National Counselor Exam: Stats, Career Counseling & Psych Concepts, Exams of Career Counseling

Download National Counselor Exam: Stats, Career Counseling & Psych Concepts and more Exams Career Counseling in PDF only on Docsity! National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Convergent Validation - correct answer Refers to times when there is a high correlation between the concept the test is meant to study and OTHER constructs. Bergan's Behavioral Model of Consultation - Four Stages: - correct answer - Problem identification - Problem analysis - Plan implementation - Problem evaluation Consultation is used when counselors would like to function more effectively in individual, group, or community settings. Bergen's model uses a BEHAVIORAL APPROACH that emphasizes the verbal interactions during consultation. Bergan's model also focuses on problem behaviors, their antecedents, and their consequences. Descriptive statistics - correct answer Aims to describe collected data and includes: - means - percentages - standard deviations National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers - frequency counts. Analysis of variance - correct answer A type of inferential data used to measure the PROBABILITY of an EVENT occurring in the POPULATION. Five Stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity Developmental Model? - correct answer - Conformity - Dissonance - Desistance & Immersion - Introspection - Integrative awareness. Integrative awareness occurs when the individual can appreciate aspects of both the dominant and minority cultures. Four levels of measurement: - correct answer Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio. Nonparametric statistical measures - correct answer Often used with DESCRIPTIVE DATA and National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric statistic) - correct answer - Used when the researcher has MORE THAN TWO MEAN SCORES on a SINGLE VARIABLE also known as a nonparametric one-way analysis of variance. - Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance of the test sample represents the variance within the general population. Nonparametric statistical measures - correct answer - Mann-Whitney U test - Wilcoxen signed-rank test - Kruskal-Wallis test Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance of the test sample represents the variance within the general population. Four steps in the Planning of a Counseling Program - correct answer Conceptualization -> Development -> Implementation ->Evaluation National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers It is important to take orderly and careful steps to ensure that the program is thoughtfully executed. Essential steps in program planning, in order, are conceptualization, which includes examining broader systems and assessment needs; development of goals and objectives of the program; implementation; and evaluation of the program, including whether goals and objectives were met. When you would use a nonparametric test? - correct answer When it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls along a normal curve OR whether the variance of the test sample represents the variance within the general population. Nonparametric statistics are typically used with NOMINAL DATA, when numbers represent a variable's qualities, and ordinal data, when categories have a definitive order. Examples of nonparametric statistical measure: Chi- square, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxen signed-rank test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The square of the standard deviation is called __________. - correct answer Variance National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Refers to the degree to which scores are different from each other. When measuring variability, researchers may use standard deviation (SD) to describe the variability within a distribution of scores. Variance is the square of the standard deviation and is used when conducting statistical analyses. Solomon Four-Group Design is used? - correct answer When you want to determine the effect of a PRETEST. Some researchers use pretests to measure baseline characteristics, traits, or behaviors of test participants. The Solomon four-group design allows researchers to examine the effect of the pretest on the test treatment. The four groups include measurements of whether the pretest and treatment combined made a difference, whether the pretest alone made a difference, whether the treatment alone made a difference, or whether neither the pretest nor the treatment made a difference. R. K. Coyne developed Four Levels of Group Intervention - correct answer Individual Interpersonal Organization Community Populations National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers - CONTENT validity, in which the test material comes from a certain domain - PREDICTIVE validity, in which the test makes predictions that are confirmed later. Reality Therapy - correct answer William Glasser developed Reality Therapy, which asserts that INDIVIDUALS ARE IN CHARGE OF THEIR OWN LIVES and therefore DETERMINE THEIR OWN FATE. According to reality therapy, people have FIVE genetically based needs: - Survival - Love & Belonging - Power/Achievement - Freedom/Independence - Fun Taking responsibility is a key concept of Reality Therapy. Formative Evaluation - correct answer Formative Evaluation is the process of gathering information about how well a NEW (FORMING) National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers INTERVENTION works, and collects information over a LONGER period of time. Summative Evaluation - correct answer Summative Evaluation is typically a summary of HOW WELL AN INTERVENTION HAS WORKED and is conducted over a SHORTER period of time. Post hoc tests - correct answer Researchers might apply a test AFTER the analysis of variance is calculated (post hoc) if it is unclear as to which mean scores are significantly different from each other. Post hoc tests that may be able to clarify this problem include: - Scheffe's method, - Tukey's HSD, - Newman-Keuls - Duncan's new multiple range test. A counselor operates from the viewpoint that clients' difficulties often result from problems with INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS that originate in the FIRST THREE YEARS of life. What theory best matches this National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers counselor's approach? - correct answer OBJECT RELATIONS Theory is based on PSYCHOANALYTIC concepts, including the belief that early childhood is incredibly relevant to how clients operate within relationships in the present day. Object Relations Theories teach that, in the first three years of life, infants have the opportunity to develop significant relationships with primary caretakers that will shape their interactions with people throughout their lives. Aptitude tests - correct answer Aptitude tests measure the CAPACITY OF THE TEST TAKER TO LEARN and are often used as part of JOB APPLICATIONS. These tests measure abstract, verbal, and numerical reasoning. Examples: Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) and the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test. Strategic Family Therapy - correct answer Focuses on the POWER and CONTROL expressed through family communication PATTERNS, and techniques are frequently direct suggestions or assignments. National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers receiving treatment for the disorder, since the symptoms are somewhat effective at temporarily relieving anxiety about body shape and control. Parametric Statistics - correct answer Used when samples are RANDOMLY drawn from the population and results are distributed along a NORMAL CURVE. (t-test and analysis of variance) Non-parametric statistics - correct answer Used when data is NOT normally distributed and variances are inconsistent. (Chi-square and the Mann-Whitney U test) OOH - Occupational Outlook Handbook - correct answer Published every other year and offers information about CURRENT SALARIES and PROJECTED TRENDS. This would be the best way for this particular client to narrow down his options for an occupation based on salary, educational requirements, and future job projections. DOT - Dictionary of Occupational Titles - correct answer Offers summaries of about 12,000 occupations. National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers SIGI 3 - System of Interactive Guidance and Information - correct answer A top-of-the-line computer-assisted career guidance system that can supplement the assessments and guidance of career counselors. The World-of-Work map - People, Data, Things, Ideas - correct answer A tool developed by ACT that organizes occupations based on primary tasks related to People, Data, Things, and Ideas. Which type of group counseling approach typically requires the GROUP LEADER to be the most active? - correct answer REBT - Rationale Emotive Behavior Groups require a highly active and directive group leader, which may be too forceful for some clients. In these groups, the leader CONFRONTS ILLOGICAL THINKING and aims to make constructive changes, leading to a greater acceptance of self. The group leader often assigns homework and encourages ROLE-PLAYING and exercises in self-discipline. When can BIVARIATE TABULAR analysis be used? - correct answer When the value of an IV can PREDICT the value of a DV. National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers When this occurs, researchers typically plot scores along an XY plot graph to illustrate the relationship between variables. Chi-square tests - correct answer Are used when variables have CATEGORICAL rather than numerical value. Donald Super's developmental approach to career counseling STAGES vs. TASKS: - correct answer STAGES: GROWTH - development of capacity & interests EXPLORATION - tentative choices made ESTABLISHMENT - trial and stabilization MAINTENANCE - adjustment process DECLINE - retirement TASKS: CRYSTALLIZATION- forming a vocational goal SPECIFICATION - moving to a more specific career choice IMPLEMENTATION - entering employment STABILIZATION - performing a job CONSOLIDATION - achieving status & advancing National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers to calculate the reliability of the test IF IT HAD NOT been split in two. Who was a developmental psychologist known for the belief that children learn best through INTERACTIONS with others? - correct answer Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and developmental theorist known for his theory of cognitive development. His theory is based on the belief that children learn best through interactions with others, and it breaks down human development into sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. In Narrative Career Counseling, the narrator of the client's story is referred to as... - correct answer the Agent Multimodal Therapy is an example of... - correct answer Technical Eclecticism Allows the use of the LURIA & Caltell/Horn/Carroll approach to interpret subtests... - correct answer Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers FERPA affects... - correct answer Any school that receives federal funding Stratified - correct answer A sample THAT IS proportionate to the make-up of a community Scaling questions are most commonly used in... - correct answer Solution-focused Brief Counseling VALUE INVENTORIES assist in identifying and prioritizing their... - correct answer Work values Roe's Occupational Classification System comprises EIGHT___________ that classify the primary focus in each occupation and SIX_________. - correct answer Groups (eight) Levels (six) Language Development Theories: - correct answer - Learning Theory Approach - Nativist Approach - Interactionist Approach National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers The______________scale measures multiple dimensions of an ATTITUDE by employing a paired comparison method. - correct answer Thurstone Scale Interval Scale of Data - correct answer Has equivalent units of measurement, BUT DOES NOT have an absolute zero point. EX: temperature (Farenheit), temperature (Celcius), pH, SAT score (200-800), credit score (300-850). Stress Inoculation Training (CBT) technique was developed by: - correct answer Meichenbaum The reinforcement schedule MOST RESISTANT to extinction: - correct answer Variable Ratio In operant conditioning, a variable-ratio schedule is a schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Arnold Lazarus is responsible for the development of: - correct answer Multimodal Therapy Most well-known intelligent test: - correct answer Stanford-Binet Most widely used intelligent test: - correct answer Wechsler scale _______________help clients with disabilities live more independently and find employment. - correct answer Rehabilitation Counselor Career Transitions Inventory - correct answer Designed to assess clients' perceptions of psychological resources available as they go through career change "A Skeleton Key" - correct answer Solution-focused Brief Counseling technique that can be used to help all clients, no matter what presenting problem. National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Career Assessments that use Holland's SIX Personality Types: - correct answer - Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) - Self-directed Search (SDS) - Strong Interest Inventory (SII) Classical Conditioning was developed by... - correct answer Ivan Pavlov _____________ is based on biology and ____________ includes societal expectations of behavior. - correct answer Sex roles = biology Gender roles = societal expectation IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) - correct answer Provides a free appropriate public education for students with disabilities (under 3 years- old). Group members' personal goals are generally______________. - correct answer overt National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Judging someone's worth by how closely they resemble European Americans is termed: - correct answer colorism Accreditation is not: - correct answer Involuntary In group work, confidentiality is... - correct answer the ethical requirement of group leaders but not group members. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was NOT responsible for... - correct answer enforcing workplace safety nor health standards. Ethical principles that counselors are REQUIRED to follow are called_______________. - correct answer Mandatory ethics ___________________ founded one of the first psychological laboratories to conduct experimental research. - correct answer William Wundt National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers - believe CLIENTS should direct session (Not analyze clients dreams) Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) is: - correct answer STANDARD DEVIATION of an individuals' REPEATED test scores when administered with the SAME instrument MULTIPLE times. Resource to teach leaders to teach GROUP members about appropriate self-disclosure: - correct answer Johari Window Primary goals of Gestalt Therapy: - correct answer Helping clients: - Identify and attend to their most pressing needs. - Make appropriate contact with/withdraw from their environments - Resolve their unfinished business (NOT identify exceptions to their problems) In a FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION, the sums of the frequencies for all intervals will ___________ the total National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers number of scores in the sample. - correct answer equal This theory outlines FIVE developmental stages and SIXTEEN substages: - correct answer Super's Lifespan and Lifespace Career Theory "When the compromise is severe, individuals will sacrifice interest and prestige before gender role." - correct answer Gottfredson The degree to which EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES may be controlled to accurately measure the relationship between INDEPENDENT VARIABLES and DEPENDENT VARIABLES is called: - correct answer Internal Validity Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) - correct answer The statistic used when there is MORE THAN ONE DEPENDENT VARIABLE involved in the analysis. Factorial ANOVA - correct answer Used to find whether significant differences between two variables exist. National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Gerald Corey's STAGES of GROUP THERAPY: - correct answer Initial, Transition, Working, and Termination Bruce Tuckman's STAGES OF GROUP THERAPY - correct answer Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing. Self-Efficacy Theory (Bandura) - correct answer Posits that CAREER success depends on how much an individual BELIEVES he or she can be successful. This theory states that whether a behavior will be initiated, how much energy will go into this behavior, and how persistent the individual will be are dependent on the individual's expectations Speed-based tests - correct answer Timed, scores are based on accuracy and speed. Ex: intelligence and aptitude tests Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) CASVE - correct answer Cognitive Information Processing (CPI) was presented by Reardon, Lenz, Sampson & Peterson (2008) as a way of approaching CAREER problems by using a sequential procedure called CASVE. This procedure uses National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers experiences, and uses experiential techniques that encourage group members to TAKE RESPONSIBILITY for their moment-to-moment experiences. A research study recruits only individuals with extremely low social skills on a certain measure. After employing an intervention, the researchers find that many of the study subjects scored at or close to the mean. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these results? - correct answer Statistical Regression - Internal validity refers to the degree to which external influences have been controlled. There are many threats to internal validity, including statistical regression. This can occur when subjects are recruited for scoring very high or very low on certain measures. - Due to statistical regression, researchers would expect these subjects' scores to be closer to the mean even without intervention, so this should be carefully controlled to ensure results are not attributed completely to the intervention. REINFORCEMENT THEORY and Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) are important concepts in whose theory of CAREER counseling? - correct answer John Krumboltz - developed the LEARNING National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers THEORY of Career Counseling (LTCC), based on Bandura's Social Learning Theory. Important concepts in Krumboltz's theory include REINFORCEMENT THEORY, Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), and Classical Behaviorism as ways of modifying and molding career development and decision making. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - correct answer One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) can be used to determine differences between THREE DIFFERENT FORMS OF ONE VARIABLE. EX: such as levels of income. Factorial Analysis - correct answer The effects of TWO OR MORE independent variables on ONE dependent variable. Factorial ANOVA is used to find whether SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES between TWO VARIABLES exists. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) is the statistic used when there is MORE THAN ONE DEPENDENT VARIABLE involved in the analysis. National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) is used to determine covariance when an INDEPENDENT VARIABLE and its IMPACT on DEPENDENT VARIABLE is controlled. Dimensional Assessments (DSM-5 changes) - correct answer Several changes were made to the newest version of the DSM. One of these changes is the reliance on DIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT rather than descriptions of disorders that are based on categories. Clients' experiences are now assessed for SEVERITY, FREQUENCY, and DURATION rather than whether or not a particular symptom is present. The DSM-5 eliminated the multi-axial system and does not include extensive descriptions of different therapy modalities. ICD-10 classification codes are included in the DSM-5, but clinicians using the DSM-5 do not rely on them. Semantic Differential Scale - correct answer Researchers collect information about individuals' OPINIONS and BELIEFS. National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers When this occurs, researchers typically plot scores along an XY plot graph to illustrate the relationship between variables. HIGH INTERNAL CONSISTENCY means that a measure is: - correct answer Reliable An elementary school student is given a test of cognitive ability. He scores in the 80th percentile as compared with other students his age and grade level. What does this student's score mean? - correct answer The student's score is higher than 79% of the scores, and 20% of the scores are higher than his score A counselor heading a needs assessment of a program insists that RANDOM sampling be used as he prepares to arrange interviews and focus groups. This counselor is trying to ensure: - correct answer Validity A researcher wants to examine the reliability of an instrument by administering it twice on the same group. About HOW LONG should the researcher WAIT BETWEEN administrations? - correct answer Two weeks National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers "Positive Uncertainty" is a model of CAREER decision- making associated most closely with whom? - correct answer H. B. Gelatt Who developed the LAW that states the consequences of a behavior determine the strength of the response connection? - correct answer Edward Thorndike SOCIOMETRY, the study of interpersonal relationships within a GROUP, was first developed by which psychotherapist? - correct answer Jacob Moreno (1889-1974) was a psychotherapist and social scientist known for his contributions of SOCIOMETRY and PSYCHODRAMA to group psychotherapy. Sociometry, the study and measurement of social relationships, has been developed even more since Moreno's death to be culturally and ethnically inclusive. What type of group is most likely to include members who use each other and the leader to resolve PAST conflicts and develop self-awareness? - correct answer PSYCHOANALYTIC GROUPS are often long- term and can be intense, but are aimed at making deep and lasting changes in group members. National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers These groups focus on early childhood experiences and unresolved unconscious conflicts by using the relationships between group members and the leader to develop insight and self-awareness. The leader's role in psychoanalytic groups is to facilitate insight and interpret dynamics that occur within the group. Which of the following describes the interconnectedness of family members' influences on one another? - correct answer CIRCULAR CAUSALITY is the belief that forces are moving in many different directions simultaneously, resulting in a complex variety of outcomes. Counselors who focus on circular causality during family sessions focus on the PROCESS, not the content. LINEAR CAUSALITY refers to the belief that one event or interaction directly causes another, so content and language help explain what is occurring within the family. The DRAMA TRAINGLE, developed by Stephen Karpman, is helpful when understanding destructive interactions National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by: - correct answer Neal Miller When a person unconsciously acts the opposite of the way they actually feel: - correct answer Reaction Formation The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments? - correct answer John B. Whatson The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the ____________. - correct answer Variable Ratio Existentialism - correct answer A humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by: - Doing a deed - accomplishment - Experiencing value - being loved - Suffering - cannot take away one's dignity National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Victor Frankl - correct answer Father of Logo therapy. Existential counseling rejects analysis and behaviorism for being deterministic and reductionistic. Frankl stressed that individuals have choices in their lives and one cannot blame others or child hood circumstances for a lack of fulfillment. Stress Inoculation Technique - correct answer Donald Meichenbaum - Self-Instructional Therapy - client is taught to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior. Then to rehearse new self-talk. Next, new inner dialogue is attempted during actual stress-producing situations. Eliminating "it talk" replacing with "I talk" is a goal of: - correct answer Gestalt Therapy Sigmund Freud - correct answer Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis - Free association - Dreams - Unconscious material - Transference National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers - Abreaction/Catharsis - Eros (life instinct)/Thanatos (death instinct) - Ego defense mechanisms: *Repression *Displacement *Projection *Reaction formation *Sublimation *Rationalization *Identification *Suppression or Denial - Personality Systems: *Superego (moral self) *Ego (reality principle *Id (biological forces/sex/aggression/pleasure principle) Carl Jung - correct answer Analytic Psychology (psychodynamic) - Personal Unconscious - Collective unconscious - Arch-types: *Persona (social mask) National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers What is the final stage of the racial/cultural identity developmental model? - correct answer Integrative awareness A counselor is meeting with a family for the first time to perform an assessment. During the session, the counselor collects information about the family's problem and each family member's opinion on the issue. The counselor also notices which family members speak more than others and what facial expressions they use when others are speaking. Finally, the counselor observes where family members choose to sit, which is also known as what? - correct answer Proxemics DSC - correct answer Developmental School Counseling - proactive, wellness oriented, preventative, life skills. NCC - correct answer National Certified Counselor CCMHC - correct answer Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Autoplastic View - correct answer Asserts that change comes from within self. Changing thinking (inside). Alloplastic View - correct answer Client can best cope by changing or altering EXTERNAL factors in the environment. Ipsatively interpreted - correct answer The core purpose of ipsative, or self- referenced, assessment in educational contexts is to measure or track the progress of the individual by comparing his or her performance, or scores, against his or her own previous performances or scores Practicing positive or reinforcing self-statements has been called 'stress inoculation.' Who is the behaviorally- oriented theorist who proposed this concept? - correct answer Meichenbaum Factorial Analysis of Variance - correct answer Used when an experiment involves more than one independent variable; can separate the effects of different levels of different variables National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers According to Adler, birth order tends to result in unique psychological traits and social development. in counseling, birth order can explain clients' traits and behaviors. individuals who are carefree, outgoing, and not rule-oriented and those individuals who are early maturers, high achievers and never "dethroned" are probably: - correct answer Second-borns and Only-children A change in the forces in one part of a closed system affects the entire system. This can be accurately applied to: - correct answer Johari Window William Perry devised a scheme to represent the cognitive developmental stages through which individual intellectual and ethical development occurred. In his scheme, DUALISM was followed by: - correct answer Relativism A mental health counselor had data on three personality tests for over 300 former clients. The tests measured over 30 variables and the counselor was interested to see if these tests might be measuring some common factors. To do this, she conducted a: - correct answer Factor Analysis National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Convergent and discriminant are concepts associated with which validity? - correct answer Construct STEP (Systematic Training for Effective Parenting) - correct answer Adler Mark Savickas's career counseling approach: - correct answer - Postmodern - Constructionist - Helps client identify strengths, resources, and coping abilities is important Law of Effect - correct answer Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely Abstract Thought - correct answer last stage in Piaget. Flooding Therapy - correct answer A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves ACTUAL exposure to a feared stimulus, thereby National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers providing maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished. Implosive Therapy - correct answer Imagination exposure - symbolism is used in fantasy. Arthur Janov - correct answer Created primal scream therapy - abreaction SDS - correct answer Self-Directed Search. A popular career assessment inventory developed by John Holland. Interest in six career clusters areas is assessed - realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising and conventional. Some feel it is gender-biased. SII - correct answer Strong Interest Inventory, based on Holland, usually 16+, compares a person's interests with those of persons who have been in their occupation for at least 3 yrs and state they enjoy their work, 291 items, 35min. Should be used with counselor. Not self-administered. National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers T-Score - correct answer Another commonly used standard score. Mean of the T-score for all observations in a set of data is always 50, and the standard deviation is always 10. Never negative! REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) - correct answer Directive or Active-Directive. Dyadic. Career Maturity - correct answer Crites and Super musterbation (Albert Ellis - REBT) - correct answer -individual feels they must be perfect, loved by all, and always happy -leads to self-defeating behaviors -gets depressed when they are even slightly sad Qualitative changes in human growth and development are: - correct answer - Changes in structure or organization (i.e. biological or sexual development). - Assumes that different realities are socially constructed National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers - Consolidation - age 35 onward Standard Deviation - correct answer - Is a description of the variability with in a distribution of scores. - It is also the mean of all the deviations from the mean SD. - SD is an excellent measure of the dispersion of scores - SD describes the dispersion of scores better than the variance does What is the distribution of test scores within the normal, bell shaped curve? - correct answer - In a normal bell- shaped curve, individual scores are distributed in six equal parts - three above the mean and three below the mean - 68% make up one SD from the mean (34% above and 34% below the mean) - 13.5% more of the scores fall two SD above or below the mean, equaling 27% (total of 95%) - 2% or more of the scores fall three SD above the mean or 2% below the mean (total of 99%) - Remember: 68%, 95% and. 99% known as the Empirical Rule National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Quantitative Research - correct answer Is more focused on finding relationships and often on showing cause and effect relationships if they can be statistically established. Assimilation - correct answer - interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas accommodation - correct answer - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information Existential Therapy - correct answer - Therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their own lives/fate and to live with greater meaning and value. - Guilt is a central concept, occurring when we fail to meet our potential. - Anxiety is a central concept with the threat of non- being. - We struggle with being alone/not connected to others and we search for the meaning of our existance. National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Adlerian Therapy - correct answer - Theory that is also called "Individual Psychology." - Versatile and useful for treating specific disorders - Criticism - lack of firm research base, inherent narrowness of his approach, vagueness of many terms, concepts and 'how to" counseling instructions Group focused on a specific and central theme: - correct answer Structured Group Who developed the Archway Model of self-concept determinants? - correct answer Donald Super - Graphical representation of the many factors that determine an individual's self-concept - Pillar One: internal variables such as aptitudes, interests, needs and accomplishments - Pillar Two: external variables such as family, community and work market What is the correct chronicle order of the four career development stages identified by Linda Gottfredson: - correct answer - Orientation to size and power (3-5yo) - Orientation to sex roles (6-8yo) National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Convergent validation and discriminate validation occur within what type of validity? - correct answer Construct Validity Regarding norm-referenced tests or criterion-referenced tests: - correct answer Norm-referenced tests compare an individual's score to others. You are given the WAIS-IV by a psychologist. When showing you your results, the tester compares YOUR score on the vocab subtest to YOUR score on the digit span subtest and YOUR score on the block design subtest. This type of assessment is: - correct answer Ipsatively Interpreted - comparing multiple subtest results for one individual with THEMSELVES only. Would Freud and Ellis favor an EMIC or ETIC approach? - correct answer Both would favor an ETIC approach as both use the SAME techniques for EVERYBODY regardless of the individual's personality or problems. Umwelt - correct answer The world of the physical or biological system (Ummm welt...i don't FEEL well) National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Mitwelt - correct answer The world of relationships (Mit - WE) Eigenwelt "one's own world" - correct answer The world of self-identity. Ann Roe believed which elements influenced occupational selection? - correct answer - Genetic factors - Environmental Influences - Parent-child relationships Synonymy for the term appraisal? - correct answer Evaluation Stratified Sampling - correct answer A variation of random sampling; the population is divided into subgroups and weighted based on demographic characteristics of the national population Accultruation - correct answer Cultural change that results from continuous, firsthand contact between two distinctive cultural groups; give and take National Counselor Exam Questions And Answers Assimilation - correct answer The social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another Type 1 Alpha Error - correct answer Rejecting a true null hypothesis Type 2 Beta Error - correct answer Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false Monadic, Dyadic, Triadic Family Counseling Models - correct answer - Monadic: psychodynamic model as it focuses on the individual's intra-psychic conflicts and their impact on family relations. - Dyadic: experiential model as it focuses on dysfunctional interactions between two family members. Strategic model focuses on problems between two family members. - Triadic: transgenerational model as it focuses on more than two family members. Strategic model when it focuses on more than two family members