NAS 2 Challenge Exam Study Guide: Mastering Biology Fundamentals, Exams of Advanced Education

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NAS 2 Challenge Exam Study Guide

Questions and Answers with Complete

Solutions Updated 2024

Levels of Organization: - Correct Answer-chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal Survival Needs - Correct Answer-nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate temperature, atmospheric pressure Requirements for Life - Correct Answer-maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth Homeostasis - Correct Answer-ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously Basic Mechanisms - Correct Answer-receptor, control center, effector Negative Feedback Mechanisms - Correct Answer-most common homeostasis control mechanism; the net effect is that the original output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces the intensity Positive Feedback Mechanisms - Correct Answer-cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as the an initial change Ionic bond - Correct Answer-chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of electrons Covalent bond - Correct Answer-shared electrons between atoms Hydrogen bond - Correct Answer-hydrogen shares a pair of electrons with another atom Nonpolar - Correct Answer-electrically balanced molecules Polar - Correct Answer-non symmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms (water) Decomposition - Correct Answer-molecule is broken down Synthesis - Correct Answer-a chemical reaction in which larger, more complex molecule are formed from smaller ones Exchange - Correct Answer-bonds are made and broken

Organic Compounds - Correct Answer-contain carbon Polymer - Correct Answer-chainlike molecules consisting of many repeated units Carbohydrates - Correct Answer-easily used energy source for the body Lipids - Correct Answer-insulate body organs, build cell membranes, and provide stored energy Substrate - Correct Answer-reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed Enzymes - Correct Answer-creates catalytic activity with substrate at active site Cell Theory - Correct Answer-- basic unit of living organisms

• activity of an organism depends on both the individual and the combined activities of its cells
• the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shapes, and by the relative number of the sub cellular structures they contain
• cells can only arise from other cells Cell Cycle - Correct Answer-Interphase (G1, S, G2), the mitotic phase (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis Mitosis - Correct Answer-prophase: cooling of the chromosomes accompanied by migration of the two daughter centrioles toward the poles of the cell, and nuclear membrane breakdown metaphase: chromosomes attach to spindle fibers anaphase: daughter chromosomes move toward each pole of a cell telophase: formation of two daughter nuclei Cytokinesis - Correct Answer-division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided Transcription - Correct Answer-DNA's information carried by mRNA Translation - Correct Answer-the information carried by mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides Cellular Respiration - Correct Answer-metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products