NAS2 Challenge Exam Questions and Answers (With Correct Solutions) Latest 2025 RATED A+, Exams of Nursing

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Purpose of Scientific Method - correct answer ✅solve a problem or answer a question Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Observe & Record, Analyze, Conclude - correct answer ✅steps of scientific method Independent variable - correct answer ✅a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure, change or controlled example: age dependent variable - correct answer ✅a variable dependent on other factors, tested or measured example: test score - factors that go into a score you receive on a test control group - correct answer ✅does not receive treatment and used to compare or measure the other subjects experimental group - correct answer ✅exposed to changes in independent variable anatomy - correct answer ✅branch of science concerned with bodily structure of living organisms; structure

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physiology - correct answer ✅science dealing with the functions of living things or their organs level of organization - correct answer ✅living things arranged from the simplest to most complex are: organelle cells tissues organs organ systems, organism populations communities ecosystem biosphere requirements for life - correct answer ✅Cellular organization Reproduction Metabolism Homeostasis Heredity

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Response to stimuli Growth and development Adaptation through evolution survival needs - correct answer ✅Food, oxygen, water, body temperature, atmospheric pressure (oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange) homeostasis - correct answer ✅relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain receptor - correct answer ✅senses environmental stimulus and sends info to control center control center - correct answer ✅hypothalamus signals effector effector - correct answer ✅responds to stimuli example: muscle contracting

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negative feedback mechanisms - correct answer ✅net effect is that the original output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces the intensity homeostasis negative feedback mechanisms - correct answer ✅most common form of homeostasis, bringing people back to normal functioning negative feedback mechanisms - correct answer ✅example of homeostasis: adjustments of blood pressure, metabolism, body temp positive feedback mechanisms - correct answer ✅form of homeostasis level of variable changes in same direction as initial change enhances or accelerates output created by activated stimulus positive feedback mechanisms - correct answer ✅example of type of homeostasis: platelet aggregation or accumulation in response to injury, child birth anatomical position - correct answer ✅erect position, face forward, arms at side, palms face forward

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used to describe relation to other things coronal, sagittal, transverse - correct answer ✅3 major planes of dissection cranial - correct answer ✅brain body region spinal/vertebral - correct answer ✅spinal cord body region thoracic cavity - correct answer ✅lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus abdominal cavity - correct answer ✅stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small/large intestines, kidneys pleural cavity - correct answer ✅contains lungs pelvic cavity - correct answer ✅end of large intestines, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

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mediastinum - correct answer ✅seperates lungs pericardial - correct answer ✅contains heart axial - correct answer ✅head, neck, and trunk of body appendicular - correct answer ✅limbs electron - correct answer ✅negatively charged particle, outer shell proton - correct answer ✅positive, in nucleus number of protons - correct answer ✅number of electrons is equal to the same... number of protons - correct answer ✅atomic number is equal to... atomic mass - correct answer ✅sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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the weighted average mass of isotopes of an element, found below the element symbol ionic bond - correct answer ✅chemical bond formed between two ions that are opposite charges, atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom covalent bond - correct answer ✅sharing electron pairs between atoms polar covalent bond - correct answer ✅pair of electrons unequally shared between two atoms nonpolar covalent bond - correct answer ✅two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other hydrogen bond - correct answer ✅weak bond result of attraction between proton and electronegative atom of another enzymes - correct answer ✅catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers and converting substrate molecules to products

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substrate - correct answer ✅reactant acted upon by an enzyme enzymes active site binds to this active site - correct answer ✅part of an enzyme to which substrates bind and where a reaction is catalyzed enzymes - correct answer ✅promote chemical reactions by bringing substrates together in an optimal orientation, thus creating an ideal chemical environment for the reaction to occur always return to original state decomposition - correct answer ✅single compound breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds These reactions often involve heat, light, electricity synthesis - correct answer ✅multiple reactants combine to form a single product

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Release energy in form of heat and light (exothermic) Hydrogen and oxygen -> water exchange - correct answer ✅any class of reactions between two substances that involves an exchange of one or more ionic components (positive and negative charges) solvent - correct answer ✅substance solute is dissolved in polar molecule - correct answer ✅a molecule that has electrically charged areas covalent bonds - polarity if its atoms differ in electronegativity can form hydrogen bonds nonpolar molecule - correct answer ✅cannot mix with water

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dissociation - correct answer ✅leads to acidic and basic conditions the splitting of a molecule into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions, especially by a reversible process PH - correct answer ✅measure of acidity measure of hydrogen ion concentration basic/alkaline - correct answer ✅if pH is above 7 it is... acidic - correct answer ✅if pH is below 7 its... diffusion - correct answer ✅Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration dialysis - correct answer ✅small molecules can diffuse through semipermeable membranes

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osmosis - correct answer ✅net movement of water through semipermeable membrane organic compound - correct answer ✅any member of large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds, must contain hydrogen monomer - correct answer ✅small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers polymer - correct answer ✅large compound formed from combinations of many monomers carbohydrates - correct answer ✅glucose, glycogen, monosaccharides, polysaccharides lipids - correct answer ✅fatty acids, alcohols, monoglycerides, diglycerides, steroids, terpenes, carotenoids proteins - correct answer ✅insulin, histone, hemoglobin

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macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen nucelic acid - correct answer ✅RNA, DNA function - correct answer ✅_____ of a protein is dependent on its 3D structure determined by a sequence of amino acids in the protein polymer proteins - correct answer ✅embodiment of the transition from one-dimensional to three cell theory - correct answer ✅All life is made up cells which are the basic units of life and come from preexisting cells requirements of cell life - correct answer ✅ ribosomes - correct answer ✅makes proteins golgi apparatus - correct answer ✅make, process, and package proteins

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lysosome - correct answer ✅contains digestive enzymes to help break down food endoplasmic reticulum - correct answer ✅"intracellular highway" transports item around the cell, creates lipids of fat mitochondria - correct answer ✅Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production nucleus - correct answer ✅brains of the cell, directs cell activity and contains genetic material called chromosomes made of DNA cytoplasm - correct answer ✅jellylike substance inside cells that contains molecules and in some cell organelles Translation and glycolysis takes place cisternae - correct answer ✅flattened stacked membrane folds liposome - correct answer ✅membrane bound transport vescicles

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chloroplast - correct answer ✅creates glucose photosynthesis G0 - correct answer ✅not growing or dividing G1 - correct answer ✅cell growth, cellular contents (not chromosomes) duplicated S - correct answer ✅each of the 46 chromosomes duplicated by cell DNA synthesis (replication) G2 - correct answer ✅"double checks" the duplicated chromosomes for error and makes repairs cell growth (interphase, 46 chromosomes) mitosis - correct answer ✅a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth prophase - correct answer ✅chromosomes doubled

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condensation of chromatin, nucleolus disappears metaphase - correct answer ✅second most condensed and coiled phase, chromosomes align in the equator of the cell before being separated into daughter cells anaphase - correct answer ✅most condensed and coiled, chromatids split and move to opposite poles of the cell separated chromosomes pulled apart telophase - correct answer ✅microtubules disappear all division begins two nuclei are formed at opposite ends cytokinesis - correct answer ✅separation of cell components, two daughter cells formed each with 46 chromosomes most condensed and coiled, chromatids split and move to opposite poles of the cell

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anterior - correct answer ✅at or near the front of the body posterior - correct answer ✅at or near the back of the body midline - correct answer ✅an imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally lateral - correct answer ✅farther from midline side view medial - correct answer ✅nearer to midline side view superior - correct answer ✅toward the head/upper part of a structure looking down inferior - correct answer ✅away from head or lower part of a structure looking up

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superficial - correct answer ✅close to the surface of the body deep - correct answer ✅away from surface of the body proximal - correct answer ✅nearer to the origination of a structure distal - correct answer ✅farther from the origination of a structure coronal plane - correct answer ✅frontal plane A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. sagittal plane - correct answer ✅lateral plane A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides axial plane - correct answer ✅transverse plane A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts

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median plane - correct answer ✅Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves atomic structure - correct answer ✅ steps of mitosis - correct answer ✅ DNA - correct answer ✅double-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose DNA - correct answer ✅made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base. The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order of these bases is what determines its instructions, or genetic code DNA replication - correct answer ✅process of copying DNA molecules cell cycle - correct answer ✅sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces

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transcription - correct answer ✅the process by which DNA is copied to RNA translation - correct answer ✅RNA is used to produce proteins aerobic pathway - correct answer ✅process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and is used for activities requiring sustained energy production anaerobic glycolysis - correct answer ✅breakdown of glucose that occurs in the absence of oxygen cellular respiration - correct answer ✅set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. ... Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity

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glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport - correct answer ✅3 major steps of aerobic respiration glycolysis - correct answer ✅breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid Krebs cycle - correct answer ✅the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP electron transport - correct answer ✅A group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions coupled with the transfer of proton across a membrane to create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis compound light microscope - correct answer ✅

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