nas2 Exam Questions and Answers with Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update, Exams of Nursing

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Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

order and describe the steps of the Scientific Method - Correct Answer Observation/Question Research Hypothesis: predict the outcome of the problem. Experiment: develop the procedure to test the hypothesis. Collect Data: record the results of the experiment Analysis: examine the data Conclusion: compare hypothesis to the experimental results describe relevant terms of experimental design - Correct Answer hypothesis theory sample size trials placebo indep. variable dep. variable

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

constants standardized variables hypothesis - Correct Answer an assumption made before research theory - Correct Answer a principle to explain a phenomena based on already supported data sample size - Correct Answer number of participants or observations included in a study -determines precision (how close measurements are to each other) of our estimates -determines the power of the study to draw conclusions

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-Denoted by Z depends on the distribution type and confidence interval. trials - Correct Answer -trails show -intervention trials (ie clinical trial): find out more about a intervention or treatment -observational trials: researcher observe the effect of a risk factor diagnostic test, treatment or other intervention without trying to change who is or isn't exposed to it. placebo - Correct Answer -a substance that has no therapeutic effect, and it is used as a control in testing new drugs indep. variable - Correct Answer can be manipulated by the experimenter but not by other variables.

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

For example, in an experiment looking at the effects of studying on test scores, studying would be the independent variable. dep. variable - Correct Answer the variable being tested and measured in an experiment, and is 'dependent' on the independent variable. An example of a dependent variable is depression symptoms, which depends on the independent variable (type of therapy). constants - Correct Answer Experimental constants are values that do not change either during or between experiments. standardized variables - Correct Answer The standardized variables in an experiment are designed to always be the same. For example, in an experiment determining whether or not age (an independent variable) has an effect on ease of weight loss (the

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

dependent variable), all other aspects of the experiment other than age must be the same between groups. Define anatomy and physiology - Correct Answer anatomy: the study of the structure of the human body and how it is organized. physiology: the study of functions of different body parts Order and describe the levels of organization (chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism). - Correct Answer chemical: Cell: components of a living organism Tissue: a structure made of many different cells Organ: a group of tissues assembled to perform a specialized physiological function. Organ system: groups of organs that work together to meet a major physiological need organism: all of the aforementioned make up you

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

Describe the survival needs and functions necessary for life - Correct Answer Physiological needs include air, water, food, shelter, sanitation, touch, sleep, and personal space. As humans have evolved to interact in community settings, both hunting and gathering in groups, touch—as in a caring caress—is often considered a basic human survival need. metabolism - Correct Answer the sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell. Define homeostasis - Correct Answer the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment. brought on by a change in an organisms environment

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

From body temperature to blood pressure to levels of certain nutrients, each physiological condition has a particular set point. Order and describe the components of a homeostatic control mechanism - Correct Answer All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components for the variable being regulated: a receptor, a control centre, and an effector. Control centres include the respiratory centre, and the renin- angiotensin system. An effector is the target acted on, to bring about the change back to the normal state. stimulus - Correct Answer a signal to which an organism responds Receptor - Correct Answer protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

control center - Correct Answer processes the signal and sends instructions set point - Correct Answer The range in which control centers must be set to maintain homeostasis. effector - Correct Answer An effector is the target acted on, to bring about the change back to the normal state Distinguish between negative and positive feedback mechanisms, and give examples - Correct Answer Describe the anatomical position - Correct Answer anterior/ventral: front, toward the front of the body posterior/dorsal: back, or toward the front of the body medial: toward the middle of the body

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lateral: on the side or toward the side of the body proximal: nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body distal: farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body deep: farther from the surface of the body frontal plane: divides body into frontal and back sagittal plane: divides body into left and right transverse plane: divides body into top and bottom Identify the specific anatomical terms for all body regions (e.g., knee = patellar). - Correct Answer head and neck thorax abdomen upper extremity lower extremity

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

head and neck - Correct Answer cephalic (head) Cervical (neck) cranial (skull) frontal (forehead) nasal (nose) occipital (base of skull) oral (mouth) Orbital/ocular (eyes) thorax - Correct Answer axillary (armpit) costal (ribs) deltoid (shoulder) mammary (breast) pectoral (chest) scapular (shoulder blade) sternal (breastbone)

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

vertebral (backbone) abdomen - Correct Answer abdominal (abdomen) gluteal (buttocks) inguinal (bend of the hip) Lumbar (lower back) Pelvic (area btw hipbones) perineal (area btw anus and external genitalia) pubic (genitals) sacral (end of vertebral column) Upper Extremity - Correct Answer antebrachial (forearm) antecubital (inner elbow) Brachial (upper arm) Carpal (wrist) cubital (elbow)

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digital (fingers/toes) manual (hand) palmar (palm) lower extremity - Correct Answer crural (shin, front of lower leg) Femoral(thigh) patellar(front of knee) pedal (foot) plantar(arch of the foot) popliteal (back of the knee) sural (calf, back of lower leg) tarsal (ankle) Define and apply terms for body orientation and direction (e.g., superficial/deep, superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, ventral/dorsal, medial/lateral, proximal/distal). - Correct Answer

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

superficial/deep - Correct Answer superior/inferior - Correct Answer anterior/posterior - Correct Answer ventral/dorsal - Correct Answer medial/lateral - Correct Answer proximal/distal - Correct Answer Describe the three major body planes/sections (sagittal, frontal/coronal, transverse). - Correct Answer sagittal - Correct Answer

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frontal/coronal - Correct Answer transverse - Correct Answer Identify the body's major cavities and their contents. - Correct Answer dorsal: contains the central nervous system.

• cranial cavity (space w/n skull that holds brain) -spinal cavity (vertebral cavity) space w/n the vertebrae where the spinal cord runs through ventral cavities: contains all organs not in the dorsal cavity.
• thoracic cavity: contains the heart and lungs
  • pleural cavity (lungs)
  • pericardial cavity (heart)
• abdominopelvic cavity: organs of the abdomen and the pelvis.

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• abdominal cavity: contains stomach, liver, spleen, and most of the intestines
• pelvic cavity: contains the reproductive organ, the bladder, the rectum, and lower portion of the intestines

regions of the abdominal pelvic cavity - Correct Answer epigastric: cntrl part of the abdomen, above the navel. hypochondriac: left of the epigastric region and below the cartilage of the rib cage (chondral-cartilage, hypo-below) umbilical: area around the umbilicus region. lumbar: R and L of the umbilical region.

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

hypogastric: below the stomach and in the central part of the abdomen, just below the navel. iliac R and L of the hypogastric regions near the hipbones. List the organ components and describe the functions of the eleven human organ systems. - Correct Answer skeletal system muscular system nervous system endocrine system cardiovascular system respiratory system digestive system urinary system lymphatic system reproductive system

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

Describe the difference between potential and kinetic energy - Correct Answer PE: height dependent, conserved energy KE: energy in motion Describe the basic structure of an atom, including the relative masses, charges, and locations of protons, neutrons, and electrons. - Correct Answer atom: the smallest unit of an element relative masses: the mass of an atom or molecule relative to that of 1/12 of a carbon-12 atom. P+: w/n nucleus; pos. charge N: w/n the nucleus E-: neg. charge surrounds nucleus protons - Correct Answer neutrons - Correct Answer

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

electrons - Correct Answer Define atomic symbol, atomic number, atomic mass, ion, and isotope. Give the atomic symbols for elements important to life. - Correct Answer atm symbol: abbreviation of element atm number: # p+ in the nucleus atm mass: mass of an atom of a chemical element ion: a charged particle isotope: different # of neutrons -O,C,H,N- atomic symbol - Correct Answer atomic number - Correct Answer ion - Correct Answer

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

atomic mass - Correct Answer isotope - Correct Answer Give the atomic symbols for elements important to life. - Correct Answer C N H O Define valence shell - Correct Answer outermost shell of an atom Describe how to draw an electron shell diagram - Correct Answer Compare nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds, providing examples. - Correct Answer non-polar covalent

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polar covalent ionic hydrogen bonds non-polar covalent - Correct Answer electrons shared equally; O polar covalent - Correct Answer electrons shared unequally; H2O ionic - Correct Answer metal and nonmetal; electrons transferred from one element to another hydrogen bonds - Correct Answer Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule endergonic reaction - Correct Answer unfavorable reaction or nonspontaneous reaction

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

Identify the basic patterns of chemical reactions. - Correct Answer Combination rxn, decomposition rxn, single-replacement reaction, dbl- relacement rxn, combustion rxn Identify the basic components of chemical reactions. - Correct Answer Reactants and substrates, reagents, products, reaction conditions, catalysts, exergonic reactions. - Correct Answer change in Gibbs free energy is negative Describe how enzymes catalyze chemical reactions - Correct Answer enzymes bind to substrates, which change the shape of them and speed up reactions. enzymes (which are proteins) are affected by [pH] and temp.

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

Describe the special properties of water - Correct Answer As the polar inorganic compound, water is a colorless, tasteless and odorless liquid. Water being the most studied chemical compound, is known as the universal solvent. Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic - Correct Answer Hydrophilic- water loving Hydrophobic- water fearing usually based on charges btw molecules is polarity Describe the difference between compounds and mixtures - Correct Answer Compound: a substance that is made up of more than one type of atom bonded together. Mixture: a combination of two or more elements or compounds which have not reacted to bond together; each part in the mixture retains its own properties.

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

Describe the three types of mixtures (solution, colloid, suspension) - Correct Answer solution: completely dissolved in water - ie. salt water colloid: mostly dissolved - ie. (milk mixed w/ water) suspension: dsnt mix, therefore forms layers - ie. oil and water emulsion: emulsifiers (contain phospholipids) break up the layers of a suspension...turns a suspension into a colloid - ie. Mayo Define solvent and solute - Correct Answer solute: is a substance that is added to a solvent to form a solution. - ie salt in saltwater solvent: is a substance that dissolves the solute particles during the formation of a solution. - ie. water in saltwater

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

Describe the concept of the pH scale and the difference between acids and bases - Correct Answer acids and less than 7 on a pH scale bases are greater than 7 on a pH scale acids - Correct Answer An acid increases the concentration of H+ ions. bases - Correct Answer A base is a substance that releases hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solution, donates electrons and accepts protons. Describe the difference between nonorganic and organic compounds. - Correct Answer organic compounds always have a carbon atom while most of the inorganic compounds do not contain the carbon atom in them. organic cmpnds: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, urea, carbon tetrachloride

Certified Solutions A+ Rated 2023 Update

inorganic cmpnds: sodium chloride, brass, glass, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, carbides, thyocyanates, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water Describe the relationship between monomers and polymers. - Correct Answer A monomer is a chemical subunit (the beads of the chain). A polymer is a large molecule consisting of long chains of similar subunits. monomer: glucose, vinyl chloride, amino acids, and ethylene. polymer: cellulose, shellac, amber, cellulose, starch, or glycogen. Describe the structures, characteristics, and functions of the four major groups of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, providing specific examples of each