NASCLA Accredited Exam - JJ Johnson Contractor Seminar Questions and Answers., Exams of Nursing

Download NASCLA Accredited Exam - JJ Johnson Contractor Seminar Questions and Answers. and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NASCLA Accredited Exam - JJ Johnson Contractor Seminar Questions and Answers What are 4 types of Steel Decking? - ANSWER Composite, Roof, Cellular, and Form What are the lengths of Full sheets of Steel Decking? - ANSWER 12", 18", 24", 30", or 36". All are usually less than 40" Who has full responsibility for Safety on a construction site? - ANSWER The prime contractor Who is responsible to ensure workers have appropriate eye protection? - ANSWER The employer Safety belt lanyard shall be a minimum of? - ANSWER 1/2 inch nylon, w/ max length to provide for a fall of no greater than 6ft. The rope shall have a nominal breaking strength of 5,400 lbs. When should safety nets be provided? - ANSWER When workplaces are more than 25 feet above ground or water surface or where use of ladders, scaffolds, catch platforms, temporary floors, safety lines, or safety belts are impractical What are the different types of Safety Equipment? - ANSWER Head, Eye and Face, and Respiratory protection. Safety belts, lifelines, lanyards, and safety nets Where should quantities of flammable liquid in excess of 25 gallons be stored in that is acceptable or approved? - ANSWER Acceptable wooden storage and Approved metal storage cabinets. Cabinets shall be labeled in conspicuous lettering "Flammable-Keep Away from Open Flames" LP-Gas storage outside of buildings for containers waiting use shall be located from the nearest building or group of buildings in accordance to? - ANSWER 1. 500 lbs or less - 0ft 2. ***501 to 6,000 lbs - 10ft 3. 6,001 to 10,000 lbs - 20ft 4. Over 10,000 lbs - 25ft Clearance and mounting of temporary heating devices are? - ANSWER 1. Room heater, circulating type - 12" sides, 12" rear, 18" chimney connector 2. ***Room heater, radiant type - 36" sides, 36" rear, 18" chimney connector How far shall heaters used in the vicinity of the combustible tarpaulins, canvas, or similar coverings be located from the coverings? - ANSWER 10 feet from coverings Material stored inside buildings under construction shall not be placed with what distances? - ANSWER 6 feet of any hoistway or inside floor openings, ***not within 10 feet of exterior wall which does not extend above the top of the material stored Bagged materials shall be stacked by stepping back the layers and cross-keying the bags at least by how many bags high? - ANSWER 10 bags high Brick stacks shall not be more than? - ANSWER 7 feet in height When a loose brick stack reaches a height of 4 feet, it shall be tapered back by how many inches? - ANSWER 2 inches in every foot of height above the 4-foot level When masonry blocks are stacked higher than 6 feet, the stack shall be tapered back how far? - ANSWER Back one-half block per Tier above the 6-foot level Used lumber shall have what withdrawn before stacking? - ANSWER Nails How shall lumber be stacked? - ANSWER On level and solid supported sills, and stable and self supporting Lumber piles shall not Exceed? - ANSWER 20 feet in height provided that lumber to be handled manually shall not be stacked more than 16 feet high Wire rope shall not be used if? - ANSWER In any length of eight diameters, the total number of visible broken wires exceeds 10 percent of the total number of wires, or if rope shows other signs of excessive wear, corrosion, or defect Waste materials - when materials are dropped more than 20 feet to any point lying outside the exterior walls of the building what is needed? - ANSWER An enclosed chute of wood, or equivalent material, shall be used. Enclosed chute is a slide, closed in on all sides, through which material is moved from a high place to a lower one All other hand-held powered tools such as circular saws, chain saws, and percussion tools without positive accessory holding means, shall be equipped with what? - ANSWER A constant pressure switch that will shut off the power when the pressure is released Compressed air shall not be used for cleaning purposes except when? - ANSWER Where reduced to less than 30 p.s.i and then only with effective chip guarding and personal protective equipment which meets the requirements. The 30 psi requirement does not apply for concrete form, mill scale and similar cleaning purposes The maximum distance from the face for outrigger scaffolds shall be? - ANSWER 3 inches (8cm) The maximum distance from the face for plastering and lathing operations shall be? - ANSWER 18 inches (46cm) Each end of a platform, unless cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks or equivalent means, shall? - ANSWER Extend over the centerline of its support at least 6 inches (15 cm) Each end of a platform 10 feet or less in length shall? - ANSWER Not extend over its support more than 12 inches (30 cm) unless the platform is designed and installed so that the cantilevered portion of the platform is able to support employees and/or materials without tipping, or has guardrails which block employee access to the cantilevered end On scaffolds where platforms are overlapped to create a long platform, the overlap shall? - ANSWER Ocurr only over supports, and shall not be less than 12 inches (30 cm) unless the platforms are nailed together or otherwise restrained to prevent movement Scaffold components manufactured by different manufacturers shall not be? - ANSWER Intermixed unless components fit together without force and structural integrity is maintained by the user. Components shall not be modified in order to intermix them unless a competent person determines the resulting scaffold is structurally sound. Supported scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames, and upgrights shall? - ANSWER Bear on base plates and mud sills or other adequate firm foundation. Footings shall be level. Unstable objects shall not be used. Front-end loaders and similar equipment shall not be used for support unless they are specifically designed by the manufacturer. Fork-lifts shall not be sued. Fall protection: Each employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet (3.1m) above a lower level shall be protected from falling to that lower level. - ANSWER Each employee on a boatswains' chair, catenary scaffold, float scaffold, needle beam scaffold, or ladder jack scaffold shall be protected by a personal fall arrest system. Each employee on a single- point or two-point adjustable suspension scaffold shall be projected by both personal fall arrest system and guardrail system. Each employ on a crawling board (chicken ladder) shall be protected, a guardrail system (200lb minimum) or by 3/4" diameter grabline or equivalent handhold securely fastened beside each crawling board. Each employee on a self-contained adjustable scaffold shall be protected by a guardrail system (200lb min). Each employ on a walkway located within a scaffold shall be protected by a guardrail system (200lb min) installed within 9.5 in of and along at least one side of the walkway. Each employee performing overhand bricklaying operations from a supported scaffold shall be protected from falling from all open sides and ends of the scaffold (except at the side next to the wall being laid) by the use of a personal fall arrest system or guardrail system (200 lbs min). The top edge height of toprails or equivalent member on support scaffolds manufactured or placed in service after January 1, 2000 shall be? - ANSWER Installed between 38 inches (.97m) and 45 inches (1.2m) above the platform surface. The top edge height on supported scaffolds manufactured and placed in service before Jan 1, 2000 and on all suspended scaffolds where both guardrail and a personal fall arrest system are required shall be between 36 inches and 45 inches. When conditions warrant, the height of the top edge may exceed the 45 inch height, provided the guardrail system meets all other criteria. Scaffold casters and wheels shall be? - ANSWER Locked with positive wheel and/or wheel and swivel locks, or equivalent means, to prevent movement of the scaffold while the scaffold is used on stationary manner. Each employee who is constructing a leading edge 6 feet or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by a guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems. - ANSWER Exception: When the employer can demonstrate that it is infeasible or creates a grater hazard to use these systems, the employer shall develop and implement a fall protection plan which meets the requirements. Each employee reaching more than 10 inches below the level of walking/working surface on which they are working, shall - ANSWER Be protected from falling by a guardrail system, safety net system, or personal fall arrest system. Wall openings - ANSWER Each employee working on , at, above, or near wall openings (including those with chutes attached) where the outside bottom edge of the wall opening is 6 feet or more above lower levels and the inside bottom edge of the wall opening is less than 39 inches above the walking/working surface, shall be protected from falling by used of a guardrail system, a safety net system, or a personal fall arrest system To edge height of top rails, or equivalent guardrail system members, shall - ANSWER Be 42 inches plus or minus 3 inches above the walking/working level. When conditions warrant, the height of the top edge may exceed the 45 inch height, provided the guardrail system meets all other criteria of this paragraph. Intermediate members (such as balusters), when used between posts, shall - ANSWER Be not more than 19 inches apart Top rails and midrails shall - ANSWER Be at least one-quarter inch nominal diameter or thickness to prevent cuts and lacerations. If wire rope is used for top rails, it shall be flagged at not more than 6 foot intervals with high-visibility material Safety nets and safety net installations shall - ANSWER Be drop-tested at the jobsite after initial installation and before being used as a fall protection system, whenever relocated, after major repair, and at 6 month intervals if left in one place. The drop-test shall consist of a 400 pound bag of sand 30 +/- 2 inches in diameter dropped into the net from the highest walking/working surface at which employees are exposed to fall hazards, but not from less than 42 inches above that level Horizontal lifelines shall be designed, installed, and used, under the supervision of a qualified person - ANSWER as part of a complete personal fall arrest system, which maintains a safety factor of a least two The attachment point of the body belt shall - ANSWER Be located in the center of the wearer's back. The attachment point of the body harness shall be located in the center of the wearer's back near shoulder level, or above the wearer's head. When mechanical equipment is not being used, - ANSWER The warning line shall be erected not less than 6 feet from the roof edge After being erected, with eh rope, wire, or chain attached, stanchions shall - ANSWER Be capable of resisting, without tipping over, a force of at least 16 pounds applied horizontally against the stanchion, 30 inches above the walking/working surface, perpendicular to the warning line, and in the direction of the floor, roof, or platform edge Covers for holes in floors, roofs, and other walking/working surfaces shall - ANSWER Meet the following requirements: 1. Covers located in roadways and vehicular aisles shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least twice the maximum axle load of the largest vehicle expected to cross over the cover 2. All other covers shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least twice the weight of employees, equipment, and materials that may be imposed on the cover at any one time. 3. All covers shall be secured when installed so as to prevent accidental displacement by the wind, equipment, or employees. 4. All covers shall be color coded or they shall be marked with the word "HOLE" or "COVER" to provide warning of the hazard. During the performance of roofing work - ANSWER 1. Materials and equipment shall not be stored within 6 feet of a roof edge unless guardrails are erected at the edge 2. Materials which are piled, grouped, or stacked near a roof edge shall be stable and self-supporting. Certification of training: The employer shall verify compliance by preparing a written certification record. The written certification record shall contain the name or other identity of the employee trained, the date of the training, and the signature of the employer - ANSWER If the employer relies on training conducted by another employer or completed prior to the effective date of the section, the certification record shall 2. Drawings or plans, including all revisions, for the jack layout formwork (including shoring equipment), working decks, and scaffolds, shall be available at the jobsite. All masonry walls over 8 feet in height shall - ANSWER Be adequately braced to prevent overturning and to prevent collapse unless the wall is adequately supported so that it will not overturn or collapse. The bracing shall remain in place until permanent supporting elements of the structure are in place. Working under loads. Routes for suspended loads shall be pre-planned to ensure that no employee is required to work directly below a suspended load except for: - ANSWER 1. Employees engaged in the initial connection of the steel, or 2. EMPLOYEES necessary for the hooking or unhooking of the load The following additional requirements shall apply for multiple story structures - ANSWER 1. THE permanent floors shall be installed as the erection of structural members progresses, and there shall be not more than eight stores between the erection floor and the upper-most permanent floor, except where the structural integrity is maintained as a result of the design 2. AT NO time shall there be more than four floors or 48 feet, whichever is less, of unfinished bolting or welding above the foundation or uppermost permanently secured floor, except where the structural integrity is maintained as a result of the design. 3. A FULLY planked or decked floor or nets shall be maintained within two stories or 30 feet whichever is less, directly under any erection work being performed. Landing and placing loads - ANSWER The weight of a bundle of joist bridging shall not exceed a total of 1,000 pounds. A bundle of joist bridging shall be placed on a minimum of three steel joists that are secured at one end. The edge of the bridging bundle shall be positioned with 1 foot of the secured end. Demolition: When debris is dropped through the holes in the floor without the use of chutes, the area onto which the material is dropped shall? - ANSWER Be completely enclosed with barricades not less than 42 inches high and not less than 6 feet back from the projected edge of the opening above. Signs, warning of the hazard of falling materials, shall be posted at each level. Removal shall not be permitted in this lower aread until debris handling ceases above. Chutes: - ANSWER No material shall be dropped to any point lying outside the exterior walls of the structure unless the area is effectively protected. Access and Egress: - ANSWER 1. Employer shall provide and maintain safe means of access and egress to all work stations 2. Employer shall provide access and egress in such a manner that employees are protected from being struck by excavators, haulage machines, trains and other mobile equipment 3. Employer shall control access to all openings to prevent unauthorized entry underground. Unused chutes, manways, or other openings shall be tightly covered, bulkheaded, or fenced off, and shall be posted with warning signs indicating "Keep Out" or similar language. Completed or unused sections of the underground facility shall be barricaded. Ladders and Job-made ladders - ANSWER Each portable ladder that is not self- supporting. At least four times the maximum intended load, except that each extr-heavy- duty type 1A metal or plastic ladders shall sustain at least 3.3 times the maximum intended load. The ability of a ladder to sustain the loads indicated shall be placed at an angle of 75 1/2 degrees from the horizontal. When portable ladders are used for access to an upper landing surface, the ladder side rails shall - ANSWER Extend at least 3 feet above the upper landing surface to which the ladder is used to gain access; or, when such an extension is not possible because of the ladder's length, then the ladder stall be secured at its top to a rigid support that will not deflect, and a grasping device, such as a grabrail, shall be provided to assist employees in mounting and dismounting the ladder. In no case shall the the extension be such that the ladder deflection under a load would, by itself, cause the ladder to slip off its support. Non-self-supporting ladders - ANSWER Shall be used at an angle such that the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is approximately one- quarter of the working length of the ladder (distance along the ladder between the foot and the top support) The top or top step of a stepladder shall - ANSWER NOT be used as a step When ascending or descending a ladder - ANSWER The user shall face the ladder Devices originally designed by the manufacturer for use as: A safety device, operational aid, or a means to prevent power line contact or electrocution, when used to comply must meet the manufacturer's procedures for use and conditions or use: Minimum Clearance Distance: - ANSWER 1. UP TO 50 kv -> 10 FEET MIN clearance 2. over 50 to 200 kv -> 15 feet min clearance 3. Over 200 to 350 kv -> 20 feet min clearance A competent person must begin a visual inspection prior to each shift the equipment will be used, which must be completed before or during that shift. - ANSWER The inspection must consist of observation for apparent deficiencies. Taking apart equipment components and booming down is not required as part of this inspection unless the results of the visual inspection or trial operation indicate that further investigation necessitating taking apart equipment component or booming down is needed. Determinations made in conducting the inspection must be reassessed in light of observations made during operation. At minimum the inspection must include all of the following: 1. Control mechanisms for maladjustments 2. Control and drive mechanisms 3. Air, hydraulic, and other pressurized lines 4. Hydraulic system for proper fluid level 5. Hooks and latches for deformation 6. Wire, rope reeving for compliance 7. Wire rope 8. Electrical apparatus 9. Tires 10. Ground conditions around the equipment for proper support 11. The equipment for level position 12. Operator cab windows 13. Rails, rail stops, rail clamps and support surfaces 14. Safety devices and operational aids Scaffolds shall be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only under the supervision and direction of a? - ANSWER Competent person quilified in scaffold erection, moving, dismantling or alteration. Such activities shall be performed only by experienced and trained employees selected for such work by the competent person Before an employee enters the space, the internal atmosphere must be tested, with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for oxygen content, for flammable gases and vapors, and for potential toxic air contaminants, in that order. - ANSWER Any employee who enters the space, or that employee's authorized representative, must be provided an opportunity to observe the pre-entry testing required Oxygen Level - ANSWER Minimum oxygen content of 19.5% Excavation: To find the load factor for common swell percentage - ANSWER Divide the bank volume by the bank volume plus the swell percentage: For example, a soil that swells by 25% has a load factor of 0.80 (1 LCY / 1.25 LCY) Bank Cubic Yards (BCY) - undisturbed Loose Cubic Yards (LCY) - disturbed (swells) Compacted Cubic Yards (CCY) - compacted (shrinks) - ANSWER 1. LCY = 1 BCY x 1.32 Example if truck capacity is 14 LCY and you need to export 1,000 BCY. Convert BCY to LCY, 1000 BCY x 1.32 = 1,320 LCY. Now take 1,320 LCY / 14 LCY = 95 haul trips 2. CCY = 1 LCY / 1.54 Example: 1,320 / 1.54 = 857 CCY 3. CUT = 4,000BCY x 1.32 LCY/BCY = 5,280LCY FILL = 4,000CCY x 1.54 LCY/CCY = 6,160 LCY 6,160LCY-5,280LCY = 880LCY more needed Trench volume - ANSWER Example: trench is 100ft long by 2ft wide by 5ft deep. 100x2x5 = 1,000 BCF BCY = 1000BCF / 27 = 37BCY combination of stressed and non-stressed steel, resulting in economical structures. THE BONDED STEEL REBAR assures control of the crack width and distribution, should secondary effects or overloading cause the member to crack. Unbonded tendon fabrication procedures conform to the requirements of the Post- Tensioning Institute's "Specification for Unbonded Single Strand Tendons" published July, 1993 - ANSWER The first step in the manufacturing process is the coating of the strand. The is accomplished using the plastic extrusion method. The bare strand is coated with P/T coating and then covered with plastic sheathing. The extrusion process begins by running the strand through a P/T coating applicator which coats the strand uniformly with the proper amount of P/T coating. Thru the process the extruder cross head applies and regulates the correct thickness of the melted plastic. The final step involves moving the strand thru a cooling trough of water before being wound onto a spool for fabricating. 1. During the unloading process, it is recommended that nylon straps be used during unloading and handling of materials. 2. Unload as near as possible to the designated storage areas to avoid excessive handling. Multilple moves increase possibility for damage to sheathing and other components of the system. 3. All tendons should be stored in a dry area. If tarp is used, it should be constructed in a tent-like fashion to allow circulation to avoid condensation and corrosion. Tendons should not be exposed to water, de-icing, or other corrosive elements. In long-term storage, tendons should be protected from exposure to open sunlight for long periods of time. 4. Wedges and anchors should be stored in a clean and dry area. - ANSWER 5. Upon receipt of equipment care should be taken to ensure that the jack and gauge are never separated. Each jack and gauge are calibrated as a unit. 6. Check jack calibration records which may be mailed separately or with the bill of lading, shipping documents, or attached to the unit. Look on the gauge and jack for a number corresponding to that on the calibration records. Jacks and gauges shall be calibrated before they are shipped to the job. If there is discrepancy contact GC or his assistant for resolution. 7. Store stressing equipment in a secure, clean, dry place and allow access to the equipment ONLY to trained, qualified personnel. 8. Follow the post-tensioning supplier's rules and instructions regarding the care, use and maintenance of this equipment. Stressing equipment shall not be used for any other operation other than the stressing of tendons. Tendons and cables - ANSWER Cables 6 inches from penetrations Support bars will be shown typically 4ft +/- on center on the installation drawings. - ANSWER But additional bars (supports) may be required to ensure the problem of reverse curvature of tendons does not occur, reverse curvature of tendons can cause spalling of concrete during stressing operation 12" for jack, cable diameters .5" & .6" - ANSWER 12" for jack, cable diameters .5" & .6" Stressing Barrier cable - ANSWER The anchorage at the non-stressing-end be installed to force equal to 80% of the ultimate strength of the strand. The backstressing force should be equal to 80% of the ultimate strength of the strand. Nature of Soil. Soil types as determined by particle size - ANSWER 1. Boulders: 12 in or larger in diameter 2. Cobbles: larger than 3 in, smaller than 12 in 3. Gravel: smaller than 3 in, and larger than #4 sieve (appr 1/4 in) 4. Sand: particles smaller than #4 sieve and larger than #200 sieve (40,000 openings per square inch) 5. Silts: particles smaller than .02 mm and larger than .002mm in diameter 6. Clays: particles smaller than .002 mm in diameter Table 2-1 Relative Bearing Strength of Soils - ANSWER Refer to Google Drive - JJJohnson Folder Groundwater Level: knowing the location of the groundwater level is important for 2 reasons - ANSWER 1. HIGH WATER table means that EXTRA costs will be encountered during the excavation and construction of foundations for the contractor. 2. Water table affects the soil bearing capacity, which in turn determines the size and type of foundation required for the building challenge for the designer. Compaction Testing: compaction testing provides the site contractor with specific compaction value that must be achieved. Compaction testing is based on the relationship between soil dry density and the moisture content of the soil. - ANSWER Lab test used is Proctor Test, developed by R.R. Proctor. Developed for testing slightly cohesive to cohesive soils Typical Concrete Curge and Gutter Cross Section - ANSWER Refer to Google Drive - JJJohnson Folder 24" total 1. First layer, 6" bottom dirt 2. Second layer, 6" granular base 3. Third layer, 12" topsoil / curb. Curb is 16-24" wide. 6" from topsoil Concrete sidewalks are usually 4 inches in thickness, 5 feet or wider. Joint spacing? - ANSWER Crack-control joints are placed at 3 to 5 feet. Expansion joints are provided at intervals of 30 feet or less where sidewalks are bear against buildings or other fixed structures. Typically a 2,500 psi air-entrained concrete is used to provide a weather- resistant surface. The surface finish is a light broom finish, the edges are smoothed with an edging tool. Removing Groundwater - ANSWER 1. Use a pump 2. Perimeter trenching with pumps 3. Lower the water table selectively in the area in which the excavating will take place by using dewatering system like well-points Items that affect cycle time - ANSWER Cycle travel time is based on attainable speeds of the truck for loaded and unloaded conditions. Attainable speeds are affected by FOUR FACTORS: distance traveled, road resistance, grade resistance or assistance, and rimpull. Protection of Excavations, making sure sidewall cave-ins do not occur - ANSWER 1. Slope sides until angle of repose is 1:1 or 45 degrees 2. Provide temporary support for the earth walls, interlocking steel sheeting piling, steel soldier piles with horizontal timber sheeting, and concrete slurry walls. Underpinning - ANSWER Underpinning is the provision of permanent support for existing buildings by extending their foundations to a new, lower level containing the desired bearing stratum. Due to removal of part of supporting soil by a new and new loads to an existing structure Types of piles: Pile sections are fashioned from the traditional building materials: wood, steel, composite, and concrete - ANSWER There are four variations when considering load transfer characteristics: bearing piles, friction piles, friction plus bearing, and sheet piles. Sheet piles are normally not intended for vertical loads but are designed to resist horizontal pressure. Parts of a Typical Pile - ANSWER 1. Head - upper final 2. Foot - lower final 3. Tip - small end before/after placed in position 4. Butt - large end before/after placed in position 5. Pile ring - wrought iron or steel hop placed on head of the pile to prevent cracking, brooming, or splitting 6. Driving head - device placed on the head of the pile to receive hammer blows. may be used instead of pile ring 7. Pile cutoff - portion of pile that is removed after completion of driving 8. Pile shoe - metal cone placed on the tip of the pile to protect from cracking or splitting. Bolt Hole diameter - ANSWER Bolt holes for bolted connections are punched or drilled 1/16 inch larger in diameter than the diameter of the bolts to be used Steel structural shapes - ANSWER S, W, Channel, Equal-leg angle, Unequal-leg angle, HP shape, hollow, T sections cut from S and W, and plate Different types of truss - ANSWER King post, W truss, Howe truss, Pratt truss, Hammer beam, Cantilever, Baltimore truss, Bowstring truss, Belgian truss, and Sawtooth Alternative Roof-framing: Open-web, Structural steel, Timber, Precast concrete presence of mill scale, rust, oil, and mud. Rust improves bond because it increases the roughness of the surface Hoisting Rebar - ANSWER When hoisting bundles of reinforcing bars roughly 30 ft or longer, it is usually necessary to use spreader beam / bars. The length of the spreader beam should be at least one-half the length of the reinforcing bars in the bundle. Wire Bar supports - ANSWER Refer to Google Drive under JJJohnson folder. JC - Joist Chair: 4, 5, and 6 in. widths and 3/4, 1, and 1-1/2 in heights General principles for placing, splicing and tying reinforcing rebars - ANSWER Where not specified, minimum concrete cover (outside of bar to face of concrete) should be: 1. 3 inches at sides 2. 2 inches for bars larger than #5(#16) 3. 1-1/2 inches over ties and spirals in columns 4. 1-1/2 inches to nearest reinforcing bars on the top, bottom, and sides of beams and girders 5. 3/4 inch for #11 and smaller bars 6. 3/4 inch from the face of all walls not exposed directly to the ground or weather Slab rebar placing - ANSWER Rebar 3" above grade and 2" from the top of slab Types of Ties: various type of ties are used when securing reinforcing bars. Much of tying is done on flat, horizontal formwork such as floor slabs - ANSWER Types of Ties: 1. Detail A, Snap or Single Tie - normally used in flat, horizontal work to secure reinforcing bars 2. Detail B, Wrap and Snap Tie - normally used when tying wall reinforcement so neither horizontal or vertical can shift during construction 3. Detail C, Saddle or "U" Tie - more complicated, used for securing column ties to vertical corner bars, beam stirrups to longitudinal corner bars 4. Detail D, Wrap and Saddle Tie - similar to the saddle tie except that the wire is wrapped 1-1/2 times around the first bar, used to secure heavy mats that are lifted by crane 5. Detail E, Figure Eight Tie - used in place of saddle tie and snap and wrap tie. Does not offer the holding strength of the saddle tie. Placing reinforcing bars in footings, walls and columns - ANSWER Footing placement of bars in not critical. Footing placements are usually located 3 inches clear above the bottom Mat or Raft slab foundations - ANSWER Raft slab is reinforced with a mat reinforcing bars in two directions, the bottom bars located 3 inches above the subgrade (mud slab) with similar mat of top reinforcing steel located 2 inches below the top of the slab One curtain of wall bars - ANSWER The number of ties required will depend on the size and spacing of reinforcing bars, but there should not be fewer than 3 ties to any one bar, and the ties should not be spaced more than 4 to 6 feet apart in either direction One-way slabs - ANSWER Main reinforcement consists of alternating long and short bottom and top bars. Bar supports, the bottom reinforcing bars in slabs are support by slab bolsters. Standard stock lengths of slab bolsters are 2.5, 5, or 10 feet. Roofing under layment - ANSWER Underlayment serves several purposes: 1. It protects roof sheathing before the roof covering is applied 2. Acts as added weather protection for the building, in case of shake or tile roofs, underlayment is the weather protection 3. Separate asphalt shingles from areas where surface resins in wood sheathing may damage the shingle 4. Provides additional isulation over roofs wiht nailing strips that create air space between the sheathing and roof covering 5. Cushions heavy roofing units such as tile or slate. Roof Slop equals (total rise) (12) / total run - ANSWER Slop = Total Rise ? in (slope) ----------- = ------ Total Run 12 Flashing at Chimneys and other vertical structuress - ANSWER Any flashing turned up on a vertical surface is called a base flashing. Flashing built into the vertical surface and bet down over the base flashing is called counter-flashing or cap flashing. Head lap, top lap and exposure - ANSWER The 2 inch lap where the shingles are three layers thick is the lead lap. Top lap is where shingles are at least two layers thick. Head lap is where shingles are three layers thick. Top Lap = W-E or E+HL Head Lap = TL -E or W -2E Exposure = (W-HL) / 2 Roll Roofing Exposure - ANSWER Before installing the first full sheet, snap a chalk line 18-3/4" above the eaves. Nail a 19" wide selvage piece of the roll along the eaves. allowing a 1/4" overhang. Drive staggered nails on 12" centers along 2 rows 4-3/4" from the top edge and 1" from the bottom edge of the strip Roofing Base Sheets (vapor retarders) - ANSWER They weigh 45 to 80 pound per square. The first membrane you install in a BUR system is the base sheet. The base sheet acts as a vapor retarder which protects the insulation or subsequent membranes from dames due to moisture from within the building. Built-up roofing. Surface Aggregate is often applied over a hot flood coat of bitumen on the surface of a BUR system - ANSWER Aggregate does several importing things: 1. protects the underlying roof system from heating, drying and weathering 2. prevents damage from foot traffic 3. serves as a ballast to resist wind uplift and improves the roof's fire 4. reduces the roof surface temperature Reasons for stone on BUR - ANSWER Most common aggregates are rounded gravel, slag, or crushed rock, protects underlying roof system from heading, drying, and weathering, prevents damage from foot traffic, serves as a ballast to resist wind uplift and improves the roof's fire resistance, reduces roof surface temperature Rafters - provide for ventilation at eaves - ANSWER When insulating rafters allow 1" minimum air space for ventilation. For thick ceiling insulation, install vent troughs for ventilation Condensation - ANSWER The first and most important reason to install a vapor barrier is to prevent warm humid air from contacting a cold surface, which results in condensation. The second reason is to reduce the flow of air between the inside of a building and the outdoors Measuring vapor barrier effectiveness - ANSWER The ability of a vapor barrier to resist vapor penetration is measured in perms. One perm equals the transmission of 1 grain (.07 grams) of water vapor per square foot per hours per each inch of mercury vapor pressure difference between opposite sides of the vapor barrier. Attic Ventilation - ANSWER With proper ventilation, air circulates freely through-out the attic carrying away the water vapor before it can condense. Never cover vent openings during cold weather and make sure that soffit vents are not blocked by insulation. A rule of thumb for attic ventilation is to allow 1 sq foot of net free vent opening for: each 150 sq ft of horizontal attic surface, or each 300 sq ft of horizontal attic surface when roof has vapor barrier or when half the vent openings are located at the ridge and other half located along the eaves Ventilating areas of gable roofs Ventilating areas of hip roofs - ANSWER Refer Google Drive: JJJohson folder: GableRoofVent and HipRoofVent Gutter Hangers - - ANSWER Generally space gutter hangers at 3-foot centers, but in heavy snow areas reduce this spacing to 1-1/2 feet. 3 types: Strap, clip, and spike type Refer to Google Drive: JJJohnson folder: GutterHangers What are the 4 types of steel decks? - ANSWER 1. Composite - has shear connector devices 2. Roof - acts alone in transferring horizontal and vertical loads 3. Celluar - made by attaching a bottom steel sheet to a roof or composite deck panel 4. Form - used as a concrete form Steel decks are usually shipped in what length? - ANSWER 40 feet Construction Delivery Methods - ANSWER The owner's approach to organizing the project team that will manage the entire design and construction process. 3 most common methods are design/bid/build, design/build, and construction management. Combinations of these strategies may be used. Design/Bid/Build: the owner hires a design professional and sends design out for bid to work with contractors. Design/Build: the owner hires a "design/build" firm to work with designer and contractors. This was the preferred method prior to the design/bid/build method. Construction Project management: owner hires both a design firm and a construction project management firm early in the preconstruction phase. Sequencing Chart - ANSWER See Google Drive: JJJohnson Folder: LifeCycle Construction Manager Responsibilities - ANSWER Feasibility studies, site investigations, noise mitigation, value engineering, design review, estimating, scheduling, procurement, work packages Construction Contract Documents - ANSWER Documents are divided in to three general subsections: bidding, contractual, and technical. Addenda - after the documents are issued but before the bids are due, changes often need to be made. Contract Information - ANSWER The contract includes an agreement, general conditions, special conditions, sample of bond, insurance requirements, and sample insurance form. Project Completion - ANSWER Construction and turnover, commissioning, planning, and owner startup. Closeout usually takes place while the owner is starting to use the facility. Commissioning services focus on hvac, electrical, and fire alarm, and any building system. Planning for the end of the project, however, happens at the beginning. Project Size Modifier - ANSWER See Google Drive: JJJohnson Folder: ProjectModifier Project Estimating - ANSWER Good organization is key to preparing reliable estimates and avoiding mistakes. The most important information for the estimating team comes from the contract documents, which explain the scope of work, the quality of the work, the conditions the contractor is expected to meet, the legal requirements of the job, and the schedule of completion. Project Schedule - ANSWER A schedule is the tool most commonly used to plan the project step by step. They establish relationships, identify resources needed to complete each task, and highlight the activities that, if late, could jeopardize the overall completion date. They are powerful tools. Project Cost Control - ANSWER The estimate servers as a cost baseline for a project, and the schedule serves as the time baseline. The estimate is the tool used to establish the costs on a project. Project Communcation - ANSWER Any successful relation, either personal or professional, relies on good communication between the parties. Some communications are formal and some are informal Project Submittals - ANSWER Submittals include shop drawings, product literature, samples, reports from independent testing agencies, O&M manuals, and warranties. Technical specifications detail what needs to be submitted, and the general conditions explain the procedure for submitting team. Project, Application for Payment - ANSWER Usually the contractor submits monthly requests for payment on a contractor's own form or AIA Document G702. The Role of Contracts - ANSWER A contract may be written or oral, but is only formed when there has been a offer to do or provide something that is accepted by another party and is supported by consideration. 1. Offer 2. Acceptance 3. Consideration 4. Capacity An "offer" is the first step to forming a contract. "Acceptance" - no contract is formed unless the receiving party has accepted the offer (verbally or written). "Consideration" - is something of value being exchanged on both sides of the transaction (often money). "Capacity" - must be of legal age (18 or older). Value Engineering - ANSWER Important in the design phase. Value engineering is a process that considers cost in the context of other factors: life-cycle cost, quality, durability, and maintainability. Cost reduction, on the other hand, considers only first cost. Incorrect Submittal - Contract Sub - ANSWER Details Found in Shop Drawings - ANSWER Drawings, diagrams, or details prepared by the contractor, vendor, or manufacturer illustrating some portion of work Important Role of Shop Drawings - ANSWER Translates the intent of the design documents into a buildable system. Types of Project Submittals - ANSWER Shop Drawings, Product data, and Samples Types of Construction - ANSWER Types I and II: typically building elements are noncombustible materials Type III: exterior walls are of noncombustible materials and interior are of any material permitted Type IV: Heavy Timber (HT). exterior walls are noncombustible and interior are solid or laminated wood without concealed spaces. Type V: exterior and interior walls are of any materials permitted by code. Public parking garages - ANSWER 1. shall not be less than 7 feet in height 2. barriers must be not less than 2 feet 9 inches in height Fire-resistance rating of structural members, Impact protection - ANSWER Fire protective covering shall be protected by the corner guards or by a substantial jacket or other noncombustible material to height adequate to provide full protection, but not less than 5 feet from the finished floor Fire-resistance rating of structural members, Bottom flange protection - ANSWER Fire protection is not required at the bottom flange of lintels, shelf angles and plates, spanning not more than 6 feet 4 inches whether part of the primary structural flame or not, and from the bottom flange of lintels, shelf angles and plates not part of the structural flame, regardless of span Fire-resistance rating of structural members, Temperature - ANSWER A minimum ambient and substrate temperature of 40 degrees F shall be maintained during and for minimum of 24 hours after the application of the SFRM Fire-resistance rating - ANSWER Shaft enclosures shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 hours where connecting four stories or more, not less than 1 hour where connecting less than four stories. Fire Protection System, Alarms - ANSWER Alarm, supervisory and trouble signals shall be distinctly different and shall be automatically transmitted to an approved supervising station or, when approved by the fire code official, shall sound an audible signal at a constantly attended location. Fire protection system,, Valve supervision - ANSWER Fire pump suction, discharge and bypass valves, and isolation valves on the backflow prevention device or assembly shall be supervised open by one of the following methods: 1. Central-station 2. Local signaling service 3. Locking valves open 4. Sealing of valves and approved weekly Means of Egress sizing, Doors - ANSWER Doors, when fully opened, shall not reduce the required width by more than 7 inches. Doors in any position shall not reduce the required width by more than one-half.