MRSO Final Exam Questions and Answers: A Comprehensive Guide to MRI Safety, Exams of Nursing

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In which ways and a patient self-regulate their temperature when they overheat? - correct answer Evaporation, Radiation Which of the following statements are true when discussing MR safety Larger patients will heat up most Smaller patients heat up most Larger patients are ferromagnetic Induction only occurs in smaller patients - correct answer Larger patients will heat up the most Which of the following personnel can enter zone 3 and 4 but can't escort and patient into zone 4 - correct answer MR personnel level 1 Which of the following describes the total dose of energy that a tissue receives during an entire exam? - correct answer Specific energy dose How many gauss are in 1 Tesla? - correct answer 10, Where is cryogen primarily located? - correct answer In the MR unit According to the ACR Manual on MRI safety 2020, what zone is the quench pipe located OUTSIDE a facility? - correct answer Zone 3 What type of MR unit uses a coil of wire with a current running through it and a cryogenic to help produce a strong magnetic field? - correct answer Superconducting magnet

A patient begins to sneeze uncontrollably immediately after an injection of gadolinium contrast? This could be considered what? - correct answer Allergic reaction According to the ACR Manual on MR safety 2020, in what zone is the MR unit found - correct answer Zone 4 Which of the following is true of non-MR personnel according to the ACR Manual on MR safety 2020? - correct answer They must pass an MR safety screening process before entering zone 3 Which of the following will determine the amount of heating that a patient will receive? - correct answer Pulse sequence used, patients overall surface area, patient mass After approximately _____ the magnetic field reaches zero - correct answer 3-5 minutes How much more heating does a 360 degree RF pulse have than a 180 degree RF pulse? - correct answer 4 times more A tester magnet should be how strong according to the ACR Manual on MR safety 2020? - correct answer Equal or greater than 1000 gauss What is the risk of a non-ferrous pain pump? - correct answer Lenz's force Which of the following answers best describes an electrical current when exposed to electrically conductive material? - correct answer Faraday's law of induction The gradient coils are responsible for which of the following? - correct answer Noise, peripheral nerve stimulation The T wave in the cardiac cycle represents what? - correct answer Heart repolarization How would gadolinium appear on a T1 weighted image? - correct answer Bright

Emesis after a contrata media reaction is considered what kind of adverse reaction? - correct answer A non-allergic reaction to contrast media When a patient undergoes an MR exam and starts to perspire, what method is the body using to regulate the increased temperature? - correct answer Evaporative cooling Which of the following are NOT recommended by the ACR Manual on MRI safety 2020? - correct answer Metal detector When electrical fields are produced in implants, the process of ___ heating can result - correct answer Ohmic Which of the following can reduce the risk of Lenz's force with implanted devices in our patient? - correct answer Advance the patient slowly into the MR unit A patient will change into a gown in most hospital settings within this zone, according to the ACR Manual on MRI safety 2020 - correct answer Zone 2 Cryogen is designed to escape from the MR room through what? - correct answer Quench vent An area that is outside of any MR department and is accessible to the general public is called what according to the ACR Manual on MR Safety 2020 - correct answer Zone 1 What is the cryogen used in MRI? - correct answer Helium This individual must have an in-depth understanding of the risks associated with the MRI environment, according to the ACR Manual on MR Safety 2020 - correct answer Level 2 personnel A ligand that attaches to a gadolinium ion in a chain like molecule is called what? - correct answer Linear bond

_____ states that as you run a current through a wire, a magnetic field is produced 90* to that current. It also explains that an electrical current will be produced in a wire placed in a changing magnetic field - correct answer Faraday's Law of induction Which of the following is true of all types of stainless steel? - correct answer All will cause artifacts in our image A macrocyclic agent refers to a gadolinium ion that is what? - correct answer A "caged in" gadolinium ion Which of the following is true of a gadolinium contrast osmolarity? - correct answer It is greater than blood The ACR committee on Drugs and Contrast Media concludes that patients receiving Group 1 GBCAs should be considered at risk of developing NAF if any of the following conditions apply to the patient - correct answer AKI, On dialysis, Severe or ESRD w/o dialysis Which of the following are considered time varying magnetic fields? - correct answer RF and changing magnetic field The rapid turning on and off of the gradient coil can produce which of the follow events in our patient? - correct answer Peripheral nerve stimulation, Magnetophosphenes What is the type of gradient coil used to produce axial images - correct answer Maxwell coil A gadolinium ion is attached to a molecule called a/an ____ Sonia can be excreted from a patient - correct answer Ligand The B1 field is found where? - correct answer 90* to the B This person is responsible for offering suggestions onMR protocol modifications, offering advice on MR safety programs and MR quality assurance programs, providing a high level of advice on safety aspects

of MR equipment, and reporting this info to the MRMD. This person is usually a physicist - correct answer MRSE The quench is not experienced right away, after about____ the cryogen is released from the MRI unit through the quench vent - correct answer 15-20 seconds The 45* deflection of an implant is equal to what force? - correct answer 1 gravity force What unit of measurement is used for the SAR in MRI? - correct answer W/kg Common complaints in the MEI environment due to the fast changing gradient activations are... - correct answer Nystagmus, Nausea, Dizziness A tech walks into the MR room to check on a patient. As they do this, they stick their head into the scammer quickly. What can occur from this movement through the static magnetic field? - correct answer Magnetophosphenes, Nausea, vertigo Which of the following are true of a metal detector? - correct answer They are able to detect only metal substances What does a cryogen do to the static magnetic field solenoid? - correct answer It reduces/ eliminates resistance in wires Which of the following are the units of measure for the static magnetic field? - correct answer Tesla The B1 refers to what? - correct answer The direction of the RF field The electrical fields associated with RF can cause what when exposing our patient - correct answer Burning What type of MR units uses many bricks of magnets to produce a strong magnetic field? - correct answer Permanent magnet

A patient develops two hives on their chest after a gadolinium contrast injection. What type of adverse event is this considered? - correct answer Allergic reaction The process of releasing a cryogen form the MR unit is called? - correct answer Quench In order for cryogen to not harm a patient, what needs to happen? - correct answer The cryogen needs to be vented outside A ____ field of view will utilize a steeper frequency encoding gradient. This will promote peripheral nerve stimulation. - correct answer Smaller A patient receives an injection of gadolinium and has pain at the injection site. What would this be considered? - correct answer A non-allergic reaction What is the difference between an allergic reaction to contrast media and an anaphylactic reaction? - correct answer Anaphylactic reactions are more serious The slope of the phase encoding gradient amplitude will determine how much resolution we will have in our image. Therefore a ___ gradient slope will produce high-resolution images - correct answer Steeper Induction of electrical current in our patient from changing magnetic fields can be described by which of the following? - correct answer Faraday's Law of induction Which formula is used to define the time varying gradient fields? - correct answer Db/dt A headache after a contrata media injection is considered what possible adverse event? - correct answer Non-allergic reaction What is the name for the direction of magnetic flux densities produced by the static magnetic field? - correct answer B

What is the maximum allowable strength of the gradient coils for a given sequence called? - correct answer Maximum gradient peak Inside the bore of the MRI, where would we expect the gradient coils to be found? - correct answer Surrounding the patient peripheral to isocenter Which of the following describes when a non ferrous, electrically conductive object is repulsed by a static magnetic field when moving through its magnetic flux? - correct answer Lenz's force Why are metal detectors not recommended in MR screening according to th ACR Manual on MRI safety 2020? - correct answer They are dependent on operator skill, they can't detect small fragments well, they have varied sensitivity Which of the following are considered ferrous metals? - correct answer Cobalt, steel, nickel The control room is commonly found in what zone according to the ACR Manual on MRI safety 2020 - correct answer Zone 3 Unsafe active implanted devices in patients should never enter zone 3 but should definitely not___ - correct answer Cross the 5 gauss line What organization has produced the terms used in MR labeling? (MR safe, MR conditional..... - correct answer ASTM international What is the name of the gradient coil used to produce sag and coronal images? - correct answer Golay coil A ligand that cages a gadolinium ion is referred to as... - correct answer A macrocyclic bond Which of the following is used to measure patient heating in MRI? - correct answer Specific absorption rate

The image matrix consists of a frequency and phase direction. When increasing these values, we will increase our resolution. This means that we will be increasing the slope of our gradient coils. This means the we will____ the chances of peripheral nerve stimulation - correct answer Increase Which of the following will be able to handle the most RF heating when considering only body mass and surface area? - correct answer Neonates Identify the ferromagnetic threat - correct answer Scissors, scalpel, metal hemostat Which of the following stainless is non-ferrous - correct answer Austentic Which of the following will influence the amount of heating produced from RF? - correct answer Patient weight, flip angle, field strength The number of particles found in one liter of a solution is defined as what? - correct answer Osmolarity The speed that it takes a gradient coil to activate and reach maximum strength is called what? - correct answer The rise time All MR medical directors must report incidents to which of the following within one business day of an adverse event? - correct answer FDA medwatch program What group issued the ACR Manual on MRI safety 2020? - correct answer American College of Radiology All of the following are true of a patient according to the ACR Manual on ME Safety 2020 except.... - correct answer Patient can be screened and accompanied by a level on personnel into zone 4 Which of the following most likely would be considered a level 1 MR personnel according to the ACR Manual on MR Safety 2020? - correct answer MR Tech aid Gadolinium contains what kind of magnetic susceptibility? - correct answer Paramagnetic

What types of cryogen are used in a dual cryogen system? - correct answer Helium and nitrogen What document has established guidelines for MR safety and best practices that are followed today in the US? - correct answer ACR Manual on MR Safety 2020 What is the purpose of resonance in MRI - correct answer To tilt nuclei of interest away from the B Which of the following statements are not true according to the ACR Manual on MR Safety 2020? - correct answer The MRI screening process should be different for non-MR and MR personnel Which of the following statements is true? - correct answer None The patient changing room for MR patients is commonly found in the following zones according to the ACR Manual on MR Safety 2020.. - correct answer Zone 2 How will the nuclei be influenced when exposed to a time-varying magnetic field produced from our gradient coils? - correct answer They will begin to process faster in our patient A patient undergoing an MR exam is given an ice pack to reduce heat. Which of these methods is the patient using to regulate their increased heating? - correct answer Conduction During a quench, over a period of___ minute(s),the magnetic field is changing. This can cause peripheral nerve stimulation or other biological effects associated with changing magnetic fields - correct answer 1 Which of the following require the minimal MR safety tracing according to the ACR Manual on MR Safety 2020? - correct answer Level 1 MR personnel A deflection of 90* due to translation force indicates how much force is experienced on the patient - correct answer Undetermined What is the most common patient complaint post gadolinium contrast injection? - correct answer Headache

What occurs if a quench vent pathway fails? - correct answer Pressure within the scan room would increase When does cryogen become an issue in MRI of a patient? - correct answer If it is released in mri the scan room The change in the pressure in the scan room can do what to the patient during a malfunctioned quench?

• correct answer The patient may experience ear pain from increased pressure What is hypothermia? - correct answer When the body temperature gets dangerously cold A cryogen released in the scan room will do what to the room pressure? - correct answer Increase it During a quench, what will occur? - correct answer The magnetic field will change Which of the following is possible if a cryogen is released into the MR room? - correct answer Start raining, start snowing poor visibility (all choices) If a cryogen is released into the MR room, what would occur in the patient? - correct answer Asphyxia If a cryogen touches a patients skin, what would happen? - correct answer Frostbite/ tissue necrosis How cold is helium in its liquid state? - correct answer ~4 Kelvin A contrast media with a high relativity will do what compared to one with a lower relativity? - correct answer It will produce more signal Which of the following gadolinium contrast agents will demonstrate the highest risk of NSF in patients who are in renal failure? - correct answer Linear ionic contrast

The degree that a tissue demonstrates T1 and T2 relaxation post contrast media injection refer to what?

• correct answer Relaxivity A patient receives many doses of gadolinium contrast over their lifetime. They come in for an MRI brain and T1 shortening is seen pre-contrast in the dentate nuclei and basal ganglia. What is this called? - correct answer Retained gadolinium Which of the following are contraindication(s) to the administration of a GBCA?Asthma, sickle cell, beta blockers, none of the above - correct answer None of the above The detection of gadolinium in drinking water is - correct answer Anthropogenic Normal kidneys should excrete all gadolinium contrast from a patient how quickly? - correct answer 24 hours A disease that causes fibrosis of the skin and organs of a patient who receives unstable gadolinium based contrast is called - correct answer Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Anthropogenic gadolinium can be described as what? - correct answer When gadolinium is found in the water supply Gadolinium will affect tissue when... - correct answer When it is in very close proximity to hydrogen in that tissue Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis is caused by what - correct answer When the gadolinium ion breaks free from the ligand and remains in the body The frequency of acute adverse reactions to GBCA is about ___ times higher in patients with previous reaction to GBCM - correct answer 8 A disease that may be connected with delivering gadolinium contrast to patients with compromised renal function is called - correct answer Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

Which of the following is true if we increase the image matrix from 256x256 to 512x512 - correct answer Our phase encoding gradient would activate a stronger magnetic gradient field Which of the following is measured in mT/m - correct answer Maximum gradient peak Which of the following will produce a minimal chance of nerve stimulation when using the same slew rate? - correct answer Going from 512/512 to 320/ Where will peripheral nerve stimulation be felt with the most intensity? - correct answer Further away from isocenter in the gantry What is true of peripheral nerve stimulation? - correct answer It can cause discomfort to the patient Which of the following pulse sequences will produce the greatest chance for peripheral nerve stimulation? SE,EPI, FSE, or GRE - correct answer EPI The speed in which the gradient coils can activate and deactivate is called the... - correct answer Slew rate Which of the following bio effects are associated with the time varying gradient magnetic field? - correct answer Magnetophosphenes, Peripheral nerve stimulation What is the FDA limit for the effects of peripheral nerve stimulation? - correct answer What the patient can tolerate Which of the following will produce the greatest possibility of peripheral nerve stimulation when we change the following, but not the slew rate? - correct answer Moving from a small FOV (320/320) to a large FOV (520/520) Which of the following is measured in milliseconds? - correct answer The rise time

Which of the following is true if we increase the image matrix from 256/256 to 512/512? - correct answer Our phase encoding gradient would activate a stronger magnetic gradient field Do not expose implant to more than 80% of the maximum threshold of the gradient coils means - correct answer That we must stay in normal operation mode Which of the following is measured in T/m/s? - correct answer Slew rate Which of the following concerns can be caused by the time varying gradient magnetic field with a lead in the heart? - correct answer Arrhythmia 1.5T and 3.0T MR units typically have a maximum gradient peak of what - correct answer 30-45 mT/m Which of the following is true if we increase the field of view from 200mm to 400mm? - correct answer We use a weak time varying gradient magnetic field Which of the following will produce a minimal chance of peripheral nerve stimulation when using the same slew rate - correct answer Going from a large image matrix to a small image matrix (512/512) to (320/320) The slew rate influences which of the following? - correct answer The amount of induced stimulation in our patient Where will peripheral nerve stimulation be felt with the most intensity - correct answer Further away from isocenter in the gantry An energy deposition mode set to normal operation mode will allow while-body heating in a patient to what - correct answer 0.5 degrees celcius The FDA limits SAR in the head to what? - correct answer 3.2 W/Kg for 10 minutes Wires and leads can produce heat because they are what? - correct answer Electrically conductive

A burn that correlates with tissue in contact with the side of the bore at the level of the RF transmitter is referred to as what? - correct answer Proximity burning Loops created with tissue or devices can cause which of the following harmful effects when experiencing an RF exposure - correct answer Burning Which of the following mechanisms of patient burning is associated with the antenna affect? - correct answer Resonant burning When can heating occur in a wire that is exposed to RF? - correct answer When the transmitted wavelength is half of the resonant frequency or is a multiple of the length of that A _____ diameter loop formed by tissues or devices with a _____ contact point will increase the chance for induced loop burns - correct answer Large, small Which of the following are mechanisms of patient burning in MRI due to the RF transmitter. Select all that apply - correct answer Electrical conductivity, Near field effects, Resonant circuitry What is the SAR limit for the whole body in first-level controlled operating mode? - correct answer 4 W/kg for 6 minutes When discussing the distance from an RF transmitter and the biological effects witnessed, which of the following describes the area where burns can occur in proximity closest to the transmitter? - correct answer Near field Which of the following is a "heat sink"in MRI - correct answer ice pack Which of the following techniques can be used to increase the echo spacing? Select all that apply - correct answer Decrease bandwidth Heating or focused hotspots are common in which of the following? - correct answer In devices with sharp points or edges

An ice pack used to reduce the heating of a tattoo or superficial conductive object is termed what? - correct answer Heat sink The IEC 60601- 2 - 33 whole body operating mode is ____ the energy requirements limited in the first controlled operating mode. - correct answer Half Patient whole body heating is limited to what in first level controlled operating mode? - correct answer 1 degree Celsius Which of the following will reduce the SAR? Select all that apply - correct answer Decrease flip angle When discussing the distance from an RF transmitter and the biological effects witnessed, which of the following describe the area where the most energy is absorbed in implants and/or patient? - correct answer Near field Which of the following are considered biological effects of the static magnetic field? - correct answer Magnetohydrodynamic effect Blood flow in high static magnetic fields induces elevated voltages that contaminate the ECGA signal which is recorded simultaneously during MRI scans for syncronization purposes. This is known as the ____, it increases the amplitude of the T wave, thus hindering correct R peak detection - correct answer Magnetohydrodynamic effect During acquisition, it is noticed that the T wave of the cardiac cycle is elevated. What is this artifact called? - correct answer Magnetohydrodynamic effect A ferrous object is not drawn to the pull of the magnet, - correct answer It is the changing magnetic fields that pulls the ferrous object to the magnet Which of the following will demonstrate some level of translational force? - correct answer A steel aneurysm clip

What is teratogenesis? - correct answer The development of congenital anomalies in an embryo or fetus What are the risks of rotational force? - correct answer Torque on an implant As blood flows through a vessel when blood is pumped from the heart,currents can be induced. The degree of this is caused by? - correct answer Flow potential An object that produces a weak attractive force in the presence of a strong magnetic field is called what? - correct answer Paramagnetic It is important to describe the effects of translational and rotational force on magnets with different vectors. A ____ vector will produce a longer gradient of spatial magnetic fields along the longitudinal vector. A ____ MR unit, however, will produce a shorter gradient of the spatial magnetic field - correct answer Horizontal, vertical What is nystagmus? - correct answer Involuntary movement of the eyes from side to side The invisible fields that flow from the north pole of a magnet to the South Pole are called? - correct answer Magnetic flux lines What are the risks associated with translational force? - correct answer Missile effect Which of the following are true of Lenz's Force? Select all that apply - correct answer Influence of an object depends on the field strength, increases with the rate of motion through the static magnetic field, influences objects that are electrically conductive Which of the following are NOT true of the static magnetic field? Select all that apply - correct answer It has been known to cause pregnancy issues, it is the cause of Magnetohydrodynamic effects only when the table is moving An object retains a magnetic field as it is removed from a strong magnetic field is called what? - correct answer Ferromagnetic

Which of the following are true of the static magnetic field? Select all that apply - correct answer Translation force and rotational force can occur with ferrous objects in their presence, implants that have ferrous components can cause harm to patients in their presence An object that has kinetic energy must be - correct answer