NAS 2 TCC study guide (Containing 110 Questions & Answers) Rated A+, Exams of Nursing

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What is the purpose of the scientific method? - Exact Answer: The scientific method is an organized way to study the natural world and find out how it works. What are the steps of the scientific method? - Exact Answer: Ask a Question. Do Background Research. Construct a Hypothesis. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion. Communicate Your Results. Distinguish between independent and dependent variables - Exact Answer: An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.

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Distinguish between control and experimental groups - Exact Answer: An experimental group is the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested. One variable is tested at a time. The experimental group is compared to a control group, which does not receive the test variable. Distinguish between hypothesis and theory. - Exact Answer: A hypothesis is an attempt to explain phenomena. It is a proposal, a guess used to understand and/or predict something. A theory is the result of testing a hypothesis and developing an explanation that is assumed to be true about something. Define Anatomy and Physiology - Exact Answer: Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts. Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. Identify the six levels of organization (chemical, tissue, etc.) - Exact Answer: 1) Chemical Level

2. Cellular level 3)Tissue level

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4)Organ level 5)Organ system level

6. Organismal level Identify the requirements for life: - Exact Answer: 1. Reproduction 2. Response/reaction to environment 3. Metabolism 4. Growth. Identify survival needs: - Exact Answer: survival needs (5): nutrients, oxygen, water, stable body temperature, and atmospheric pressure What is homeostasis? - Exact Answer: The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions. What are the basic mechanisms of homeostasis? - Exact Answer: - Homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components: receptor, control center, and effector.

• The receptor senses environmental stimuli, sending the information to the control center.

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• The control center, generally the brain, signals an effector (e.g. muscles) to respond to the stimuli.
• Positive feedback enhances or accelerates output created by an activated stimulus.
• Negative feedback brings a system back to its level of normal functioning such as adjusting blood pressure, metabolism, and body temperature. Anatomical position - Exact Answer: Anatomical position is the description of any region or part of the body in a specific stance. In the anatomical position, the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the body's sides with the palms facing forward. SUPERIOR - Exact Answer: ABOVE THE HEAD IS SUPERIOR TO THE NECK INFERIOR - Exact Answer: BELOW THE NECK IS INFERIOR TO THE HEAD ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) - Exact Answer: CLOSE TO THE FRONT OF THE BODY -THE LIPS ARE ANTERIOR TO THE TEETH

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POSTERIOR (DORSAL) - Exact Answer: CLOSE TO THE BACK OF THE BODY- THE TEETH ARE POSTERIOR TO THE LIPS MEDIAL - Exact Answer: CLOSER TO THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY- THE NOSE IS MEDIAL TO THE EYES LATERAL - Exact Answer: FARTHER FROM THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY- THE EYES ARE LATERAL TO THE NOSE INTERMEDIATE - Exact Answer: BETWEEN TWO STRUCTURES- THE ELBOW IS INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN THE SHOULDER AND WRIST IPSILATERAL - Exact Answer: ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE BODY- THE RIGHT ARM AND THE RIGHT LEG ARE IPSILATERAL CONTRALATERAL - Exact Answer: ON OPPOSITES SIDES OF THE BODY- THE RIGHT ARM IS CONTRALATERAL TO THE LEFT ARM PROXIMAL - Exact Answer: NEARER TO THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT- THE ELBOW IS PROXIMAL TO THE WRIST

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DISTAL - Exact Answer: FARTHER FROM THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT OF LIMB OR TRUNK- THE WRIST IS DISTAL TO THE ELBOW SUPERFICIAL - Exact Answer: CLOSER TO THE SURFACE OF THE BODY- THE SKIN IS SUPERFICIAL TO THE MUSCLE DEEP - Exact Answer: FARTHER FROM THE SURFACE OF THE BODY- THE MUSCLES ARE DEEP TO THE SKIN nasal - Exact Answer: nose area orbital - Exact Answer: eye area oral - Exact Answer: mouth area buccal - Exact Answer: cheek area cervical - Exact Answer: throat area acromial - Exact Answer: point of shoulder

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sternal - Exact Answer: breastbone area axillary - Exact Answer: armpit area thoracic - Exact Answer: chest area brachial - Exact Answer: arm area antecubital - Exact Answer: in the fold of the inside of the arm abdominal - Exact Answer: stomach area umbilical - Exact Answer: belly button area carpal - Exact Answer: wrist area digital - Exact Answer: finger area pubic - Exact Answer: genital region patellar - Exact Answer: anterior knee

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crural - Exact Answer: inferior to knee on the front of the leg tarsal - Exact Answer: along the front of the foot around the ankle cephallic - Exact Answer: head area occipital - Exact Answer: posterior side of the head deltoid - Exact Answer: back of the shoulder, curve of the shoulder scapular - Exact Answer: upper back vertebral - Exact Answer: the spine area coxal - Exact Answer: hip area inguinal - Exact Answer: groin area femoral - Exact Answer: thigh area

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fibular - Exact Answer: lateral part of the leg sacral - Exact Answer: posterior landmark area between hips sural - Exact Answer: posterior surface of lower leg plantar - Exact Answer: sole of the foot area Popliteal - Exact Answer: posterior knee area Olecranal - Exact Answer: posterior surface of the elbow gluteal - Exact Answer: butt area calcaneal - Exact Answer: heel of the foot Midsagittal Plane - Exact Answer: Midsagittal Plane cut made down the median plane of the body (or organ), and the right and left parts are equal in size

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Frontal Plane - Exact Answer: cut made along a lenghtwise plane that divides the body (or organ ) into anterior and posterior parts. Coronal Section - Exact Answer: another term for frontal plane transverse plane - Exact Answer: cut made along a horizontal section, dividing the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts. cross section - Exact Answer: another term for transverse plane cranial cavity - Exact Answer: space inside the bony skull. Dorsal body - Exact Answer: consists of cranial cavity and spinal cavity Spinal Cavity - Exact Answer: Extends from cranial cavity and surrounds the spinal cord and vertebra Epigastric region - Exact Answer: superior to the umbilical region hypogastric region - Exact Answer: inferior to the umbilical region

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Right iliac (inguinal) region - Exact Answer: lateral right hand side of the hypogastric region Left iliac ( inhuinal) region - Exact Answer: lareral left hand side of the hypogastric region Right and left lumbar regions - Exact Answer: lateral to the umbilical region Right and left hypochondriac regions - Exact Answer: lateral to the epigastric region ventral body cavity - Exact Answer: contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen, that is the visceral organs thoracic cavity - Exact Answer: seperated by diaphragm, superior area of venrtral body cavity Mediastinum - Exact Answer: Seperates lungs into right and left cavities of the thoracic cavity

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Abdominopelvic cavity - Exact Answer: cavity inferior to the diaphragm and is subdivided abdominal cavity - Exact Answer: a subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity - Exact Answer: inferior to abdominal cavity structure of an atom - Exact Answer: atoms are the smallest basic unit of matter. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and neutral particles called neutrons. A certain amount of protons and neutrons exist in the nucleus that are extremely densely compacted together. Electrons, other particles hat are negatively charged, orbit the nucleus due to charge attraction and gravity. ionic bonds - Exact Answer: -Ionic bonds lose or gain electrons usually between a non-metal and a metal, covalent bonds - Exact Answer: -Covalent bonds share electrons usually between two non-metals

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hydrogen bond - Exact Answer: a weak chemical bond between an electronegative atom, such as fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, and a hydrogen atom bound to another electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the properties of water and many biological molecules polar bonds - Exact Answer: Polar bonds happen when two atoms form a molecule using a covalent bond. non- polar bonds - Exact Answer: Non-polar molecules occur when the electron sharing during a covalent bond is equal, so there is no ionic charge and the electrons are distributed symmetrically. Enzymes - Exact Answer: Enzymes are proteins, produced by living cells; they catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. Substrate - Exact Answer: The substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.

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Exchange Reaction - Exact Answer: Exchange reaction is also called double replacement reaction. During double replacement, the cations and anions of two different compounds switch places. Decomposition Reaction - Exact Answer: separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance Synthesis Reaction - Exact Answer: A synthesis reaction is a type of reaction in which multiple reactants combine to form a single product. Synthesis reactions release energy in the form of heat and light, so they are exothermic Describe how enzyme catalyze chemical reactions - Exact Answer: Chemical reactions generally require energy called "activation energy" to get them started. Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed. Identify water's role in life - Exact Answer: Water has important roles and functions in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology due to its diverse properties. Without it, there would be no life on earth.

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Define pH - Exact Answer: In chemistry, pH is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of an aqueous solution. It is roughly the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the concentration, measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions. Identify values on the pH - Exact Answer: The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic. organic compound - Exact Answer: An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. Define monomer and polymer; identify their relationship. - Exact Answer: Monomer means "one unit," while polymer means "many units." A polymer is a string of monomers strung together. Monomers are building blocks of polymers. The four major classes of organic compounds: - Exact Answer: The four major classes of organic compounds are nucleic acids, lipids,

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carbohydrates and proteins. These compounds are found in every living organism. Describe protein three-dimensional structure and its role in protein function - Exact Answer: Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a protein molecule. Proteins are polymers — specifically polypeptides — formed from sequences of monomer amino acids. The three-dimensional structure of a protein is determined by its amino acid sequence. Second, the function of a protein depends upon its three-dimensional structure Identify specific types of organic compounds and their functions: - Exact Answer: - Nucleic Acids: Information molecule,Molecule of heredity, Director of metabolism involved in protein synthesis immediate source of energy for cellular work -Lipids: Components of membranes, Long term energy storage, Insolation -Carbohydrates: Short term energy source, Transport form in animal Long term energy storage

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-Proteins: Organic catalyst, Digestive enzymes, Structural protein in hair, Structural protein in skin List the components of the cell theory - Exact Answer: -All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. -The cell is the basic unit of life. -Cells arise from pre-existing cells. Basic requirements for cellular life: - Exact Answer: - Transport of molecules

• Conversion of Energy
• Reproduction Describe the cell cycle - Exact Answer: here are three main parts of the cell cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, and Ctyokinesis. Interphase:
• G1(Growth 1): The cell grows to accomodate new genetic information

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• S(synthesis): The cell duplicates its DNA for the two daughter cells
• G2(Grwoth 2): The cell grows once again for there to be enough cytoplasm for the daughter cells Mitosis: -Prophase: Chromatin is organized into chromosomes, two centrosomes move to the poles of the cells, and the nuclear envelope breaks down -Prometaphase: The nuclear envelope is gone, the spindle fibers start to form, and the chromosomes start to move towards the equator of te cell -Metaphase: The chromosomes align in the middle of the cell -Anaphase: The chromosomes are split apart into chromatids by the spindle fibers and are starting to be pulled to opposite poles

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-Telophase: The chromatids are enveloped in a new nuclear envelope in the two new daughter cells making two seperate nuclei Cytokinesis: The cells cytoplasm splits and forms the two new daughter cells which are identical to the parent cell. Both have their own nucleus and DNA. Mitosis - Exact Answer: The process where a single cell divides resulting in generally two identical cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as that of the original cell. Describe DNA structure and replication - Exact Answer: -DNA is arranged into a double helix structure where spirals of DNA are intertwined with one another continuously bending in on itself but never getting closer or further away -DNA replication is the process in which DNA is copied. It occurs during the synthesis (S) phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle. DNA replication

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begins when an enzyme, DNA helicase, breaks the bonds between complementary bases in DNA Transcription and Translation - Exact Answer: Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. Cellular Respiration and difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration: - Exact Answer: Cellular respiration is a special process where cells produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). There are two types of cellular respiration, namely aerobic and anaerobic. Anaerobic: living or being active without an absence of oxygen

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Aerobic: depending on free oxygen or air. Living or being active with oxygen. Identify the major steps of aerobic respiration: - Exact Answer: The major parts of a microscope: - Exact Answer: Describe basic technique for using the compound light microscope: - Exact Answer: 1.Turn on the illuminator. 2.Place a slide or specimen on the stage with the sample directly above the aperture and, if possible, fasten it to the stage with the stage clips. 3.Ensure the iris diaphragm is completely open. 4.Rotate the nosepiece so that the objective lens with the lowest level of magnification is directly above the sample. 5.Look through the binocular eyepieces and adjust the iris diaphragm until the amount of light is satisfactory. 6.Turn the coarse adjustment knob until the specimen comes into broad focus.