NASCLA Accredited Exam - JJ Johnson Contractor Seminar Actual Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Law

Download NASCLA Accredited Exam - JJ Johnson Contractor Seminar Actual Exam Questions and Answers and more Exams Law in PDF only on Docsity! NASCLA Accredited Exam - JJ Johnson Contractor Seminar Actual Exam Questions and Answers 2024 1.What are 4 types of Steel Decking?: answer- Composite, Roof, Cellular, and Form 2.What are the lengths of Full sheets of Steel Decking?: answer- 12", 18", 24", 30", or 36". All are usually less than 40" 3.Who has full responsibility for Safety on a construction site?: answer- The prime contractor 4.Who is responsible to ensure workers have appropriate eye protection?: - answer- The employer 5.Safety belt lanyard shall be a minimum of?: answer- 1/2 inch nylon, w/ max length to provide for a fall of no greater than 6ft. The rope shall have a nominal breaking strength of 5,400 lbs. 6.When should safety nets be provided?: answer- When workplaces are more than 25 feet above ground or water surface or where use of ladders, scaffolds, catch platforms, temporary floors, safety lines, or safety belts are impractical 7.What are the different types of Safety Equipment?: answer- Head, Eye 10 feet from coverings 12.Material stored inside buildings under construction shall not be placed with what distances?: 6 feet of any hoistway or inside floor openings, ***not within 10 feet of exterior wall which does not extend above the top of the material stored 13.Bagged materials shall be stacked by stepping back the layers and cross-keying the bags at least by how many bags high?: 10 bags high 14.Brick stacks shall not be more than?: 7 feet in height 15.When a loose brick stack reaches a height of 4 feet, it shall be tapered back by how many inches?: 2 inches in every foot of height above the 4- foot level 16.When masonry blocks are stacked higher than 6 feet, the stack shall be tapered back how far?: Back one-half block per Tier above the 6-foot level 17.Used lumber shall have what withdrawn before stacking?: Nails 18.How shall lumber be stacked?: On level and solid supported sills, and stable and self supporting 19.Lumber piles shall not Exceed?: 20 feet in height provided that lumber to be handled manually shall not be stacked more than 16 feet high 20.Wire rope shall not be used if?: In any length of eight diameters, the total number of visible broken wires exceeds 10 percent of the total number of wires, or if rope shows other signs of excessive wear, corrosion, or defect 21.Waste materials - when materials are dropped more than 20 feet to any point lying outside the exterior walls of the building what is needed?: An enclosed chute of wood, or equivalent material, shall be used. Enclosed chute is a slide, closed in on all sides, through which material is moved from a guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to allow proper retraction and contract with the work. When the tool is withdrawn from the work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly return to the covering position. 27.Valve protection caps shall not be used for lifting cylinders from one ver- tical position to another.: Bars shall not be used under valves or valve protection caps to pry cylinders loose when frozen. Warm, not boiling, water shall be used to thaw cylinder loose 28.How should compressed air be secured?: In an upright position at all times except, if necessary, for short periods of time while cylinders are actually being hoisted or carried 29.What distance shall Oxygen cylinders in storage be separated from fuel-gas cylinders or combustible materials (especially oil or grease)?: A min- imum distance of 20 ft (6.1m) or by non- combustible barrier at least 5 ft (1.5m) high having fire-resistance rating of a least one-half hour. 30. Inside of buildings, how shall Gas cylinders be stored?: In a well protected, well-ventilated, dry location, at least 2 ft (6.1m) from highly combustible materials such as oil or excelsior. Cylinders should be stored in definitely assigned places away from elevators, stairs, or gangways. Assigned storage places shall be located where cylinders will not be knocked over or damaged by passing or falling objects, or subject to tampering by unauthorized persons. Cylinders shall not be kept in unventilated enclosures such as lockers and cupboards. 31.How shall a regulator to a cylinder valve be connected?: The valve shall be opened slightly and closed immediately. (The action is generally stationed outside to observe the welder at all times and be capable of putting rescue operations into effect. 35.Working Clearances (voltage): 1. Nominal voltage to ground, 0-150 = Minimum clear distance for conditions are 3 ft, 3ft, 3ft 2. Nominal voltage to ground, 151-600 = Minimum clear distance for conditions are 3ft, 3.5ft, 4ft 16 / 36.Minimum Depth of Clear Working Space in Front of Electrical Equipment: 1. Nominal voltage to ground, 601 to 2,500 = Conditions 3ft, 4ft, 5ft 2.Nominal voltage to ground, 2,501 to 9,000 = Conditions 4ft, 5ft, 6ft 3.Nominal voltage to ground, 9,001 to 25,000 = Conditions 5ft, 6ft, 9ft 4.Nominal voltage to ground, 25,001 to 75kV = Conditions 6ft, 8ft, 10ft 5.Nominal voltage to ground, Above 75kV = Conditions 8ft, 10ft, 12ft 37.Each scaffold and scaffold component shall be capable of support, without failure, what?: Its own weight and at least 4 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted too it 38.Each scaffold unit shall be installed so that the space between adjacent units and the space between the platform and the uprights is?: No more than 1 inc (2.5cm) wide, except where the employer can demonstrate that a wider space is necessary (for example, to fit around uprights when side brackets are used to extend the width of the platform) 17 / 39.Each scaffold platform and walkway shall be?: At least 18 inches (46cm) side 40.The front edge of the platforms shall: Not be more than 14 inches (36cm) from the face of the work, unless guardrail systems are erected 20 / be?: Intermixed unless components fit together without force and structural integrity is maintained by the user. Components shall not be modified in order to intermix them unless a competent person determines the resulting scaffold is structurally sound. 21 / 47.Supported scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames, and upgrights shall?: Bear on base plates and mud sills or other adequate firm foundation. Footings shall be level. Unstable objects shall not be used. Front-end loaders and similar equipment shall not be used for support unless they are specifically designed by the manufac- turer. Fork-lifts shall not be sued. 48.Fall protection: Each employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet (3.1m) above a lower level shall be protected from falling to that lower level.: Each employee on a boatswains' chair, catenary scaffold, float scaffold, needle beam scaffold, or ladder jack scaffold shall be protected by a personal fall arrest system. Each employee on a single-point or two- point adjustable suspension scaffold shall be projected by both personal fall arrest system and guardrail system. Each employ on a crawling board (chicken ladder) shall be protected, a guardrail system (200lb minimum) or by 3/4" diameter grabline or equivalent handhold securely fastened beside each crawling board. Each employee on a self- contained adjustable scaffold shall be 22 / protected by a guardrail system (200lb min). Each employ on a walkway lo- cated within a scaffold shall 25 / manner. 51.Each employee who is constructing a leading edge 6 feet or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by a guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.: Exception: When the employer can demonstrate that it is infeasible or creates a grater hazard to use these systems, the employer shall develop and implement a fall protection plan which meets the requirements. 26 / 52.Each employee reaching more than 10 inches below the level of walk- ing/working surface on which they are working, shall: Be protected from falling by a guardrail system, safety net system, or personal fall arrest system. 53.Wall openings: Each employee working on , at, above, or near wall openings (including those with chutes attached) where the outside bottom edge of the wall opening is 6 feet or more above lower levels and the inside bottom edge of the wall opening is less than 39 inches above the walking/working surface, shall be protected from falling by used of a guardrail system, a safety net system, or a personal fall arrest system 54.To edge height of top rails, or equivalent guardrail system members, shall: Be 42 inches plus or minus 3 inches above the walking/working level. When conditions warrant, the height of the top edge may exceed the 45 inch height, provided the guardrail system meets all other criteria of this paragraph. 55. Intermediate members (such as balusters), when used between 27 / posts, shall: Be not more than 19 inches apart 30 / 60.When mechanical equipment is not being used,: The warning line shall be erected not less than 6 feet from the roof edge 61.After being erected, with eh rope, wire, or chain attached, stanchions shall: Be capable of resisting, without tipping over, a force of at least 16 pounds applied horizontally against the stanchion, 30 inches above the walking/working surface, perpendicular to the warning line, and in the direction of the floor, roof, or platform edge 62.Covers for holes in floors, roofs, and other walking/working surfaces shall- : Meet the following requirements: 31 / 1.Covers located in roadways and vehicular aisles shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least twice the maximum axle load of the largest vehicle expected to cross over the cover 2.All other covers shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least twice the weight of employees, equipment, and materials that may be imposed on the cover at any one time. 3.All covers shall be secured when installed so as to prevent accidental displace- ment by the wind, equipment, or employees. 4.All covers shall be color coded or they shall be marked with the word "HOLE" or "COVER" to provide warning of the hazard. 63.During the performance of roofing work: 1. Materials and equipment shall not be stored within 6 feet of a roof edge unless guardrails are erected at the edge 2. Materials which are piled, grouped, or stacked near a roof edge shall be stable and self-supporting. 64.Certification of training: The employer shall verify compliance 32 / by preparing a written certification record. The written certification record shall contain the name or other identity of the employee trained, the date of the 35 / areas where hazardous substances are stored nearby, the atmospheres in the excavation shall?: Be tested before employees enter excavations greater than 4 feet in depth. 68.Employees shall be protected from excavated or other materials or equip- ment that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into excavations.: Protec- tions shall be provided by placing and keeping such materials or equipment at least 2 feet from the edge of excavations, or by the use of retaining devices that are 36 / sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations, or by a combination of both if necessary. 69.Each employee in an excavation shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system designed in accordance with this section except when?: Excavations are less than 5 feet in depth and examination of the ground by competent person provides no indication of a potential cave- in 70.Additional requirement for shield systems used in trench excavations. Excavations of earth material to a level not grater than 2 feet below the bottom of a shield shall?: Be permitted, but only if the shield is designed to resist the forces calculated for the full depth of the trench, and there are no indications while the trench is open of a possible loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the shield. 71.Manual tests. Manual analysis of soil samples is conducted to determine quantitative as well as qualitative properties of soil and to provide more infor- mation in order to classify soil property: 1. Plasticity. Mold a moist or wet sample of soil into a 37 / ball and attempt to roll it into threads as thin as 1/8 inch in diameter. Cohesive material can be successfully rolled 40 / the smaller clumps can only be broken u with difficulty, it may be clay in any combination with gravel sand or silt. If the dry soils breaks into clumps which do not break up into small clumps and which can only be broken with difficulty and there is no visual indication the soil is fissured the soil may be considered unfissured. 72.Type A means cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 ton per square foot (tsf) or greater. Examples of cohesive soils are: clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay loam and, in some cases silty clay loam and sandy 41 / clay loam. Cemented soils such as caliche and hardpan are also considered Type A.: However, no soil is Type A if: 1.The soil is fissured or 2.The soil is subject to vibration from heavy traffic, pile driving, or similar effects or 3.The soil has been previously disturbed or 4. The soil is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the excavation on a slope of four horziontal to one vertical (4H:1V) or greater, or 5.The material is subject to other factors that would require it to be classified as a less stable material. 73.Excavations made with Type A soil, Figure B-1: 1. All simple slope exca- vations 20 feet or less in depth shall have a maximum allowable slope of 3/4:1. Exception, simple slope excavations which are open 24 hours or less (short term) and which are 12 feet or less in depth shall have a maximum allowable slope of 1/2:1 2.All simple benched excavations 20 feet or less in depth shall 42 / have a maximum allowable slope of 3/4:1 and maximum bench dimensions 45 / prevent overturning and to prevent collapse unless the wall is adequately supported so that it will not overturn or collapse. The bracing shall remain in place until permanent supporting elements of the structure are in place. 76.Working under loads. Routes for suspended loads shall be pre-planned to ensure that no employee is required to work directly below a suspended load except for:: 1. Employees engaged in the initial connection of the steel, or 2. EMPLOYEES necessary for the hooking or unhooking of the load 46 / 77.The following additional requirements shall apply for multiple story struc- tures: 1. THE permanent floors shall be installed as the erection of structural members progresses, and there shall be not more than eight stores between the erection floor and the upper-most permanent floor, except where the structural integrity is maintained as a result of the design 2.AT NO time shall there be more than four floors or 48 feet, whichever is less, of unfinished bolting or welding above the foundation or uppermost permanently secured floor, except where the structural integrity is maintained as a result of the design. 3.A FULLY planked or decked floor or nets shall be maintained within two stories or 30 feet whichever is less, directly under any erection work being performed. 78.Landing and placing loads: The weight of a bundle of joist bridging shall not exceed a total of 1,000 pounds. A bundle of joist bridging shall be placed on a minimum of three steel joists 47 / that are secured at one end. The edge of the bridging bundle shall be positioned with 1 foot of 50 / warning signs indicating "Keep Out" or similar language. Completed or unused sections of the underground facility shall be barricaded. 82.Ladders and Job-made ladders: Each portable ladder that is not self- support- ing. At least four times the maximum intended load, except that each extr-heavy-duty type 1A metal or plastic ladders shall sustain at least 3.3 times the maximum intended load. The ability of a ladder to sustain the loads indicated shall be placed at an angle of 75 1/2 degrees from the horizontal. 51 / 83.When portable ladders are used for access to an upper landing surface, the ladder side rails shall: Extend at least 3 feet above the upper landing surface to which the ladder is used to gain access; or, when such an extension is not possible because of the ladder's length, then the ladder stall be secured at its top to a rigid support that will not deflect, and a grasping device, such as a grabrail, shall be provided to assist employees in mounting and dismounting the ladder. In no case shall the the extension be such that the ladder deflection under a load would, by itself, cause the ladder to slip off its support. 84.Non-self-supporting ladders: Shall be used at an angle such that the hor- izontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is approximately one-quarter of the working length of the ladder (distance along the ladder between the foot and the top support) 85.The top or top step of a stepladder shall: NOT be used as a step 86.When ascending or descending a ladder: The user shall face the ladder 52 / 87.Devices originally designed by the manufacturer for use as: A safety device, operational aid, or a means to prevent power line contact or 55 / 4.Hydraulic system for proper fluid level 5.Hooks and latches for deformation 6.Wire, rope reeving for compliance 7.Wire rope 8. Electrical apparatus 9.Tires 56 / 10.Ground conditions around the equipment for proper support 11. The equipment for level position 12.Operator cab windows 13.Rails, rail stops, rail clamps and support surfaces 14.Safety devices and operational aids 89.Scaffolds shall be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only under the supervision and direction of a?: Competent person quilified in scaffold erection, moving, dismantling or alteration. Such activities shall be performed only by experi- enced and trained employees selected for such work by the competent person 90.Before an employee enters the space, the internal atmosphere must be tested, with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for oxygen content, for flammable gases and vapors, and for potential toxic air contaminants, in that order.: Any employee who enters the space, or that employee's authorized representative, must be provided an opportunity to observe the pre-entry testing required 57 / 91.Oxygen Level: Minimum oxygen content of 19.5% 92.Excavation: To find the load factor for common swell percentage: Divide 60 / BCY = 1000BCF / 27 = 37BCY 95.Bulldozers: Each size and type of dozer has a range of appropriate uses and applications. Light utility rand from 40 to 80 hp and have blade capacity of 1.25 to 2.25 CY. Typical applications include residential and commercial foundations, grading, backfill, landscaping, light logging, and swamp dozing. 96.Load time: Load time can be reduced by loading downgrade 61 / 97.Using pusher assistance will increase the loading rate: Pushers should be powerful and heavy enough to push the scrapers through the cut ad accelerate, or boost, the scrapers as they leave the cut 98.Reading plans - common plan symbols for underground utility work: Refer to Google Drive - JJJohnson Folder 3 pictures 99.Reference stake information: One station equals 100 feet. Example: Actual elevation at TOS is 1527.25 ft but express as 100ft, then another at 1524.5 ft would be expressed as 1527.25-1524.5=2.75. 100-2.75 = 97.25ft 100. Slopes expressed in percents and degrees: An easy way to remember how to calculate slope in percentage terms. A 45- degree slope is 100-percent slope. If the vertical rise is equal to the horizontal distance, the slope is 100%. To calculate the slope as percent, divide the vertical rise by the 62 / horizontal distance, then multiple by 100. 83ft rise / 227 ft dist *100 = 36.5% 65 / 104. Soil Density Test: The most convenient, accurate and relatively inexpensive method of determining in-place soil density and moisture content is to use a Nuclear Density Gauge (nuclear meter, ASTM 2922). 105. Compression Strength: 106. Contour Lines: Before you can estimate cut and fill quantities, you need to be familiar with topographic (contour) maps and contour lines. Contour lines on the map represent the third dimension (relief) of the ground surface. Contour lines represents 66 / points of equal elevation above or below an arbitrary reference (datum) plan such as sea level or top-of-slab (TOS) elevation. 107. Single Charge Blasting: There are 2 common blasting techniques: single charge and sequential fireing. Single charge is the simplest form of blasting. The powder-man drills a hole in the rock, places and explosive charge in the hole and sets it off. The shock wave of the explosion travels in the directrion of least resistance - up, sideways or, in rare cases, down. 108. To find the load factor, divide the bank volume by the back volume plus the swell percentage: For example: a soil that swells by 25% has a load factor of .80 (1 LCY / 1.25 LCY) 109. Slot dozing: Is one technique that can reduce the amount of load lost in transit. When slot dozing, the dozer works within a roughly 2 foot trench that's the same width as the blade. Pushing the soil in the slot keeps the load from slipping away. 110. Well point system better in course grained soil: If you 67 / have a lot of pipe to install in bad groundwater conditions, consider dewatering 70 / Occasionally a small portion of live load is also included. The tension produced by the remainder of live load is resisted by the combination of stressed and non-stressed steel, resulting in economical structures. THE BONDED STEEL REBAR assures control of the crack width and distribution, should secondary effects or overloading cause the member to crack. 113. Unbonded tendon fabrication procedures conform to the requirements of the Post-Tensioning Institute's "Specification for Unbonded Single Strand Tendons" published July, 1993: The first step in the manufacturing process is the 71 / coating of the strand. The is accomplished using the plastic extrusion method. The bare strand is coated with P/T coating and then covered with plastic sheathing. The extrusion process begins by running the strand through a P/T coating applicator which coats the strand uniformly with the proper amount of P/T coating. Thru the process the extruder cross head applies and regulates the correct thickness of the melted plastic. The final step involves moving the strand thru a cooling trough of water before being wound onto a spool for fabricating. 114. 1. During the unloading process, it is recommended that nylon straps be used during unloading and handling of materials. 2. Unload as near as possible to the designated storage areas to avoid exces- sive handling. Multilple moves increase possibility for damage to sheathing and other components of the system. 3. All tendons should be stored in a dry area. If tarp is used, it should be constructed in a tent-like fashion to allow circulation 72 / to avoid condensation and corrosion. Tendons should not be exposed to water, de-icing, or other corrosive elements. In long-term storage, tendons should be protected from exposure to open sunlight for long periods of time. 75 / ensure the problem of reverse curvature of tendons does not occur, reverse curvature of tendons can cause spalling of concrete during stressing operation 117. 12" for jack, cable diameters .5" & .6": 12" for jack, cable diameters .5" & .6" 118. Stressing Barrier cable: The anchorage at the non- stressing-end be installed to force equal to 80% of the ultimate strength of the strand. The backstressing force should be equal to 80% of the ultimate strength of the strand. 76 / 119. Nature of Soil. Soil types as determined by particle size: 1. Boulders: 12 in or larger in diameter 2.Cobbles: larger than 3 in, smaller than 12 in 3.Gravel: smaller than 3 in, and larger than #4 sieve (appr 1/4 in) 4.Sand: particles smaller than #4 sieve and larger than #200 sieve (40,000 openings per square inch) 5.Silts: particles smaller than .02 mm and larger than .002mm in diameter 6.Clays: particles smaller than .002 mm in diameter 120. Table 2-1 Relative Bearing Strength of Soils: Refer to Google Drive - JJJohn- son Folder 121. Groundwater Level: knowing the location of the groundwater level is important for 2 reasons: 1. HIGH WATER table means that EXTRA costs will be encountered during the excavation and construction of foundations for the contrac- tor. 2. Water table affects the soil bearing capacity, which in turn determines 77 / the size and type of foundation required for the building challenge for the designer. 80 / 125. Removing Groundwater: 1. Use a pump 2. Perimeter trenching with pumps 3.Lower the water table selectively in the area in which the excavating will take place by using dewatering system like well- points 126. Items that affect cycle time: Cycle travel time is based on attainable speeds of the truck for loaded and unloaded conditions. Attainable speeds are affected by 81 / FOUR FACTORS: distance traveled, road resistance, grade resistance or assis- tance, and rimpull. 127. Protection of Excavations, making sure sidewall cave- ins do not occur: 1. Slope sides until angle of repose is 1:1 or 45 degrees 2. Provide temporary support for the earth walls, interlocking steel sheeting piling, steel soldier piles with horizontal timber sheeting, and concrete slurry walls. 128. Underpinning: Underpinning is the provision of permanent support for existing buildings by extending their foundations to a new, lower level containing the desired bearing stratum. Due to removal of part of supporting soil by a new and new loads to an existing structure 129. Types of piles: Pile sections are fashioned from the traditional building materials: wood, steel, composite, and concrete: There are four variations when considering load transfer characteristics: bearing piles, friction piles, friction plus bearing, and sheet piles. Sheet piles are normally not intended 82 / for vertical loads but are designed to resist horizontal pressure. 130. Parts of a Typical Pile: 1. Head - upper final 85 / 134. In structural steel frames, bracing usually consists of tension cross- brac- ing, provided that it does not interfere with opening locations.: This type of bracing allows for load reversals and ensures that stability is provided in both directions. The removal of one of these braces will produce instability in the frame because tension braces are not designed to resist compression loads. 86 / 135. Girders: Connections between girder and columns can be either pin-type connections or moment-resisting connections.: 1. Pin-type connections are de- signed to resist vertical loads only and cannot be relied upon to resist lateral loads. 2. Moment connections between the girders and the columns provide lateral stability in the structural frame by preventing rotation between the girders and the columns. 136. Drift pin: Once a sufficient amount of steel has been put in place, final bolting is begun: Proper alignment of al connection plates and angles is done with the aid of a spud wrench and DRIFT pins 137. Floor system: Composite, Wood, Cellular, Concrete: Cellular is the strongest 138. Waffle slab forming: two-way joist system ready for concrete. Positive rein- forcement in ribbed floors is concentrated in the ribs, and negative reinforcement as well as temperature steel is placed 87 / within the slab thickness 139. Exterior Finishes and Facings: 1. Siding 2.Stucco - portland cement plaster provides durable, wether resistant, 90 / fireproofing material because of its high insulation value and its light weight. 2, 3, or 4 in slabs 144. Girders - Moment connections: Moment connections between the girders and the columns provide lateral stability in the structural frame by preventing rotation between the girders and the columns. 145. Girders Types: Connections between girders and columns can be either pin-type or moment-resisting connections 91 / 146. Girders - Pin-type: Pin-type connections are designed to resist vertical loads only. Pin-type cannot be relied upon to resist lateral loads. Cross-bracing, shear walls, or a concrete core must be used to absorb the affects of lateral forces and to provide necessary stability 147. Structural Steel Frames: Cross-bracing provided that it does not interfere with openings locations, this type of bracing allows for load reversals and ensures that stability is provided in both directions. The removal of one of these braces will produce instability in the frame because tension braces are not designed to resist compression loads 148. Stirrups in Beams: When a beam deflects under a load, shear stresses are also present. To resist diagonal tension, small U-shaped or closed -shape reinforcing bars called stirrups are used and are placed vertically across the beam. Stirrups are placed more closely near the support and further toward the mid-span. Welded wire reinforcement cages can also be used. 149. Rebar purpose - Rebar is 5% of concrete mass: Concrete is 92 / strong in compression, but relatively week in tension and shear. Generally, wherever tension is present, the concrete is reinforced with reinforcing 95 / surface 155. Hoisting Rebar: When hoisting bundles of reinforcing bars roughly 30 ft or longer, it is usually necessary to use spreader beam / bars. The length of the spreader beam should be at least one-half the length of the reinforcing bars in the bundle. 156. Wire Bar supports: Refer to Google Drive under JJJohnson folder. JC - Joist Chair: 4, 5, and 6 in. widths and 3/4, 1, and 1-1/2 in heights 96 / 157. General principles for placing, splicing and tying reinforcing rebars: - Where not specified, minimum concrete cover (outside of bar to face of concrete) should be: 1. 3 inches at sides 2. 2 inches for bars larger than #5(#16) 3. 1-1/2 inches over ties and spirals in columns 4. 1-1/2 inches to nearest reinforcing bars on the top, bottom, and sides of beams and girders 5. 3/4 inch for #11 and smaller bars 6. 3/4 inch from the face of all walls not exposed directly to the ground or weather 158. Slab rebar placing: Rebar 3" above grade and 2" from the top of slab 159. Types of Ties: various type of ties are used when securing reinforcing bars. Much of tying is done on flat, horizontal formwork such as floor slabs: - Types of Ties: 1.Detail A, Snap or Single Tie - normally used in flat, horizontal work 97 / to secure reinforcing bars