NASM Nutrition Certification Exam 2024-2025: Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-

2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

–LATEST UPDATE

Basic yet reliable set of five questions that help assess whether an eating disorder exists. Do you make yourself Sick because you feel uncomfortably full? Do you worry that you have lost Control over how much you eat? Have you recently lost more than One stone (14 lbs) in a 3-month period? Do you believe yourself to be Fat when others say you are too thin? Would you say that Food dominates your life? - CORRECT ANSWER-SCOFF questionnaire The process of formulating explanations about the natural world and testing those explanations with experiments and data.

1. Identify a Problem
2. Formulate a hypothesis
3. Design a study to test the hypothesis
4. Collect data
5. Discard or change the hypothesis OR continue testing - CORRECT ANSWER-Scientific Method A three-pronged approach to working with clients, which consists of making decisions based on the weight of the scientific evidence, field observations, and individual client needs and preferences. - CORRECT ANSWER-Evidence-Based Practice An expected outcome generated from a hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER-Prediction NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

A hypothesis or set of hypotheses for which a large body of high-quality evidence has been accumulated. - CORRECT ANSWER-Theory

1. Systematic Reviews
2. Randomized Controlled Trials
3. Observational Research
4. Peer Reviews
5. Non-Peer-Reviewed Media, including anecdotes - CORRECT ANSWER-Hierarchy of Evidence an account of a person's experience or event - CORRECT ANSWER-Anecdote A variable in an experiment that a scientist makes no effort to manipulate or account for. - CORRECT ANSWER-Uncontrolled Variable Original research where scientists perform experiments and collect data - this is in contrast to secondary research where scientists analyze data that has already been collected or published elsewhere. - CORRECT ANSWER-Primary Research Research in which a researcher observes ongoing behaviors to determine correlation. - CORRECT ANSWER-Observational Research A relationship between two or more variables. - CORRECT ANSWER-Correlation A type of scientific study/trial where participants are randomly assigned into different groups - one or more will be the intervention to be tested and one will be the control group. Groups are randomized and a control is used in an attempt to reduce potential bias in the trial. - CORRECT ANSWER-Randomized Control Trial (RCT) The variable scientists manipulate in an experiment. - CORRECT ANSWER-Independent Variable NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

The ability to generalize the results of a study. - CORRECT ANSWER-External Validity A review where scientists systematically gather all research on a topic and evaluate it based on predefined criteria and rules. - CORRECT ANSWER-Systematic Review A statistical analysis of a group of studies to assess the overall weight of the evidence. - CORRECT ANSWER-Meta-Analysis Based on observation or experience. - CORRECT ANSWER-Empirical The ability to get similar results when something is measured under the same conditions. - CORRECT ANSWER-Test-Retest Reliability The consistency of a measure. - CORRECT ANSWER-Reliability The assessment of whether a tool is measuring what it is supposed to measure. - CORRECT ANSWER-Validity A sample of people under study is not representative of the larger population that scientists are looking to make inferences about. - CORRECT ANSWER-Selection Bias Describes a study that looks backward in time. - CORRECT ANSWER-Retrospective The inability to accurately remember past behaviors. - CORRECT ANSWER-Recall Bias A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. - CORRECT ANSWER-Health NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

The tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes. - CORRECT ANSWER-Homeostasis A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms, affects a specific location, and is not simply a direct result of physical injury. - CORRECT ANSWER-Disease A noncommunicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents; it can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. - CORRECT ANSWER-Noncommunicable Disease Infectious diseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that can be spread (directly or indirectly) from one person to another. - CORRECT ANSWER- Communicable Disease The fluid process of improving the emotional, occupational, physical, social, intellectual, and spiritual components of life, dynamically leading to a better state of health and well-being. - CORRECT ANSWER-Wellness A high degree of excess body fat - a BMI greater than 30. - CORRECT ANSWER-Obese The technical term for measurements and calculations related to human physical characteristics. - CORRECT ANSWER-Biometrics A feeling of fullness and satisfaction. - CORRECT ANSWER-Satiety The degree of pleasure or taste provided by a food - a highly palatable food is one that is tasty and pleasant to consume. - CORRECT ANSWER-Palatability The energy currency of life. NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

chemical compound that provides energy to drive muscle contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, and the vast majority of chemical reactions that facilitate human life. - CORRECT ANSWER-Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Chemical processes occurring within the body to convert food to energy. - CORRECT ANSWER- Metabolism represents the increase in energy expenditure after consuming a meal. - CORRECT ANSWER- Thermic Effect of Food (TEF) accounts for the most variability of daily energy expenditure. - CORRECT ANSWER-Thermic Effect of Activity (TEA) energy expended for everything we do that is not sleeping, eating or exercising. - CORRECT ANSWER-Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT) The biological process of combining free fatty acids with glycerol to form triglycerides. - CORRECT ANSWER-Lipogenesis The biological process of breaking stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol. - CORRECT ANSWER-Lipolysis The process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose units for entry into the energy pathways. - CORRECT ANSWER-Glycogenolysis A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol and glucogenic amino acids. - CORRECT ANSWER- Gluconeogenesis A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite. - CORRECT ANSWER-Leptin NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach. - CORRECT ANSWER-Ghrelin hormone released in the gastrointestinal system and is responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. - CORRECT ANSWER-CCK (cholecystokinin) neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain. - CORRECT ANSWER-NPY (neuropeptide Y) hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when blood glucose levels are high, promoting the uptake of glucose for fuel or storage as glycogen. Insulin helps keeps blood-sugar levels from getting too high, also referred to as hyperglycemia. - CORRECT ANSWER-Insulin hormone that is released when blood sugars decrease below a certain threshold. It stimulates the breakdown of stored glucose (glycogen) in the liver, releasing additional glucose into the bloodstream for fuel. - CORRECT ANSWER-Glucagon energy system producing ATP during high intensity, short duration exercise. Phosphocreatine decomposes and releases large amount of energy used to construct ATP. provides energy for muscle contraction for up to 10 seconds. - CORRECT ANSWER-ATP-PC system Glucose is used for fuel and is either blood glucose or muscle glycogen, broken down in to pyruvic acid, when there is insufficient oxygen it then is transformed into lactic acid. Energy up to 2 minutes. - CORRECT ANSWER-Anaerobic Glycolytic System virtually unlimited capacity for making ATP, uses carbs, fat, protein for fuel. Slow to produce ATP. Lasts anywhere from 2 minutes to a few hours. - CORRECT ANSWER-Aerobic Energy System The process of achieving, or the state of, equilibrium between acidic and alkaline molecules. - CORRECT ANSWER-Acid-Base Balance NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

Process of communication between cells by biological messengers to govern cellular function. - CORRECT ANSWER-Cell Signaling Chemical structures containing only carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and/or nitrogen. - CORRECT ANSWER-Organic Molecules The organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group. - CORRECT ANSWER-Amino Acids Amino acids that are necessary for bodily functions but cannot be synthesized by the body and, therefore, must be obtained in the diet. Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine* Lysine Leucine - CORRECT ANSWER-Essential Amino Acids (EAA) The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) which are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branch-like structure. - CORRECT ANSWER-Branched Chain Amino Acid NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

amino acids that are normally considered nonessential but become essential under certain circumstances when the body's need for them exceeds the ability to produce them. - CORRECT ANSWER-conditionally essential amino acids amino acids that the body can synthesize & normally do not need to be obtained in the diet. - CORRECT ANSWER-nonessential amino acids Process of joining amino acids with peptide bonds to form proteins. - CORRECT ANSWER- protein synthesis The joining of two large molecules by removing one hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group (OH) from another molecule and then binding the two larger molecules together on the newly freed bonds. - CORRECT ANSWER-dehydration synthesis The bond between two amino acids, occurring between the carboxyl group of one and the amino group of the other. - CORRECT ANSWER-Peptide Bond Breakdown of one large molecule into two smaller molecules via the donation of one hydrogen and one hydroxyl group from water to the smaller molecules, respectively. - CORRECT ANSWER- Hydrolysis Two amino acids bonded together - CORRECT ANSWER-Dipeptide 3 amino acids - CORRECT ANSWER-tripeptide 4-9 amino acids - CORRECT ANSWER-oligopeptide chain of 10 or more amino acids - CORRECT ANSWER-Polypeptide changing the shape of a protein but not its primary structure. NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

Denaturation occurs in response to many factors such as temperature, pH, and enzymes, all of which are at work during protein digestion and absorption. For most protein-dense foods, this process begins with cooking the food. - CORRECT ANSWER- Denaturation A hormone released when food is ingested to stimulate release of digestive fluids. - CORRECT ANSWER-Gastrin A proenzyme secreted by the stomach as a precursor to pepsin. - CORRECT ANSWER- Pepsinogen An enzyme in the stomach that begins breaking peptide bonds. - CORRECT ANSWER-Pepsin It is the first section of the small intestine where some digestion occurs, and it is located immediately after the stomach and leads into the jejunum. - CORRECT ANSWER-Duodenum A hormone that stimulates the liver and pancreas to produce bile and bicarbonate; inhibits gastrin release. - CORRECT ANSWER-Secretin A hormone secreted by the duodenum that causes release of enzymes and bile. - CORRECT ANSWER-Cholecystokinin Enzymes in the small intestine that break long peptide chains into shorter peptide chains. - CORRECT ANSWER-protease enzymes An enzyme that breaks down small peptides. - CORRECT ANSWER-Peptidase NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

Enzymes that cleave individual amino acids from a peptide chain so they may be absorbed. - CORRECT ANSWER-Aminopeptidases The vein that transports blood from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and the intestinal tract to the liver. - CORRECT ANSWER-Hepatic Portral Vein A protein formed of a triple-helix structure with great tensile strength, found primarily in skin, muscles/connective tissue, and bones. - CORRECT ANSWER-Collagen Ability of a material to resist breaking under tension. - CORRECT ANSWER-Tensile Strength A protein with high elasticity, found mainly in the skin. - CORRECT ANSWER-Elastin A protein found in hair and nails. - CORRECT ANSWER-Keratin A protein found on the cell membrane that transports sodium and potassium to create electrochemical gradients across the membrane. - CORRECT ANSWER-sodium-potassium pump A protein found in the blood stream that helps draw water into the blood vessel from surrounding tissue. - CORRECT ANSWER-Albumin An iron-containing protein found on red blood cells, binds oxygen and other molecules for transport in the blood. - CORRECT ANSWER-Hemoglobin Amount of nutrient needed to meet the needs of almost all individuals in an age-sex group. - CORRECT ANSWER-Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) The quantity of essential amino acids found in, and the digestibility of, a protein. - CORRECT ANSWER-Protein Quality NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

A protein that contains sufficient quantities of all essential amino acids. - CORRECT ANSWER- Complete Protein Two incomplete proteins that, when comsumed together, mimic a complete protein by providing all essential amino acids. - CORRECT ANSWER-Complementary Protein Grains, corn, rice barley, vegetables, beans, and wheat - CORRECT ANSWER-Starches Sweets (candy), sugar (cane sugar), fruit, and milk - CORRECT ANSWER-Sugars They define the single sugar units of glucose, fructose, and galactose and represent the absorbable forms of carbohydrates for the body. - CORRECT ANSWER-Monosaccharides They define pairs of sugar units. The three nutritionally important ones to humans are sucrose, maltose, and lactose. - CORRECT ANSWER-Disaccharides They define glucose chains longer than 10 units in length, but they can be as large as several thousand glucose units in length. - CORRECT ANSWER-Polysaccharides They define sugar units ranging from 3 to 10 units in length and are largely indigestible to humans. typically found in legumes - CORRECT ANSWER-Oligosaccharides one glucose molecule joined with one fructose molecule. Examples include cane sugar, brown sugar, and date sugar. Sucrose contributes as a primary sugar in most fruits. - CORRECT ANSWER-Sucrose comprised of one glucose molecule joined with one galactose molecule. It is only found in dairy products. - CORRECT ANSWER-Lactose NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

comprised of two glucose molecules. Examples include corn syrup, brown rice syrup, and molasses. - CORRECT ANSWER-Maltose A straight-chain and digestible form of starch containing glucose molecules. - CORRECT ANSWER-Amylose A branched-chain and digestible form of starch containing glucose molecules. - CORRECT ANSWER-Amylopectin A type of dietary fiber that dissolves in water to form a gel, associated with heart health benefits and glucose control. - CORRECT ANSWER-Soluble Fiber A type of dietary fiber that does not dissolve in water, associated with promoting bowel regularity. - CORRECT ANSWER-Insoluble Fiber A condition that occurs when pockets of collected stool called diverticula form in the walls of the digestive tract, forcing the inner layer of the intestinal wall to push through its outer lining. - CORRECT ANSWER-Diverticulosis A compound derived from isolated indigestible fiber to potentially provide some of the health- promoting benefits of natural fiber. - CORRECT ANSWER-Functional Fiber The storage molecule of carbohydrate found in animals and located in muscle and liver cells. - CORRECT ANSWER-Glycogen The primary storage and transportable form of fats in the body, composed of three free fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone. - CORRECT ANSWER-Triglycerides A group of incompletely metabolized fat fragments that are normally produced during fat metabolism in the absence of adequate carbohydrates. - CORRECT ANSWER-Ketones NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

A mass of food that has been chewed and is now ready to initiate the swallowing process. - CORRECT ANSWER-Bolus The partially digested, semi-fluid mass of food expelled by the stomach to the duodenum. - CORRECT ANSWER-Chyme It is the second section of the small intestine where digestion and absorption occur. It is located immediately after the duodenum and leads into the ileum. - CORRECT ANSWER-Jejunum It is the final section of the small intestine where lots of absorption occurs. It is located immediately after the jejunum and leads into the large intestine. - CORRECT ANSWER-Ileum The wall of the small intestine, composed of villi and microvilli, that enhance the region's surface area for the final stages of digestion and absorption. - CORRECT ANSWER-Brush Border These are small, finger-like projections located on the walls of the intestine that extend into the intestinal tract that serve to increase the body's surface area for absorption of nutrients. - CORRECT ANSWER-Villi A liver disease marked by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue that is a result of alcohol abuse. - CORRECT ANSWER-Cirrhosis The development of a fatty liver resulting from excessive quantities of fats being deposited from causes that exclude alcohol. - CORRECT ANSWER-Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease The breakdown of nutrients to release energy. - CORRECT ANSWER-Catabolic A method for determining how the quantity of carbohydrates consumed impact blood sugar levels. - CORRECT ANSWER-Glycemic Load NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

Water fearing - will not dissolve in, or react with, water. - CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrophobic Conditions involving the narrowing or blockage of blood vessels that can cause a heart attack, chest pain, or stroke. - CORRECT ANSWER-Cardiovascular Disease Compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives. - CORRECT ANSWER-Lipids Organic compounds with long hydrocarbon chains that are saturated or unsaturated. - CORRECT ANSWER-Fatty Acids Comprised of two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a glycerol molecule. The phosphate group head is water soluble and the fatty acid tail is water insoluble. They align themselves to form the cell membrane. - CORRECT ANSWER-Phospholipids A lipid-like waxy substance found in all cell membranes, most body tissues, and body fluids - the body needs some cholesterol to make steroid hormones and vitamin D. Some cholesterol is obtained from foods like eggs, cheese, and shellfish. Most cholesterol is produced by the body.

• CORRECT ANSWER-Cholesterol Fatty acids that have the maximum number of hydrogen molecules and contain only single bonds between their carbon atoms. Foods high in saturated fatty acids are usually solid at room temperature (like butter) and are often found in animal fat, palm oil, and coconut oil. - CORRECT ANSWER-Saturated Fatty Acids Fatty acids that have one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms in the carbon chain. These are typically liquid at room temperature, relatively unstable, and are prone to oxidative damage. - CORRECT ANSWER-Unsaturated Fatty Acids The process of forcing hydrogen into vegetable oil to create a semi-solid or solid saturated fat. - CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrogenation NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

The imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants - free radicals are oxygen-containing molecules with an uneven number of electrons, which makes them susceptible to react with other molecules. - CORRECT ANSWER-Oxidative Damage Unsaturated fats that have one unsaturated carbon molecule (two hydrogen atoms instead of four) or one double bond. - CORRECT ANSWER-monounsaturated fatty acid Unsaturated fats that have two or more double bonds between carbon molecules. - CORRECT ANSWER-polyunsaturated fatty acid Based on the traditional foods that people from Greece and Italy eat, including those foods rich in monounsaturated fats such as olive oil, nuts, and seeds. - CORRECT ANSWER-Mediterranean Diet An artificial fatty acid that occurs when hydrogen is added to liquid vegetable oils (unsaturated fat) to make them more solid (saturated fat) and have a more stable shelf life. - CORRECT ANSWER-Trans Fat Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells, known as bad cholesterol. - CORRECT ANSWER-Low-Density Lipoproteins Lipoprotein that carries excess cholesterol away from the cells to the liver where it is turned into bile or excreted, known as the good cholesterol. - CORRECT ANSWER-High-Density Lipoproteins Damage that occurs to the endothelium, the thin layer surrounding blood vessels. - CORRECT ANSWER-Endothelial Dysfunction An acronym for the Generally Recognized as Safe list of any substance that is intentionally added to food - a food additive that has been recognized as safe by a group of experts. - CORRECT ANSWER-GRAS NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is responsible for protecting the public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices, and by ensuring the safety of our nation's food supply. - CORRECT ANSWER-FDA The fat and oils found in food that is consumed. - CORRECT ANSWER-Dietary Fat The loose connective tissue composed of fat cells for stored energy. - CORRECT ANSWER- Adipose Tissue Water loving - will dissolve in, and react with, water. - CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrophilic Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized, or not in adequate amounts, and, therefore have to be consumed in the diet - they include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. - CORRECT ANSWER- Essential Fatty Acids Fat soluble means that a compound or molecule can be dissolved into fat. Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K. - CORRECT ANSWER-Fat-Soluble Vitamins Named based on the position of the first double bond in the carbon chain, Carbon 3, an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found in fish, seafood, flaxseed oil, and walnuts. - CORRECT ANSWER-Omega-3s (a-Linolenic) Named based on the position of the first double bond in the carbon chain, Carbon 6, an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found primarily in plant oils such as corn, soybean, and safflower. - CORRECT ANSWER-Omega-6s (a-Linoleic) Abbreviation for eicosapentaenoic acid, essential omega-3 fatty acid found in marine sources including fish and krill, serves as a precursor to various compounds that have anti-inflammatory activities in the body in addition to serving as structural components of the brain and eye tissue. - CORRECT ANSWER-EPA NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

Abbreviation for docosahexaenoic acid, the essential omega-3 fatty acid found in marine sources including fish and krill, highly abundant in the human brain, eyes, and sperm cells. - CORRECT ANSWER-DHA The recommended intake of various nutrients as determined by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine - the DRIs include recommendations like the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR). - CORRECT ANSWER-Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) The recommended average daily intake level based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by groups of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate - the AI is used when an RDA cannot be determined. - CORRECT ANSWER-Adequate Intake (AI) A thin, soft, pliable layer that acts as a boundary, lining, or partition around an organism or cell.

• CORRECT ANSWER-Membrane Monitors what materials enter and exit a cell. - CORRECT ANSWER-Selective Permeability Cells specialized in the storage of fat that makes up adipose tissue. - CORRECT ANSWER- Adipocytes A substance used to bind a hydrophobic and hydrophilic compound. - CORRECT ANSWER- Emulsifier A protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to bring about a biochemical reaction, thus speeding up the process. - CORRECT ANSWER-Enzymes

1. Mouth - chewing
2. Stomach NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

3. Small Intestine
4. Portal Vein/Liver/Circulation - CORRECT ANSWER-Digestion Process An alkaline fluid that aids in digestion - it is secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. - CORRECT ANSWER-Bile A compound comprised of bile salts (water-loving) surrounding monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins (water phobic) in order for absorption to occur. - CORRECT ANSWER-Micelle An extensive network of vessels passing through almost all bodily tissues that produce and transport lymph (colorless fluid of white blood cells). - CORRECT ANSWER-Lymphatic System An enzyme found in the endothelium of the cells that breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and a glycerol for the cell to use. - CORRECT ANSWER-Lipoprotein Lipase Cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels and other lymphatic tissue. - CORRECT ANSWER-Endothelium The process that occurs within the cell's mitochondria to produce glycerol and fatty acids. - CORRECT ANSWER-Beta-Oxidation A molecule that participates in biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, producing energy. - CORRECT ANSWER-Acetyl-CoA A group of incompletely metabolized fat fragments that are normally produced during fat metabolism in the absence of adequate carbohydrates. - CORRECT ANSWER-Ketone Bodies The form of alcohol found in an alcoholic beverage. - CORRECT ANSWER-Ethanol NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

The primary enzyme involved in metabolism of ethanol. - CORRECT ANSWER-Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) The initial metabolism of ethanol occurring in the stomach. - CORRECT ANSWER-First-Pass Metabolism The speed at which ethanol enters the bloodstream from the stomach. - CORRECT ANSWER- Rate of Absorption The amount of ethanol in the blood relative to water. - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) The toxic product of ethanol metabolism, which has to be further metabolized immediately to avoid its toxic effects. - CORRECT ANSWER-Acetaldehyde The enzyme used to metabolize toxic acetaldehyde. - CORRECT ANSWER-Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase A safe level of alcohol consumption recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans - one standard drink per day for females, two standard drinks per day for males. - CORRECT ANSWER-Moderate Drinking Any alcoholic beverage that contains 0.6 ounces of ethanol. - CORRECT ANSWER-Standard Drink The level of consumption at which the risk of alcohol-related harm is greatly increased. - CORRECT ANSWER-High-Risk Drinking Consumption of a large amount of alcohol in a single session. - CORRECT ANSWER-Binge Drinking NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

Calories left over in a diet once nutritional requirements have been met. - CORRECT ANSWER- Discretionary Energy Nutrients required in smaller quantities, including vitamins and minerals. - CORRECT ANSWER- Micronutrients Coenzymes and cofactors are compounds or molecules that help enzymes work. For example, vitamin C is a coenzyme that helps make collagen. - CORRECT ANSWER-Coenzymes and Cofactors Metabolic reactions are chemical processes that occur in the body that help sustain life. - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolic Reactions Organelles (small structures inside cells) where the majority of energy production, specifically aerobic metabolism, occurs - "the powerhouse of the cell." - CORRECT ANSWER-Mitochondria A chemical process where most of the ATP in the body is produced - the basic principle behind the electron transport chain is that an electron gradient produces ATP. - CORRECT ANSWER- Electron Transport Chain Also known as the Citric Acid cycle, a sequence of biochemical reactions through which most living organisms produce energy using aerobic metabolism (i.e., in the presence of oxygen). - CORRECT ANSWER-Krebs Cycle The ability to be dissolved in water - for example, salt, which is sodium-chloride, dissolves in water and is considered water-soluble. - CORRECT ANSWER-Water-Soluble Commonly referred to as thiamine, is critical in the metabolism of sugar and amino acids as well as central nervous system function. - CORRECT ANSWER-Vitamin B NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

A condition of thiamine deficiency that affects either the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, or both. - CORRECT ANSWER-Beriberi A disease of the brain that is the direct result of thiamine deficiency - It causes confusion and makes people uncoordinated. - CORRECT ANSWER-Wernicke Encephalopathy Also known as vitamin B2, critical in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fat. - CORRECT ANSWER-Riboflavin A key molecule in regulating oxidation-reduction reactions, which are responsible for managing the oxidative balance in the body. - CORRECT ANSWER-Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) A series of chemical reactions in the body that help balance out molecular damage due to increase levels of oxidative stress, also responsible for maintaining enough oxidants for the body to function properly. - CORRECT ANSWER-Antioxidant System The process and reaction between two substances in which one substance is oxidized and the other reduced. - CORRECT ANSWER-Redox System Commonly used name for vitamin B3, shares many similarities with vitamin B2 in that it is critical in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fat. - CORRECT ANSWER-Niacin A molecule that carries hydrogen ions and is used to make ATP, provides energy for our body. - CORRECT ANSWER-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) Commonly used name for vitamin B5, a component to co-enzyme A (CoA) - CoA serves as a molecular link between glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle. - CORRECT ANSWER-Pantothenic Acid Represents a class of several related, but different molecules, each of which are important for optimal health. - CORRECT ANSWER-Vitamin B6 NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

Commonly used name for vitamin B7. - CORRECT ANSWER-Biotin Responsible for adding a carboxyl group to molecules - these carboxylation reactions are involved in almost every step in energy production. - CORRECT ANSWER-Carboxylase Enzymes The largest of the B-complex vitamins, comes in many forms, and contains a heavy metal/mineral in its molecular structure, specifically cobalt. - CORRECT ANSWER-Vitamin B12 Commonly used name for vitamin B9, helps regulate single-carbon transfers, both accepting and donating single carbons to chemical reactions. - CORRECT ANSWER-Folate Referred to as ascorbic acid, Vitamin C is one of the more robust vitamins. It plays myriad roles in the human body. - CORRECT ANSWER-Vitamin C The pain and stiffness that is felt several hours to days after unaccustomed or strenuous exercise - muscle soreness typically sets in between 1 and 3 days post exercise. - CORRECT ANSWER-Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) An essential nutrient, a source of methyl groups needed for many steps in metabolism. - CORRECT ANSWER-Choline Something that improves either physical or mental performance. - CORRECT ANSWER- Ergogenic Aid A compound or molecule that can be dissolved into fat. - CORRECT ANSWER-Fat-Soluble A thing that is composed of two or more separate elements. - CORRECT ANSWER-Compound A class of chemical compounds that are vitamers of vitamin A. - CORRECT ANSWER-Retinoids NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

Also known as Vitamin A, retinol helps in vision, bone growth, reproduction, growth of epithelium, and fighting infections. - CORRECT ANSWER-Retinol Also known as retinaldehyde, one of many forms of vitamin A. - CORRECT ANSWER-Retinal A metabolite of vitamin A that mediates the functions of vitamin A required for growth and development. - CORRECT ANSWER-Retinoic Acid A fat-soluble vitamin present in very few foods - much of the vitamin D found in our bodies comes from the conversion of cholesterol from direct exposure to sunlight. This makes it unique among the fat-soluble vitamins in that dietary sources are often not sufficient to maintain adequate levels. Sunlight and/or supplementation is necessary. - CORRECT ANSWER- Vitamin D A class of compounds - the most common ones are known as the tocopherols and the tocotrienols, each of which have four types: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. Vitamin E is one of the main antioxidant molecules in the body and it protects cells from oxidative damage. - CORRECT ANSWER-Vitamin E A family of compounds that have a similar structure and function - they are involved in regulating blood clotting as well as calcium metabolism. - CORRECT ANSWER-Vitamin K A mineral that is required for life and helps the body build bones and maintain their strength. - CORRECT ANSWER-Calcium A condition of weakened bones where bones lose their density - calcium is a key piece of bone structure and calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis. - CORRECT ANSWER-Osteoporosis An essential trace mineral that can improve insulin sensitivity and enhance macronutrient metabolism. - CORRECT ANSWER-Chromium NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

An element that is only required in minute amounts in the human body. - CORRECT ANSWER- Trace Element The process and reaction between two substances in which one substance is oxidized and the other reduced. - CORRECT ANSWER-Redox System Minerals that are not required for human function and/or optimal health. - CORRECT ANSWER- Nonessential Mineral The swelling of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland. - CORRECT ANSWER- Goiter A condition in which your thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormones. - CORRECT ANSWER-Hypothyroidism A protein that carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells. - CORRECT ANSWER-Myoglobin A form of dietary iron found only in animal meat. - CORRECT ANSWER-Heme A form of dietary iron found in plant-based foods. - CORRECT ANSWER-Nonheme A mineral that is required for energy production, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis. - CORRECT ANSWER-Magnesium A trace element that finds its way into the human diet, has no necessary function, and is highly toxic, especially during development in utero and early childhood. - CORRECT ANSWER-Mercury A mineral that is present in all tissues in the body and is required for maintaining concentration gradients, fluid volume, and cardiac rhythm. - CORRECT ANSWER-Potassium NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –

A condition where the concentration of potassium in the blood drops below normal levels. - CORRECT ANSWER-Hypokalemia The key component of several selenoproteins that serve as antioxidants or in the regeneration of antioxidants. - CORRECT ANSWER-Selenium A mineral that is present in virtually every tissue of the body and is essential for maintaining gradient balance, fluid status, and cardiac rhythm. - CORRECT ANSWER-Sodium A condition where the concentration of sodium in the blood drops below normal levels - this often happens when people sweat a lot or consume too much water and not enough electrolytes. - CORRECT ANSWER-Hyponatremia A mineral that provides structure to cells and helps reactions occur - it is the most abundant intracellular of the trace elements and plays regulatory roles in transcription via transcription factors, stabilizes nucleic acids, and is neccesary for the creation of tubulin, giving cells their internal rigid structure and allowing them to properly maintain their shape and function. - CORRECT ANSWER-Zinc The extent to which an ingredient, food, or other substance is absorbed by the body. - CORRECT ANSWER-Bioavailability A nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a group. - CORRECT ANSWER-Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population - as intake increases above the UL, the risk of adverse effects increases. - CORRECT ANSWER-Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) The water contained within a cell's membrane, makes up approximately 2/3 of total body water. - CORRECT ANSWER-Intracellular Fluid (ICF) NASM Nutrition Certification EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS –