acts deliberately to cause the event or deliberately refrains from prudent acts which would prevent occurrence of the event. Includes suicide, self-inflicted injury, homicide injury or damage purposely inflicted. Crashes that result from deliberate intent are NOT reportable. An act of nature is a...? - Correct Answer-Cataclysm This includes: Tornadoes, Flash Floods, Earthquakes, Forest Fires Factors to Call it a Crash are: - Correct Answer--Personal Injury -Motor vehicle in transit on Roadway/Traffic way -Damage to Motor Vehicle that is must be towed Examples: -Riding a bike into a parked car IS NOT A CRASH -If a moving car hits a bicycle then it IS A CRASH Vehicle catches on fire and it is damaged to the point it cannot be driven is a...? - Correct Answer-Non-Collision Crash Deliberate Intent Example - Correct Answer-Intentionally slam car into something is NOT A CRASH Driving car through standing water.... - Correct Answer-IS NOT A CRASH, it is a CATACLYSM Very Specific type of Deliberate Intent where Police cars chase and hit bad guys car is what? - Correct Answer-Legal Intervention=Not a crash Fleeing suspect from police hits into parked car is.... - Correct Answer-IS A CRASH because we did not INTEND for him to hit it. Vehicle set off chain of events but made no contact is a.... - Correct Answer-PHANTOM VEHICLE

Other NON-Collision Crashes other than a fire: - Correct Answer-When someone flies around the inside of the car and hits something, occupants striking things on the inside during an abrupt maneuvers -Vehicle overturned -something falling onto or into the car -someone falls from vehicle and gets injured List of Evidence at Crash scene: - Correct Answer-Chips, Gas Spill, Blood, Shadow Skid Shortest Lived Evidence=Gas Spill (evaporates) Longest Lived Evidence=Chips (until someone comes to fix them it is there) Tangible reference Points: - Correct Answer-Fire Hydrants, Trees, Light Poles- Something you can touch Intangible reference Points: - Correct Answer-are temporary points, such as:

• Crayon or spray marks on the roadway.
• Constructed or temporarily marked curb extension lines.
• Intangible reference points should be related in some way to a tangible reference point Most Accurate Form of Measurement: - Correct Answer-Tape Measure Least Accurate form of Measurement: - Correct Answer-Heel-To-Toe with feet Take two points and measure between them= - Correct Answer-Triangulation -MEASURE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE REFERENCE POINTS FIRST. -MEASURE THE SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN EACH REFERENCE POINT TO THE SPOT OR POINT TO BE MEASURED. Layout a baseline at 90 degrees= - Correct Answer-Coordinate -A BASELINE IS FORMED FROM A REFERENCE POINT • USUALLY ALONG A CURB LINE OR EDGE LINE OF THE ROADWAY
• THE REFERENCE POINT IS USUALLY THE ZERO POINT ON THE BASELINE. ITEMS / POINTS TO BE MEASURED, ARE MEASURED AT RIGHT ANGLES FROM THE BASELINE. -REMEMBER THE SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS IS A STRAIGHT LINE.
• THE SHORTEST DISTANCE FROM AN OBJECT TO THE BASELINE FORMS A RIGHT ANGLE
• ALL POINTS MEASURED, ARE MEASURED IN AN EAST / WEST OR NORTH / SOUTH MANNER FROM THE BASELINE. Example: Sunglasses were laying 15ft west and 9ft south is..... - Correct Answer- COORDINATE

Example: 35ft from hydrant and 12ft from the telephone pole is.... - Correct Answer- Triangulation Things to Include in Field Sketch: - Correct Answer--rough drawing of scene INCLUDE: North Arrow, Vehicles in Position you found them, Roadway, Traffic Control Devices, Evidence, Landmarks or Reference Points DO NOT PUT ON: - Correct Answer-Other vehicles, opinions of witnesses Page 1 of Crash Report= - Correct Answer-Incident number, Location, Date, Time, Traffic Control Device, Road Closure Information Page 2 of Crash Report= - Correct Answer-Vehicle and vehicle ownership information and driver information Page 3 of Crash Report= - Correct Answer-All Parties involved Demographics Page 4 of Crash Report= - Correct Answer-Harmful Events, what caused the crash? Environmental Factors? Example: Car is so mangled it is not going anywhere. What do you label the damage as??? - Correct Answer-DISABLING DAMAGE Example: Bumper is bent but vehicle is still drivable. What do you label damage as??? - Correct Answer-FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE Fire Extinguishers - Correct Answer-TYPE A-(Picture of Guy spraying off a fire and sprays off a garbage can on fire, USED TO PUT OUT SOLIDS, NOT LIQUIDS). TRASH, WOOD, PAPER, RUBBER TYPE B-IS FOR CHEMICALS AND LIQUIDS (Shows a picture of gas can on fire) TYPE C-IS ELECTRICAL (SHOWS PICTURE OF AN OUTLET) How far apart should you put the cones? - Correct Answer-As drivers come across lane, they should be placed 1 foot apart for how fast travel is. 35MPH=35 FEET APART 60MPH ZONE=PUT A CONE EVERY 60 FEET Set Up of Crash Scene Goes in this Order::: - Correct Answer-Advance Warning Area (Flares, let them know something is coming, warn them)->Transition Area(cones, direct traffic to other lane)->Recovery Area(Used so person an get over and not hit police car it they haven't already moved over->Emergency Scene