Psychology Theories and Concepts, Exams of Psychology

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Adler - individual psychology: people are essentially good, birth order determines much of behavior Berne - Transactional Analysis (TA); People have 3 ego states (parent, adult, child) Ellis - rational emotive behavior therapy: person's instincts are rational and irrational but different reactions can be taught Frankl - existential: people are good/rational and have the freedom to chose behavior Frued - psychoanalysis; sexual biological instincts & development control people Glasser - reality therapy: people have needs of food/shelter plus the need to feel worthwhile and successful Jung - analytic psychology; people strive for self-fulfillment Perls - gestalt: people are whole and complete but are affected by environment. Learning & change result from how a person organizes experience Rogers -

person-centered; people are essentially good and under the right conditions will move themselves towards self-actualization Skinner - behavioral/cognitive behavioral modification: people cannot make free will decisions, behavior is learned from environment and reinforcement Williamson - trait-factor; the potential for good and bad is natural Awfulization - anticipating an event through irrational beliefs about how awful of difficult it will be Bibliotherapy - the use of books in therapy Centration (Piaget) - During pre operational stage, focusing on one part of an object while ignoring the other parts Ex: seeing a dog's teeth but not their nose of eyes Cephalocaudal - From head to tail; the head of the fetus grows before the legs EDMR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) - 8 phase information processing therapy used to reduce emotional distress from an event/memory Egocentrism (Piaget) - in pre operational stage, a child's ability to only see the world from their own pov disregarding memories or details from previously

Empiricism (john locke) - believes experience is the only source of knowledge Epigenetic (Human development theory) - an individual is formed by the development of an unstructured egg vs a pre-formed egg Epistemology - the study of knowledge Ethology - the study of animals in their natural environment; these studies can be applied to humans Genotype - genetic makeup of an organism In Vivo Desensitization (Behavioral therapy) - a technique in which a person is gradually exposed to something they fear Instinctual - refers to a behavior that is natural rather than learned Musterbation (Ellis) - absolute thinking of should, must, & oughts Nature vs. Nurture - the question of whether a person is more influenced by nature (genetics) or nurture (environment) Organicism (Gestalt theory)* -

the total organization of an organism is the determinant of life process Paraphrasing - rephrasing what the client says Parroting - repeating exactly what the client said. Phenotype - physical or biochemical characteristics determined by genetics and the environment Plasticity - the smooth transition of a person from one stage to another Psychodiagnostic assessment - a test that assesses how a client's thoughts and emotions affect their behavior Psychometrics - the design, administration, and interpretation of tests that measure intelligence, aptitude, and personality characteristics psychopharmacology - the study of the effects of drugs on psychological functioning Resilience - the ability for a person to successfully deal Summarization - the therapist sums up the session or completed treatment

Symbolic schemes (pre-operational 2-7 years) - allows a child to substitute one object for another Tabula Rasa (John Locke) - a child is born w/ an unformed mind that develops through experience (a blank slate) 3 components of being alive (existential psychology) - Umwelt: biological Mitwelt: social Eigenwelt: psychological Piaget's stages of cognitive development - sensorimotor: learning about the self & environment through sensory (birth - 2 yrs) pre operational: ability for language development but the child only has self view of the world ( 2yrs- 7yrs) concrete operational: ability to logical thinking but difficulty w/ abstract concepts (7yrs-11yrs) formal operational: ability for logical thought, deductive reasoning, & systematic planning Erikson stages of psychosocial development -

1. Trust vs. mistrust: hope (1st year)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame: will (2-3)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt: purpose (4-6)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority: competence (6-puberty)
5. Identity vs. Role confusion: fidelity (teens- early 20s)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation: love (early adulthood)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation: care (middle)
8. Integretity vs. Despair: wisdom (late adult)

Frued's Psychosexual Stages - oral stage (0-1) anal stage (1-3) phallic stage (3-6) latency stage (6-12) genital stage (12+) Kohlberg's stages of moral development - -preconventional: Stage 1: obedience & punishment Stage 2: individualism & exchange -conventional: Stage 3: interpersonal relationships Stage 4: maintaining social order -postconventional: Stage 5: social contract & individual rights Stage 6: universal principles Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - (level 1) Physiological Needs (level 2) Safety and Security (level 3) Relationships Love and Affection (level 4) Self Esteem (level 5) Self Actualization Gesell Maturation Theory - Development happens in a specific order without environmental influence Throndike's Law of Effect -

Behaviors followed by a reward is strengthened & more likely to be repeated Freudian Personality -

1. Id: primitive instincts
2. Ego: balance
3. Superego: Acculturation - Minority group adopts values, beliefs, & customs from the majority group Assimilation - Minority group adopts characteristics from dominant culture Cultural Encapsulation - A form of ethnocentrism in which the person defines reality by his own set of cultural assumptions and stereotypes and is insensitive to cultural variations. Worldview - The way a person sees & interprets the world I.D.E.A - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act:

• free education age 6- •handicap accommodations •IEP plan •eligible services for private school students •community funds for services for students 3- Restatement -

Rephrasing what the client said while emphasizing the cognitive part of the message Reflection - Rephrasing what the client said while emphasizing feeling part of the message Summarizing - Concise statement of the main points in session Silence - Can mean thinking, bored, hostile, or waiting for the other person to take the lead Confrontation - A technique used when the counselor identifies inconsistencies & presents them to the client Structuring - the process of defining the nature, limits, and goals of counseling as well as the roles of the client and counselor Goals - •Specific •Measurable •Attainable •Reasonable •Time specific In-life desensitization - A process to reduce fearful situations and replace negative feelings w/ positive Definition of Wellness -

A state of physical, spiritual, and social wellbeing External stress - Can cause crisis & are beyond the control of the client Ex: job loss, illness Internal distress - Often occurs as a response to external stressors Ex: anxiety, depression Primary group - Guidance: address living healthy life styles & reduction of problems Secondary group - Counseling: addresses non-severe problems Tertiary group - Therapy: addresses long-standing & pathological problems that may require personality change or rehabilitation. May also be involved in individual counseling Group cohesion - Developing a sense of belonging & inclusiveness usually from self-disclosure and lowering a defenses Types of groups - Guidance, Counseling, Group Therapy, T-Groups, Structured, Self-Help, psychotherapy, psycho education

Guidance group - Educational & may be led by someone w/o training Counseling group - Led by a trained counselor to help prevent problems & foster growth Psychotherapy group - Led by an advanced professional & addresses severe problems Psychoeducational group - Provide education for skill building, prevention, management, and remediation of problems *used by social services, mental health agencies, & universities Structured group - Deals w/ a single presenting problem Self-help group - Not led by professional and deals w/ stress-inducing issues T-Groups (Training Groups) - Used to help employees 3 Leadership styles -

1. autocratic (authoritarian): Accomplish goals quickly but generate resentment b/c of control & power
2. democratic: Inclusive of all members but is not helpful for all situations
3. lassies-fare: Set few rules allowing the group to do as they wish. This can be effective for groups w/ a cohesive goal

Roles of group members -

1. Work related roles: Information seeker
2. Social roles: Encourager
3. Hindering roles: Aggressor standard deviation -