Educational Strategies and Techniques for Effective Reading Instruction, Exams of Nursing

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National Boards Practice ELA EA Questions

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How long is a short story? - ✅No longer than a person can read in a single sitting; a few pages to 30 pages. A short story can also be called what? - ✅A short prose tale. What is a novella? - ✅It lies between the short story and the novel - in length ("Animal Farm" and the "Heart of Darkness") Why do teachers love using novellas? - ✅They are short, but meaty. They deal with complex topics in a short, succinct way. Which plays were highly symbolic and included music, dance, poetry, and audience participation? - ✅Classical drama What is a morality play? - ✅A play which features a hero who must overcome evil; common during the Medieval period. What is an allegory? - ✅Literary device in which characters or events represent or symbolize other ideas and concepts. (Characters could serve as symbols of the 7 deadly sins, death, or mankind) What is prose? - ✅regular sentences like would be used in everyday language What is verse? -

✅metered lines, or lines that create a rhythm with a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables Why did Shakespeare sometimes use prose? - ✅To illustrate insanity or low social class. What is epistolary writing? - ✅uses forms like letters, diary and journal entries to tell a story and deliver a message; only told through a limited point of view "The Screwtape Letters" by C.S. Lewis is an example of what type of writing. - ✅Epistolary writing. Why do fiction writers choose to use the diary format of writing? - ✅Gives the reader a close glimpse of a specific character and builds a closeness between the main character and the reader. Why did Bram Stoker use a varied point of view? - ✅Allows there to be more mystery since the reader only finds out limited information What is expository instruction? - ✅The use of an expert to explain a concept or give information to the student. Which type of instruction involves one-way communication? - ✅Expository instruction. What would expository instruction look like in the classroom? - ✅presentation, video, or use of an expert What is interactive instruction? - ✅The use of social interaction to enhance students' learning. Which type of instruction involves two-way communication? -

✅Interactive instruction What would interactive instruction look like in the classroom? - ✅sharing own experiences, asking questions, interact with others, question and answer session, debate What is hands-on instruction? - ✅The use of physical assignments or activity that engage students in learning. (authentic activities) What is collaborative instruction? - ✅When two or more teachers work together to plan, teach, and monitor a class (i.e. special ed and regular ed teachers working together). Why do teachers use think-alouds? - ✅To show students what is going on in their heads and show students how good readers think What is the three-minute pause and how does it help students? - ✅It helps students monitor their thinking during reading. It gives them a chance to stop, think, apply a comprehension strategy and ask questions. Quality instruction uses what three components? - ✅Direction instruction, guided practice, and independent practice (I do, we do, you do) Why is a learner-centered classroom challenging? - ✅It requires constant flexible attention to who students really are, how they are doing, and what might help them. The teacher also needs to learn to keep quiet. Why is a learner-centered classroom effective? - ✅Students become independent, are empowered to collaborate, make good use of resources, and take charge of their own growth. What are ways a classroom teacher can start with questions? - ✅KWL charts, Question Tickets (post it's affixed to a class display), Question Game

What model of instruction has been proven to work for children struggling with reading? - ✅Scaffolded Reading Instruction What are different ways that reading instruction can be scaffolded? - ✅breaking the activity down into smaller parts; focusing on context-based vocabulary; using graphic organizers; small group instruction; introducing background information What is the Socratic Method? - ✅Involves a conversation in which the student is asked to question their assumptions; a forum for open-ended inquiry; probing questions used to develop a deeper understanding When using the Socratic method, what types of things is a teacher asking a student to do? - ✅reconsider; find out if there are any contractions; clarify thinking and beliefs; learn to be convincing; recognize error What is productive discomfort? - ✅related to the Socratic method; can be uncomfortable to be put on the spot, but can help students deepen understanding of a subject How can signal cards be used as formative assessment? - ✅Students can discreetly let the teacher know if they understand the information (green) or not (red). What are examples of pre-reading activities? - ✅learn about the author or time period; Anticipation guide (rate the statements related to the reading material); KWL chart Why are pre-reading activities important? - ✅Students can connect to the material and understand the reading better. What are examples of during reading activities? -

✅double-entry journals; Directed Reading Thinking Activity (stop when they reach a marker to evaluate) What are examples of after-reading activities? - ✅respond to question; act out a scene; creative writing activities (RAFT) What does that PAR method stand for? - ✅Prepare, Assist, Reflect (used for content area reading) In PAR, what types of questions would fall under "prepare?" - ✅1. What do you think you will learn today?

2. What information do you already know about this topic?
3. What questions do you have?
4. Are you making any connections with this topic? In PAR, what are students asked to do during "prepare" time? - ✅1. Preview the text by skimming and looking at charts.
5. Reading title headings In PAR, what are students asked to do during "assist" time? - ✅Make sense of what they read through mental images, taking notes, questioning or inferring In PAR, what are students asked to do during "respond" time? - ✅1. write what they learned, how it relates to prior learning, and what makes sense to them
6. reflect with a partner or write a summary or opinion piece.
7. Check predictions or get questions answered. What strategy is used to help students create a summary of what they read? - ✅GIST What are the positive elements of journaling in the classroom? -

✅1. Gets students writing

2. Voice opinions
3. Students can say what is really on their minds When teaching/using journaling, you should do what 50% of the time? - ✅Relate journal topics to the content you are covering What do you need to make sure you are ALWAYS doing with journaling? - ✅Reading them and commenting on them What should you NEVER do with journals? - ✅Grade spelling and grammar or voice disagreement What are the benefits of effective feedback? - ✅1. Provides clarity and understanding;
4. encourages confidence; enables students to improve in a timely manner;
5. helps prevents feelings of hopelessness;
6. can better identify good work and bad work How can teachers provide effective feedback? - ✅1. detailed rubric
7. peer review and time for questions
8. use good and bad examples
9. in a timely manner
10. only focus on 2 or 3 elements
11. written and oral
12. should be consistent with the rubric What is used to teach students to analyze, understand, and express their views through various media in the classroom? - ✅Media Literacy

What is "teaching media literacy?" - ✅Providing various viewpoints to students to help them understand the differences and challenges presented by each. What is the purpose of media literacy? - ✅Allow students to analyze what they see and hear and consider how that affects the message This can be defined as the various skills, knowledge, and abilities that enable a person to use electronic devices effectively. - ✅Digital Literacy What is the basis of reciprocal teaching? - ✅Students will assume the role of the teacher when presenting a concept or lesson to their peers. What are common LA teaching strategies? - ✅1. Differentiating Instruction

2. Predicting
3. Reciprocal teaching
4. Questioning
5. Clarifying
6. Summarizing Why is "getting the GIST of the piece" important for readers? - ✅Allows students to read more efficiently and more effectively. (READ WITH PURPOSE) What is the first step of "getting the GIST?" - ✅Figure out what's the point? What is the second step of "getting the GIST?" - ✅Foreshadowing (guess where the author is going next); think about the natural flow

What is the third step of "getting the GIST?" - ✅Summarize (how would you explain the piece in 1/2 the space? 1/3? 1/4? 4 sentences? 1 sentence? What is the final step of "getting the GIST?" - ✅Evaluate (were the authors successful?) What are some of the purposes of after-reading activities? - ✅1. Reflect on the content

2. Identify where content was found int he text
3. Consider and study questions
4. Evaluate predictions
5. Engage in discussions and compare responses
6. Summarize or retell using own words What is a good analogy to differentiate between formative and summative assessment? - ✅Driver's test (practice vs the final) What steps can teachers use to teach students to apply cognitive strategies? - ✅1. Direct instruction
7. Think-alouds
8. Guided Practice When using direct instruction to teach a reading strategy, what should be included? - ✅1. Definition and explanation of the strategy
9. Explanation of the purpose of the strategy
10. Important characteristics of the strategy
11. Examples and non-examples of the strategy When analyzing literature, what do you do? - ✅1. Comprehension

2. Interpretation
3. Analytical statement about the piece as a whole (drawing conclusions) What is comprehension? - ✅Basic understanding of characters, setting and plot. In Interactive notebooks, what goes on the left side of the notebook? - ✅Students place input or application of concepts they have learned (record of feelings or thoughts, connection to standards, application, venn diagrams, poems, charts, graphs, etc.) In Interactive notebooks, what goes on the right side of the notebook? - ✅Students place learning standards, handouts, teacher driven material, notes, foldable media, etc. What does K.I.M stand for? - ✅Key idea, Information, Memory Clue How can questioning be used as a teaching strategy and as a formative assessment? - ✅1. Students can think more in depth
4. Access better insights about the extent of student comprehension and the depth of their understanding
5. Engage them in classroom dialogues
6. Guide students in asking better questions What are some examples of common student response errors (related to reading and viewing)? - ✅1. Not carefully reading the question
7. Omitting textual evidence
8. Not clearly stating a conclusion
9. Disregarding verbs (explain vs describe)
10. Not connecting the evidence to the conclusion
11. Write for familiar audiences vs unknown audience What are three functions of a simile in literature? -

✅1. Gets the readers attention and stimulates their imaginations

2. Appeals to their senses
3. Offers readers a way to introduce more variety into the way they think What does self-monitoring mean? - ✅Knowing when reading makes sense and when it does not What do students need to do to self-monitor? - ✅1. Know what they do and do not know
4. Apply strategies to clear up comprehenion What are some common self-monitor strategies? - ✅1. Identify the problem's location (where did I not comprehend)
5. Paraphrase problematic passages
6. Review the text
7. Preview the text
8. cross-check
9. Use background knowledge What are three functions of a personification in literature? - ✅1. Gives text more profound meanings
10. Readers can better understand the nature and behaviors of non-human things with personification
11. Opens up new, divergent, creative perspectives What is authentic assessment? - ✅1. Tasks deeply engage students by being intrinsically interesting
12. Tasks are cognitively complex
13. Abilities and skills developed have value beyond the assessment What are the essential elements to formative assessment? -

✅1. Collecting student learning data

2. Giving feedback to students
3. Involving students
4. Adjusting instruction What are four recommendations for teaching adolescent reading based on research? - ✅1. Give students explicit vocabulary instruction
5. Give explicit and direct instruction in reading comprehension strategies.
6. Extended discussion about the meaning and interpretation of text they read
7. Trained specialists should provide specialized and intensive interventions to struggling readers What are the seven reading strategies of highly effective readers? - ✅1. Activating
8. Inferring
9. Summarizing
10. Monitoring-Clarifying
11. Questioning
12. Searching-selecting
13. Visualizing-Organizing What is a major difference between excellent readers and "mindless readers?" - ✅Excellent readers continuously change their cognitive processes in response to the particular text they read. What is an acronym to remember the seven strategies of highly effective readers? - ✅All Infants Say Mom Quiets Super Villains Why is inferring important? - ✅Putting together what is said and unsaid in the text with the reader's own knowledge enables the reader to find and create meaning from reading.

What are three instructional strategies that teachers can use to inform their formative assessments?

• ✅1. Student record-keeping

2. Self-assessment/metacognition
3. Peer assessment What are four questions that a reader should ask themselves when analyzing point of view/purpose? - ✅1. With what main point does this author want to persuade readers to agree with?
4. How do the author's choice of words affect the reader?
5. How do the authors' choices of examples and facts affect the reader?
6. What does the author want to accomplish? What are the 8 multiple intelligence's? - ✅1. Musical/Rhythmic
7. Bodily/Kinesthetic
8. Interpersonal
9. Intrapersonal
10. Naturalist
11. Logical/Mathematical
12. Visual/Spacial
13. Verbal/Linguistic What are five rhetorical devices that information writer's can use to communicate their perspectives? - ✅1. Anecdote - illustrate point in a more relatable way
14. Aphorism - Concisely state common beliefs
15. Allusions - Impart symbolism to a thing
16. Satire
17. Parody What is an allusion? -

✅Refers to a literary or historical figure to impart symbolism to a thing or things. What are three different ways to differentiate? - ✅Process, product, and content What are three ways that authors use rhetoric to support their main points, ideas, and viewpoints? - ✅1. Appeal to readers' sense of logic with carefully sequenced logical steps.

2. Appeal to readers' emotions by using descriptions and words that evoke feelings
3. Appeal to readers' moral or ethical values by using personal anecdotes or analogies to which readers can relate Similes and metaphors are considered forms of what rhetorical device? - ✅Analogies What is syllogism? - ✅When using logic to reason with audiences, it refers either to deductive reasoning or a deceptive, sophisticated argument. How does deductive reasoning move? - ✅From general to specific How does inductive reasoning move? - ✅From specific to general What does Understatement achieve in informational writing? - ✅Contrast or irony by downplaying or describing something more subtly than warrented What is anaphora? - ✅Regularly repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of consecutive clauses to add emphasis (We shall... We shall... We shall...)