National Boards Dental Hygiene Exam 2024/2025, Exams of Nursing

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National Boards Dental Hygiene Exam

2024/

What is the correct sequence in which an individual learns a new behavior using the learning ladder? -Unawareness, awareness, self-interest, involvement, action, habit -habit, Unawareness, self-interest, awareness, involvement, action -awareness, self-interest, involvement, Unawareness, habit, action -Unawareness, action, self-interest, awareness, involvement, habit - Precise Answer ✔✔Unawareness, awareness, self-interest, involvement, action, habit Fat soluble vitamins are: A. Found in all foods: B. More stable than water soluble vitamins C. Must be supplied daily D. Cannot be stored by the body - Precise Answer ✔✔B. More stable than water soluble vitamins Water is mainly absorbed in the:

Large intestine Small intestine Pancreas Stomach - Precise Answer ✔✔Large intestine Which of the following nutrient deficiencies is frequently found in the diet of children in developed countries and has been associated with increased caries susceptibility? Calcium Zinc Protein Iron - Precise Answer ✔✔Iron Which of the following hormones lowers blood glucose? Thyroxine Growth Hormone Glucagon Epinephrine Insulin - Precise Answer ✔✔Insulin In a healthy individual, if the amount of glucose in the blood exceeds the body's immediate energy needs, then:

-Glucose will be converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue -Glucose continues to circulate in the blood until needed by the body for energy -Glucose will be stored as glycogen in the cell and as fatty acids -Excess glucose will be excreted in the urine - Precise Answer ✔✔Glucose will be converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue Dairy products are good sources of all of the following nutrients, vitamins, and minerals EXCEPT one. Which of the following is the one EXCEPTION? Vitamin D Calcium Zinc Protein - Precise Answer ✔✔Zinc The best counseling technique for increasing patients' involvement and responsibility in making decisions about their oral health: Involves listening Involves motivation Is directive Involves demonstration - Precise Answer ✔✔Involves motivation

Which of the following is an example of an essential fatty acid? Lecithin Tropical Oils Oleic Acid Linoleic Acid - Precise Answer ✔✔Linoleic Acid The functions of saliva include all of the following EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? -Provides antimicrobial properties -Provides a growth medium for bacteria -Aids in remineralization of the tooth -Provides a buffering capacity -Speeds up the oral clearance of bacterial substrates - Precise Answer ✔✔-Provides a growth medium for bacteria Sucrose is made up of which of the following two monosaccharides? Fructose & Galactose Glucose & Galactose Fructose & Glucose Glucose & Glucose - Precise Answer ✔✔Fructose & Glucose

Glucose & Glucose= Maltose Glucose & Galactose= Lactose Fructose & Galactose= do not make up a disaccaride A normal fasting glucose levels is? 80-120 mg/DL

200 mg/DL 40-60 mg/DL 150-200 mg/DL - Precise Answer ✔✔80-120 mg/DL Several nutrients have an effect on the cells of the oral tissues. Which of the following nutrients assist in speeding up wound healing? Phosphorus Calcium Zinc Folate - Precise Answer ✔✔Zinc A deficiency in which of the following nutrients has been associated with neural tube defects? Folate Fat

Protein Calcium Thiamin - Precise Answer ✔✔Folate Vitamin B1 is also called Riboflavin Retinol Thiamine Cobalamin - Precise Answer ✔✔Thiamine Riboflavin B Niacin B Cobalamin B Each of the following is an important function of saliva EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -Provides buffering action -Initiates protein digestion -Prevents demineralization -Enhances flavor -Facilitates deglutition - Precise Answer ✔✔-Initiates protein digestion

Which of the following foods would be most cariogenic? Milk Raisins Oj Chocolate chip cookies - Precise Answer ✔✔Raisins All of the following are true about post eruptive effects of carbs on teeth EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -The end product for glycolysis for cariogenic bacteria is lactic acid -Dietary sweeteners such as sugar alcohols are cariogenic bacteria -S. Mutans synthesizes polysaccharides from sucrose which have a strong affinity for enamel -Carbs are an energy source for S. Mutans - Precise Answer ✔✔-Dietary sweeteners such as sugar alcohols are cariogenic bacteria Essential amino acids are: -Can be synthesized by the human body -Do not contain carbon -Are not necessary for formation of enzymes

-Can be found in varying amounts and combinations in the foods we eat

• Precise Answer ✔✔-Can be found in varying amounts and combinations in the foods we eat "essential" meaning the need to obtain from diet The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the _________________. Small intestine Mouth Stomach Pancreas - Precise Answer ✔✔Mouth Which of the following is the best source of magnesium? Cottage Cheese Whole Grain Bread Oranges Dark Yellow Veggies - Precise Answer ✔✔Whole Grain Bread Inadequate iodine intake leads to: Osteoporosis Rickets

Anemia Goiter - Precise Answer ✔✔Goiter A complete and accurate assessment includes all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? Bacteriologic assessment Clinical Assessment Health History Food Intake Assessment - Precise Answer ✔✔Bacteriologic assessment The most common nutritional deficiency among women of child bearing age and children in the USA is? Sodium Vitamin C Zinc Iron - Precise Answer ✔✔Iron Anemia is frequency associated with? Vitamins A & D Vitamins E & K Vitamins B12 & Folic Acid

Thiamin, Riboflavin, & Niacin Vitamins C & D - Precise Answer ✔✔Vitamins B12 & Folic Acid Examples of retentive carbohydrates include all Except one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. cheese b. pretzels c. cookies d. crackers e. potato chips - Precise Answer ✔✔a. cheese Zinc is a very important trace of element for which of the following conditions? -During Kidney failure -When gaining too much weight -During hemoglobin synthesis and energy production -During periods of rapid tissue growth - Precise Answer ✔✔-During periods of rapid tissue growth Vitamin A is important for what? -Both helping eyes adapt in dim light and maintaining healthy skin

-Helping eyes to adapt in dim light -Preventing scurvy -Maintaining healthy skin - Precise Answer ✔✔-Both helping eyes adapt in dim light and maintaining healthy skin The essential base for all metabolic processes in the body are? Carbs Vitamins Fats Proteins Water - Precise Answer ✔✔Water The effect of Vitamin C deficiency is primarily on: Nervous tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue - Precise Answer ✔✔Connective tissue All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: -2 grams of alcohol yields 14 kcal

-7 grams of fat yields 63 kcal -3 grams of carbs yields 12 kcal -5 grams of protein yields 45 kcal - Precise Answer ✔✔-5 grams of protein yields 45 kcal carbs= 4kcal/g protein=4kcal/g alcohol= 7kcal/g fat= 9kcal/g Severe early childhood caries is usually observed in? Primary second molars Mandibular Canines Maxillary central and lateral incisors Mandibular central and lateral incisors - Precise Answer ✔✔Maxillary central and lateral incisors A strict vegan diet would most likely be deficient in which vitamin? Folate Thiamin Cobalamin

Biotin - Precise Answer ✔✔Cobalamin (B12- strictly derived from animals) Essential fatty acids are required for the formation of? Vitamin k Prostaglandins Insulin Enzymes - Precise Answer ✔✔Prostaglandins An essential mineral closely associated with calcium and phosphorus in the structure of bones and teeth is? Fluoride Copper Magnesium Zinc Selenium - Precise Answer ✔✔Magnesium Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet. They cannot be synthesized from other amino acids. -Both statements are FALSE -The first statement is TRUE, the second is FALSE

-Both statements are TRUE -The first statement is FALSE, the second is TRUE - Precise Answer ✔✔-Both statements are TRUE "essential" meaning the need to obtain from diet Glucose is the sole source of energy for the: Brain Liver Kidneys Pancreas Heart - Precise Answer ✔✔Brain Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate substances is called? Glycogenesis Glucogenesis Gluconeogenesis Glycolosis - Precise Answer ✔✔Glycolosis Which of the following should immediately follow a purging incident in a person with bulimia?

Flossing Brushing with baking soda Brushing with fluoride toothpaste Rinsing with tap water - Precise Answer ✔✔Rinsing with tap water Endogenous, intrinsic stains is associated with all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? -More than optimal amounts of systemic fluoride -traumatized pulp -tetracycline -chlorhexidine - Precise Answer ✔✔ Standard Precautions - Precise Answer ✔✔Considers all blood, saliva, and bodily fluids encountered during tx and contaminated surfaces to be potentially infectious and infection control should be applied to every situation Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory function of the posterior 1/3 of tongue, soft palate, and pharynx? Glossopharyngeal Vestibularcochlear Vagus

Facial - Precise Answer ✔✔Glossopharyngeal Exogenous, intrinsic stains are associate with? amalgam restortations a tobacco habit chromogenic bacteria fluorosis - Precise Answer ✔✔fluorosis Excessive fluoride during this stage results in fluorosis -Pre-eruptive bud stage -Pre-eruptive mineralization stage -Post-eruptive maturation stage -Posy-eruptive mineralization stage - Precise Answer ✔✔-Pre-eruptive mineralization stage Dean's Fluorosis Index: Severe - Precise Answer ✔✔All tooth surfaces affected, marked wear on biting surfaces, Brown stain present A hereditary endrogenous intrinsic stain that occurs primarily due to the generalized disturbance of ameloblasts and results in partly or completely missing enamel is termed:

Enamel hypoplasia Amelogenesis imperfecta Enamel hyperplasia Dentinogenesis imperfecta - Precise Answer ✔✔Amelogenesis imperfecta When high concentrations of topical fluoride are applied to teeth _______precipitates out of the tooth to provide_______ Calcium fluoride, free fluoride ions Hydroxyapatitie, fluorapatite Phosphofluoride, free fluorde ions Calcium fluoride, fluorapatite - Precise Answer ✔✔Hydroxyapatitie, fluorapatite Enamel hypoplasia occurs as a result of? - Precise Answer ✔✔Disruption of ameloblastic activity during the apposition and mineralization stage of enamel formation What nerve is responsible for the sensory function of tongue-taste and proprioception - Precise Answer ✔✔Facial Nerve Medicare is a government-run medical insurance for those 65 years +. It is funded jointly by federal and state government.

-Both statements are FALSE -The first statement is TRUE, the second is FALSE -Both statements are TRUE -The first statement is FALSE, the second is TRUE - Precise Answer ✔✔The first statement is TRUE, the second is FALSE (Funded by federal government and only covers dental tx directly related to a medical condition) A type of data used in assessment that is objective and measurable is? Retrospective Descriptive Qualitative Quantitative - Precise Answer ✔✔Quantitative A dental hygienist working in several long term care facilities is planning on conducting a study to find out more about her population, oral lesions, particular. One study compared lesions in smokers vs nonsmokers. The subjects were selected by listing them in ABC order then selecting every 3rd person. 2 Hygienists worked jointly for 1 day @ each of the three sites to perform calibration of the index. Which of the following allows for the study to be regarded as having internal validity?

-The change in the dependent variable is due to an extraneous variable -Generalization of the results are applicable to other settings -Natural attrition is discouraged -The study measured what it has intended to measure - Precise Answer ✔✔-Generalization of the results are applicable to other settings A dental hygienist working in several long term care facilities is planning on conducting a study to find out more about her population, oral lesions, particular. One study compared lesions in smokers vs nonsmokers. The subjects were selected by listing them in ABC order then selecting every 3rd person. 2 Hygienists worked jointly for 1 day @ each of the three sites to perform calibration of the index. The research hypothesis established is: There is no significant correlation between tobacco use and oral lesions. This is an example of what type of hypothesis? Positive Null Correlational Clinically Significant - Precise Answer ✔✔Null--the research question in the form of a negative outcome The 1st step of scientific method of research is?

Identify a target population Formulate a question Formulate a hypothesis Collect data and perform a needs assessment - Precise Answer ✔✔Formulate a question An epidemic occurring over a very wide area and affecting a large population is an? Endemic Pandemic Prevalence Occurrance - Precise Answer ✔✔Pandemic (Endemic- belonging or native to a particular ppl or country Prevalence-is a measure of the disease's occurrence) A p value of >.01 means your research study is: -Not statistically significant -Of average statistical significance -Highly statistically significant - Precise Answer ✔✔-Highly statistically significant

A p value of less than .05 is statistically significant and means that the results due to chance only 5 times out of 100. So anything above this would be considered highly significant. The degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure is called? Calibration Validity Variability Reliability - Precise Answer ✔✔Validity A dental hygienist working in several long term care facilities is planning on conducting a study to find out more about her population, oral lesions, particular. One study compared lesions in smokers vs nonsmokers. The subjects were selected by listing them in ABC order then selecting every 3rd person. 2 Hygienists worked jointly for 1 day @ each of the three sites to perform calibration of the index. What type of sampling is used in this study? Simple Random Random Stratified

Systemic - Precise Answer ✔✔Systemic- every nth subject which can be determined by dividing the total population size by the desired sampling size. What are the stages of a transtheoretical model? - Precise Answer ✔✔precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, maintenance, and action Reliability is... - Precise Answer ✔✔Consistency of measurement or degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same conditions with the same subjects Calibration is the act of... - Precise Answer ✔✔Checking or adjusting the accuracy of a measuring instrument Variability is... - Precise Answer ✔✔The range of possible outcomes of a given situation A program goal is... - Precise Answer ✔✔A statement of the programs intent, purpose, or expected outcomes A program objective is... - Precise Answer ✔✔A measurable outcome which is used to determine program progress towards the program goal What is a normative need? - Precise Answer ✔✔One that is deemed necessary after assessment by a professional.

Which of the following is true regarding ceramic materials in dentistry?

• Can be used as fillers for composites
• Can bend w/o breaking
• Chemically reactive
• Low melting point and high thermal conductivity - Precise Answer ✔✔- Can be used as fillers for composites The opening and closing of gaps around a margin due to heating and cooling is called: Microleakage Percolation Coefficient of thermal expansion Creep - Precise Answer ✔✔Percolation Which of the following is most irritating to the pulp? Calcium hydroxide ZOE Zinc Phosphate Glass Ionomer - Precise Answer ✔✔Zinc Phosphate

The process by which marginal irregularities and areas of roughness are removed from restorations is called: Polishing Abrasion Cutting Finishing - Precise Answer ✔✔Finishing This type of rubber impression material has the longest setting and working time, has a disagreeable taste and smell, and was the first generation of rubber impression material. Polyvinlysiloxanes Polyethers Polysulfides Polyethenols - Precise Answer ✔✔Polysulfides The strongest phase of amalgam setting reaction is: Gamma Gamma-2 All are the same Gamma -1 - Precise Answer ✔✔Gamma

Time at which sufficient reaction has occurred to cause a material to resist further manipulation is referred to as the materials: Initial setting time Final setting time Working time Mixing time - Precise Answer ✔✔Final setting time Which type of bonding in a material is MOST associated with high electrical and thermal conductivity? Ionic Covalent Metallic Secondary Bond - Precise Answer ✔✔Metallic The reaction associated with irreversible hydrocolliod materials is: Thermoplastic Thermoset Physical Chemical - Precise Answer ✔✔Chemical