MTTC ESL Test Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2024, Exams of Advanced Education

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MTTC ESL Test Exam Questions With

100% Correct Answers 2024

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - Correct Answer-(BICS) Language skills and functions that allow students in school to communicate in everyday social contexts that are similar to those at home such as performing classroom chores, chatting with peers, consuming instructional media. BICS are context embedded b/c participants can provide feedback to one-another, the situation itself provides cues that further understanding and factors apart from linguistic code can furnish meaning. Takes 2+ years to develop. Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - Correct Answer-(CALP) The language needed to perform abstract and decontextualized school tasks successfully. Students must rely on language to attain meaning. Takes 5+ years for students to develop. CALP involves context-reduced communication and requires metacognition. Language Universals - Correct Answer-All languages have structure, are dynamic and complex. Phonemes - Correct Answer-The individual sounds in a language. Distinctive units make a difference when sounds distinguish words. English has 34-45 phonemes depending on the dialect. Diagraph - Correct Answer-A pair of letters used to WRITE one sound or a combonation of sounds that doesn't correspond to the written letters combined-- 2 letters that SPELL one sound. Example: sh, ch, wh, th Dipthong - Correct Answer-Vowel blend with 2 adjacent vowels, each of which is sounded-- one vowel SOUND formed by a combination of 2 vowel sounds. Example: "oi" in coin. Morpheme - Correct Answer-small units of MEANING that cannot be further subdivided Syntax - Correct Answer-rules that govern the formation of phrases and sentences-- grammar. Pragmatics - Correct Answer-Study of communication in context. Meaning in context in discourse.

• Includes 3 major communication skills: ability to use language for different functions, appropriately adapting/changing language according to listener or situation, and ability to follow rules for conversation and narrative.

Dialect - Correct Answer-Evinced when people talk a certain way in order to feel appropriate within a given context. Any variety of language which is shared by a group of speakers. Varies with region, social class and ethnic origin. Decoding - Correct Answer-Skill essential to reading. This skill is established as readers come to understand that there is an orderly relationship between letters and speech sounds. Connect the letters to their sounds then affirm the meaning from the context. "Decodable" books are designed to provide structured reading practice, but content is often contrived and sentences sound unnatural (BOB books). Specifically Designed Academic Instruction in English - Correct Answer-(SDAIE) Incorporates specific teaching modifications to make a lesson understandable to students in sheltered English Immersion (SEI) programs which typically involve students that come from many different language backgrounds. These SEI programs are best suited for students with intermediate language skills and are not as good as incorporating in the students' L1. Code Switching - Correct Answer-The alternating use of 2 languages on the word, phrase, clause, sentence level. Very important for and widely used by Bilinguals. 10 Purposes of Code Switching - Correct Answer-1. Emphasize a point

2. Unknown word in 1 language
3. Ease/efficiency of expression
4. Repetition to clarify
5. Express group identify/to be accepted by a group
6. To quote someone
7. Interject a conversation
8. To exclude someone
9. Crossing social/ethnical boundaries
10. Ease tension in a conversation Functions of Language - Correct Answer-1. Instrumental (needs)
11. Regulatory (controlling other's behavior)
12. Informative (communicating info)
13. Interactional (establishing social relationships)
14. Personal (Expressing individuality)
15. Heuristic (investigating/acquiring knowledge)
16. Imaginative (expressing fantasy/possibility) Register - Correct Answer-formal v.s informal-- the level of formality in which you speak. Semantics - Correct Answer-The study of the meanings of individual words and larger units of words such as phrases and sentences. Speakers must learn "agreed on meanings of words/phrases in their language-- meanings must be shared. Language is flexible so ELLs need to be always acquiring vocabulary to keep up with Semantic demands.

Content Objectives - Correct Answer-What the student will be learning during a lesson. "You will learn about the causes of the American Revolution" Language Objectives - Correct Answer-How students will learn/demonstrate their mastery of the lesson by reading, speaking, writing or listening. "You will be able to explain the connection between the French and Indian War and the American Revolution". Phonemic Awareness - Correct Answer-The ability to use the sound-symbol connection to separate sentences into words and words into syllables in order to hear, identify and manipulate the individual phonemes within spoken words. Limited/Subtractive Billingualism - Correct Answer-The child's L1 is gradually replaced by a more dominant/prestigious language. Partial Bilingualism - Correct Answer-Students achieve native like level in one of their languages-- doesn't reap any positive or negative cognitive effects. Proficient/Additive Bilingualism - Correct Answer-When students attain increased levels of proficiency in both languages. This is where they can reap positive cognitive benefits. Cognitive Benefits of Bilingualism - Correct Answer-- Better pattern recognition, problem solving, divergent thinking and creativity

• Enhanced metalinguistic/critical thinking
• Better on standardized tests
• Sharper task focus
• Increased understanding of contextual use of language. Communicative Competence - Correct Answer-Knowledge that enables language users to convey and interpret messages and to negotiate meaning interpersonally within specific contexts. Not just relevant to grammar-- communication correctly in regards to the social context. Zone of Proximal Development - Correct Answer-(ZPD) The distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers. Factors That Influence 2nd Language Acquisition - Correct Answer-- Learner's Background: names, forms of address, age, L1 proficiency, L2 experience, assessment of L2 level, current stage of L2 acquisition, academic success, likes/dislikes
• Social Emotional: self esteem, motivation, anxiety, learner attitudes
• Cognitive: learning styles/ strategies
• Sociocultural/political: family acculturation, use of L1 and L2, family/school values

Norm Referenced Assessments - Correct Answer-(better option) When the interpretation of assessment performance is relative rather than absolute. Results are not compared to a predetermined standard. Example: Top 20 scores pass, no predetermined cut off score. Criterion Referenced Assessments - Correct Answer-(bad option) Has a cut off score that represents an absolute level of mastery that the students must achieve. Interpretation of test performance is absolute rather than relative to other students performances. Example: SAT-- many standardized tests Acculturation - Correct Answer-Exchange of cultural features. Example: An advanced ELL has been in the U.S for several years. He is strong academically and does extra-curricular activities, has English speaking friends and speaks his L1 at home and celebrates his heritage culture. Assimilation - Correct Answer-L1 is absorbed. Loss of cultural characteristics. Syncretism - Correct Answer-When different inflected forms of a single word are identical to each other. "Put" can be used in single past, present tense, and past participle. Decoding - Correct Answer-Translating printed words to sounds or reading (reading). Going from visual to auditory. Encoding - Correct Answer-Using individual sounds to build and write words (writing). Going from auditory to writing. Krashen's Monitor Model - Correct Answer-Consists of 5 hypothesis. Not a perfect model but still has some relevant ESL ideas within it. Onset - Correct Answer-The initial phonological unit of any word. Ex: /c/ in cat. Rime - Correct Answer-The string of letters that follow, usually a vowel and final consonants. Ex: /at/ in cat. Can be used to figure out word families and increase phonological awareness. Pull-out ESL - Correct Answer-ESL teacher pulls students out of mainstream classroom to work in small groups in another room. Students will miss mainstream instruction but get 1-on-1 time with another educator. Push-in ESL - Correct Answer-ESL teacher comes into mainstream classroom to support ELs during content-area lessons. ESL teacher could co-teach with mainstream teacher or work with small groups of students as the mainstream teacher instructs.

1. Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis - Correct Answer-The origin is flawed by can be beneficial to instruction from a certain perspective. Originally this hypothesis says language learning is a subconscious act because of the brain's Language Acquisition Device (LAD) which is non existent. We can take aways that ACQUISITION is subconscious and LEARNING is conscious. LEARNING is what we do in school though it is not as effective as acquisition. In our classes, teenagers and older students can really benefit from concrete learning strategies and explicit grammar instruction.
2. Monitor Model Hypothesis - Correct Answer-The language acquisition center produces language while learned behavior/content monitors it. The learning system corrects the acquisition center. Too much monitoring leads to an emphasis of accuracy over fluency. Educators should aim to have a good balance of accuracy and fluency.
3. Natural Order Hypothesis - Correct Answer-States that children learning a language (first or second) acquire grammatical structures in a predetermined "natural order". Explicit teaching/learning cannot change the natural oder of acquisition. This theory has been credited as invalid.
4. Input Hypothesis - Correct Answer-Students need to receive an appropriate amount of comprehensible input. We use this hypothesis when we say that students not only need input, they need input that is easy to understand. Teaching language that's too high for student does little to progress their language ability/understanding.
5. Affective Filter Hypothesis - Correct Answer-The affective filter is a mental screen that filters input from reaching the language acquisition center in the brain. Conscious learning, motivation, stress, classroom environment, and confidence can trigger the filter. Phonetics - Correct Answer-Speech sounds or phonemes. The NATURE of simply the sound, how they are produced. Phonology - Correct Answer-How speech sounds or phonemes form systems. Taking phonetics one step further. Morphology - Correct Answer-Focuses on words and their individual meaning. Language Acquisition - Correct Answer-Subconscious process where you are unaware of grammar rules but learn how to communicate in a language. The learner needs a source of natural communication/immersion. We should aim for language acquisition! Language Learning - Correct Answer-Not a communicative process. It is the result of direct instruction in the rules of a language. Students have conscious knowledge of the

new language and can talk about that knowledge. Still, knowing grammar rules doesn't necessarily equate to good speaking/writing. Behaviorist Theory - Correct Answer-- Watson and Skinner mashed behavioral psychology with language learning theory. They stated that the ELL is the person receiving stimulus. They respond and react to the reinforcement that's provided by a teacher, therefore learning a behavior.

• Audiolingualism is an outcome of Watson and Skinner's behaviorist theory. It views language learning as habit formation. Dialogues and drills are preferred method of instruction. Accuracy is emphasized while meaning is excluded. In the beginning, it is not important for the EL to know what they are saying-- just that they are saying it correctly. According to this theory, correct responses are paired with positive reinforcement while incorrect responses earn students negative reinforcement.
• Behaviorist theory was popular in the 1960's but popularity dwindled soon as it resulted in students not being able to transfer their learned behavior to communication. Accomodation - Correct Answer-Tools/procedures that provide equal access to instruction and assessment for students with disabilities to "level the playing field" There are 4 categories: presentation (repeat directions), response (mark answers in a book) timing (extra time/breaks), setting (lighting, separate room). Accommodations lessen the effect of a student's disability. Modification - Correct Answer-Changing or alteration, lowering or reducing learning expectations. Consistent use can increase the gap between achievement of students with disabilities and the grade level expectations. Standard Accomodation - Correct Answer-Those allowed for both testing and instruction that don't change the skill that's being tested. Non-standard Accommodation - Correct Answer-One that will change the nature of the task/target skill. Components of making testing accommodation decisions - Correct Answer-Team members must know: the test (content, question types, testing conditions), state testing guidelines, what accommodations will invalidate a test score. Bilingualism - Correct Answer-ability to USE 2 languages. Defining can be problematic because there may be variation in the 4 language domains and differences in proficiency in 2 languages. People may become bilingual either by acquiring 2 languages at the same time in childhood or by learning a 2nd language sometime after acquiring the 1st language. Biliteracy - Correct Answer-Ability to effectively communicate/understand written thoughts/ideas through grammatical systems, vocabularies and written symbols of 2 different languages.

Natural Approach - Correct Answer-Theory for 2nd language learning which focuses on communicative skills-- oral and written Based on Krashen's theory of language acquisition which assumes speech emerges in 4 stages: preproduction (listening and gestures), early production (short phrases), speech emergence (long phrases and sentences), intermediate fluency (conversation). English as a Second Language - Correct Answer-ESL. Program of techniques, methodology and special curriculum designed to teach ELL students English language skills which may include listening, speaking, reading, writing, study skills, content vocabulary and cultural orientation. ESL instruction is usually in English with little use of L1. Differentiation - Correct Answer-Creating a balance between academic content and students individual needs. Students are learning the same things but in different ways. Differentiation requires ongoing evaluation of students needs and conscious attention to designing instructional activities and assessment to meet those needs. Comprehensible Input - Correct Answer-Good quality, relevant, understandable input. Comprehensible input hypothesis (Krashen): i + 1. For input to be comprehensible, it needs to be just one level above that of the listener.