National Counselor Examination Study Guide: Test Questions and Answers, Exams of Public Health

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Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________ A. Inside motivation B. Interior motivation C. Intrinsic motivation D. Idealistic motivation - ANS-C. Intrinsic motivation Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic motivation? A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade in the class - ANS-B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the outcome of therapeutic counseling? Choose all that apply. A. Lack of transportation B. Lack of intrinsic motivation C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy D. None of the above - ANS-A. Lack of transportation C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy What is the meaning of transference/countertransference relationships? Choose all that apply. A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto someone else D. None of the above - ANS-A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the therapist

B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another onto the client What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the strong code of client confidentiality? A. Feeling the need to talk B. Duty to warn C. When the therapist is going on vacation D. All of the above - ANS-B. Duty to warn Behavior Theory - ANS-comes from the idea that all behaviors are learned and acquired through a process known as conditioning What theory is most often associated with the psychologists B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson? - ANS-behavior theory Behavior Therapy - ANS-concentrates on the observable behaviors of a person or group, and dismisses internal mental states Key components of Behavior theory: - ANS-conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment What does behavioral theory NOT take into count? - ANS-the concepts of emotion or even the unconscious or subconscious, as these states are subjective rather than objective Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be what? - ANS-Trained Classical Conditioning - ANS-a process in which a subject comes to respond to a stimulus that was previously considered neutral, continued exposure to the stimulus will elicit a desired response Operant Conditioning - ANS-a process in which a subject engages in the correct behavior through the use of both rewards and punishments for a response. The subject learns to associate the behavior with the outcome

fixed-interval schedule - ANS-a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed What schedule of reinforcement is: a subject being rewarded after two minutes of activity and then after each two minutes of activity? - ANS-fixed-interval variable-interval schedule - ANS-a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals What schedule of reinforcement is: rewarding a subject after one minute of activity, three minutes of activity, six minutes of activity, and so on... - ANS-variable-interval In operant conditioning, reinforcement ______________ behavior and punishment _______________ behavior. - ANS-Increases, Decreases What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? - ANS-Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus, negative reinforcement either removes a noxious stimuli (buckling seatbelt to get rid of beeping) or behavior avoids noxious stimulus (studying to avoid bad grades) A counselor asks her client what day it is, where he is right now, and what his name is. The counselor is gathering info for what part of the mental status examination? - ANS-Sensorium What characterizes Generation "X" group, which refers to individuals born between 1965 and 1976? - ANS-Wanting exciting jobs and keeping options open A married couple with two school-aged children gets divorced, which drastically reduces the amount of conflict in the home. All of a sudden, however, the younger child starts throwing temper tantrums, whereas before he was perfectly well-behaved. What phenomenon might explain this child's change in behavior following the divorce? - ANS-Homeostasis What are the four stages of Bergan's behavioral model of consultation? - ANS-Problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, problem evaluation

Delirium, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease are all what type of disorder? - ANS- Neurocognitive A family counselor who consciously joins with the family during sessions, observes what he experiences during those sessions, and then makes interpretations to family members is most likely operating from what perspective? A. Bowen B. Humanistic C. Experiential D. Narrative - ANS-C. Experiential A counselor works closely with clients from a culture different from hers in an attempt to understand their perspectives - is an example of what type of worldview? - ANS-Emic Facts about social justice counseling: - ANS-- it seeks a balance of power and resources

• it addresses issues of unequal power
• it has led to ACA identifying advocacy competencies for counselors what is shaping in operant conditioning? - ANS-a way of adding behaviors to a persons repertoire
• used when target behavior does not yet exist
• what is reinforced is an approximation of the target behavior, the behavior you want to shape. Thorndike is best known for what theory? - ANS-law of effect - responses that are immediately positively reinforced are more likely to occur again in the future.
• also, responses that are immediately negatively reinforced are are less likely to occur in the future. Cognitive theories of psychology focus on what? - ANS-a persons thought processes, such as motivation, problem solving, decision-making, thinking, and attention. Aaron Beck is what kind of theorist?? - ANS-Cognitive

Blaming - ANS-A person blames others for their situation, such as attributing the cause of negative behaviors to others actions. Shoulds - ANS-A belief in the "should and should nots" For example someone might think, "I should eat healthier. I should not eat all these chips. If i was stronger, I wouldn't be so fat" Emotional Reasoning - ANS-A belief that emotions are thoughts, or the thought that because one thinks or feels something, it might be true. For example, a thought might be, " I don't feel like working today, so I must be depressed" Always being right - ANS-A person's need to go to all lengths to prove themselves right, even when evidence suggests otherwise Mindfulness cognitive therapy is mostly used for what? - ANS-medical and emotional issues Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - ANS-sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations, and formal operations sensorimotor stage - ANS-in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities Preoperational stage - ANS-in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic Concrete Operational - ANS-in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Thinking still is egocentric formal operational - ANS-in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (11 years and older) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. Can formulate ideas regarding morals and ethics, social situations, political situations, and future planning.

Schema - ANS-a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations What are the three ways human beings acquire schemas? - ANS-Assimilation, Accommodation, equilibration Assimilation - ANS-adding to an existing schema as new stimuli or situations are experienced Accommodation - ANS-The process of changing our current schema, or the development of an entirely new schema Equilibration - ANS-The balance between assimilation and accommodation. Developmental Theories - ANS-focus on the growth and development of humans at certain ages across the lifespan. They attempt to explain how a person develops emotionally or psychologically. Some theories believe that the stages are continuous, while others feel they are discontinuous. What does it mean if one believes stages of development are discontinuous? - ANS-a human being could not move past a developmental stage until the issue or crisis was resolved. Freud's believed - ANS-human beings possess an inherent sexual energy, which he labeled as libido. Libido which is present from birth, develops over 5 stages. He believed that personality was developed by the successful completion of these stages and was fully developed by puberty. He also believed if a stage was unresolved, the person would be fixated at this stage which would lead to mental disorders etc. Freud's Psychosexual Stages - ANS-oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage oral stage - ANS-Freud's first stage of psychosexual development, (birth to about age 1 or 2) during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center.

Ego - ANS-This part of the psyche attempts to balance the needs of the id and the needs of the superego. The ego is reality-based. Superego - ANS-This part of the psyche is based on morals and ethics. The superego strives to always do the right thing or not act at all. Freuds thoughts about conscious mind, subconscious mind, and the unconscious mind - ANS- conscious mind - very aware of your thoughts, memories, and actions subconscious - just below the conscious mind, info should be able to be retrieved at this level but there's something blocking it unconscious mind - where thoughts, feelings or information goes when your conscious can not cope with the information, this can be because it is too traumatic for the psyche to recall Erik Erikson's focus - ANS-on conflicts that take place within the ego, while freud focused on conflict between the id and ego Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development - ANS-Eight stages in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage the person confronts and hopefully masters new challenges. Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages (Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame, Initiative vs. Guilt, Ego Identity vs Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs Despair) Hope: Trust vs. Mistrust - ANS-(Infants, 0 - 1 year) The first stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development centers around the infants basic needs being met by the parents. If warmth, regularity, affection - trust If parents fail to provide a secure environment and to meet the child's basic need - mistrust

Major developmental task in infancy is to learn whether or not other people especially primary caregivers regularly satisfy basic needs. Will: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - ANS-(Toddlers, 2 - 3 years) The second stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development where as the child gains control over eliminative functions and motor abilities, they begin to explore their surroundings. Parents who provide patience and and encouragement - autonomy Restrictive parents instill doubt and reluctance to attempt new challenges - shame and doubt As they gain increased muscular coordination and mobility, toddlers become capable of satisfying some of their own needs. Purpose: Initiative vs. Guilt - ANS-(Preschool, 4 - 6 years) The third stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development where initiative adds to autonomy the quality of undertaking, planning and attacking a task for the sake of being active and on the move. learning basic skills and principles of physics - things fall down, not up. round things roll, zip pants, tie shoes. Wants to complete his own actions for a purpose Guilt is confusing - may feel guilty over things that logically should not cause guilt. Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority - ANS-(Childhood, 7 - 12 years) The fourth stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development where the aim to bring a productive situation to completion gradually supersedes the whims and wishes of play. Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion - ANS-(Adolescents, 13 - 19 years)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANS-physiological - basic needs food, water, & shelter safety love/belonging - social needs esteem - self esteem, achievement self-actualization - morality, meeting potential Who are two well known personality theorists? - ANS-Henry Murray and Karen Horney Henry Murray and Psychogenic Needs - ANS-developed a theory of personality that suggests personality is influenced by our needs (psychogenic needs) These are at an unconscious level, but have a great impact on our personality. Two types of needs: Primary - biological needs such as the need for food water and shelter Secondary - psychological or emotional needs, such as the need to be cared for or nurtured, need for independence, and success. Murray identified 24 needs that each person has. Ambition needs, Materialistic needs, Power needs, Affection needs, Information needs. Horneys List of Neurotic Needs - ANS-Believed neurosis was a result of anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships 10 neurotic needs classed into three broad categories

• needs that move you towards others
• needs that move you away from others
• needs that move you against others Big Five Dimensions of Personality - ANS-The proposed five basic dimensions of personality

Openness to experience Conscientiousness - thoughtfulness, good impulse control, goal-directed behaviors Extraversion Agreeableness - altruism Neuroticism - those high in this trait tend to experience emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability and sadness Borderline Personality Theory - ANS-Marsha Linehan - Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) - believes disorder is developed due to environmental situations that occur through childhood - called this the Invalidating Environment - person who is emotionally vulnerable has an excessive autonomic nervous system response to stress - level of distress causes an irrational behavioral and emotional response "emotional dysregulation" 4 key skills trained in DBT: - ANS--core mindfulness skills

• interpersonal effectiveness skills
• emotion modulation skills
• distress tolerance skills David Kolb - ANS-has one of best known models of learning styles - he believed that individual learning styles evolve from personal genetics, as well as the environment. David Kolbys identified 4 learning styles: - ANS-The converger - high ability in abstract conceptualization and active experimentation the diverger - high ability in concrete experience and reflective observation the assimilator - high ability in abstract conceptualization and reflective observation the accommodator - high ability in concrete experience and active experimentation Charles Spearman - ANS-creator of "g-factor", or general intelligence, belief that intelligence could be measured and scored

The bystander effect - ANS-The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help. Diffusion of responsibility Attachment Theory - ANS-Bowlby's theory that bonds formed in infancy to their caregivers have a huge impact that continues throughout the child's life. Theory states when caregiver is emotionally available and responsive to needs - secure Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test - ANS-A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in order to test the security of a child's attachment. three major styles of attachment:

1. secure - upset when leaves, happy when return
2. ambivalent-insecure - high distress when leaves, can't be consoled
3. Avoidant-insecure - no preference between caregiver and stranger, no distress upon leaving, no joy when return (generally seen in children who have been abused or severely neglected) Later added: Disorganized attachment: confusing mix of behavior and the child may both avoid or resist the parent Stages of attachment - Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emerson - ANS- 4 distinct phases of attachment:

• Pre-attachment stage (birth - 3 mo.)
• indiscriminate stage (6 weeks - 7 mo) - desire for primary and secondary caregivers
• Discriminate attachment (7 - 11 mo.) - attachment to a specific caregiver clearly observed
• multiple attachments (9 mo. +) - begin to attach to others Problems: lack of secure attachment can lead to many mental health issues including Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), or borderline personality disorder Research suggests children adopted after 6 mo have higher risk of attachment problems

3 approaches to Abnormal Psychology - ANS-Behavioral - observable behaviors Medical - biological causes on mental illness Cognitive - internal thoughts, perceptions and reasoning contribute to psychological disorders. Categories of Psychological Disorders: - ANS--adjustment disorders

• mood disorders
• anxiety disorders
• developmental disorders DSM V uses what kind of approach to diagnosing? - ANS-multiaxial Axis I: Clinical Syndromes Axis II: Developmental Disorders and Personality Disorders Axis III: Physical Conditions Axis IV: Severity of Psychosocial Stressors Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Mood Disorders - ANS-characterized by disturbance of mood as a predominant feature ex. depression, bi-polar, mania Depression - ANS-most commonly associated with feeling of deep sadness, lack of energy, marked tearfulness or crying in some cases, suicidal thoughts or actions. Bipolar Disorder - ANS-Three types: 1 - primary symptom presentation is manic, or rapid (daily) cycling episodes of mania and depression 2 - primary symptom presentation is recurrent depression accompanied by hypomanic episodes (milder state of mania where symptoms may not impair social or occupational functioning or need for hospitalization, but can be observed by others

Adjustment Disorders - ANS-Key symptoms of adjustment disorders is the development of symptoms due to a known stressor. There is a known environmental, situational, or even medical reason for the change in feelings and/or behavior. Psychotic disorders - ANS-symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behavior, and impairment in reality testing. Ex. schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform Developmental Disorders - ANS-mental or physical impairment or combination of mental and physical impairments; manifested before the individual attains age 22 Impulse-control Disorders - ANS-involves an inability to control impulses, resulting in harm to oneself or others. Types of impulse-control disorders: - ANS-Intermittent Explosive Disorder Kleptomania - stealing Pathological Gambling Pyromania - fire starting Trichotillomania - hair pulling dermatillomania - skin picking Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition: - ANS-Ex. Psychotic disorder due to epilepsy, depression caused by diabetes, AIDS related psychosis, Personality changes due to brain damage Neurocognitive Disorders - ANS-those that involve cognitive abilities such as memory, problem solving and perception. Types: Alzheimer's, Delirium, Dementia, Amnesia Axis II - ANS-for those with developmental disabilities or personality disorders

There are 3 types of personality disorders: - ANS-Eccentric, Dramatic, and Anxious Eccentric Personality Disorders - ANS-paranoid - interprets others actions as threatening schizoid - detached from social relationships schizotypal - uncomfortable in close relationships, thought or perceptual distortions Dramatic Personality Disorders - ANS-antisocial - disregard for and violation of the rights of others borderline - pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and observable emotions, and significant impulsiveness histrionic - excessive emotionality and attention seeking, overreact to others, perceived as shallow and self-centered narcissistic - grandiose view of themselves, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy Anxious Personality Disorders - ANS-avoidant - socially inhibited, feels inadequate, and is oversensitive to criticism dependent - shows an extreme need to be taken care of that leads to fears of separation, and passive and clinging behavior. obsessive-compulsive - preoccupied with orderliness, perfectionism, and control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency 11 criteria for substance use disorder - ANS-1. Taking more of the substance when you use or using more frequently

2. The desire to cut down the amount or stop using, but not having the ability to be successful
3. Spending time obtaining, using or recovering from use
4. Experiencing cravings to use
5. Difficulty completing tasks or responsibilities, such as work, home or school, because of use
6. Use continues despite causing conflict in relationships
7. Not attending important social, occupational, or recreational activities and using or recovering from use instead
8. Continued use despite the consequences of danger